Kavhan
Kavkhan
Commander-in-chief of the First Bulgarian Empire
The kavkhan[lower-alpha 1] (Medieval Greek: καυχάνος;[lower-alpha 2] Bulgarian: кавха̀н[lower-alpha 3]) was one of the most important officials in the First Bulgarian Empire.
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According to the generally accepted opinion, he was the second most important person in the state after the Bulgarian ruler. He had a number of responsibilities and concentrated huge power and authority. The kavkhan was a commander-in-chief of the Bulgarian army and one of the primary diplomats in the state. He was a member of the 'Bolyar Counsel' and one of the most important advisers to the Bulgarian ruler; the kavkhan was sometimes his regent or co-ruler. The kavkhan was a high magistrate and substitute to the ruler when the latter is absent from the capital. He is also attributed to have been a judge.
It is assumed that there was a prominent bolyar family in Bulgaria from which the kavkhan was chosen generation after generation - the so-called "kavkhan kin". The title was therefore hereditary and for life. According to most historians the title outlived the First Empire which was conquered by Basil II in 1018. The last person who had the prerogatives and responsibilities of a kavkhan was Georgi Voiteh,[2] an initiator of the uprising of Peter III (Constantine Bodin) in 1072.
During the reign of Samuil the kavkhan was Dometian, captured by the Byzantines and succeeded by his brother Teodor during the reign of Ivan Vladislav.[2][3][4] During the Second Bulgarian Empire the title was not used.
Another famous kavkhan is Peter who carried out three missions in Rome and one in Constantinople during the reign of Boris I. The most prominent kavkhan, as well as the one with most merits for Bulgaria was Isbul. He occupied that position during the reign of three Khans: Omurtag (814-831), Malamir (831-836) and his nephew Presian (836-852). His merits include the reconstruction of Pliska as a beautiful capital during Omurtag and the completion of the new centralized state administration. He ordered an action to catch the Byzantine spies. He was among the main initiators of the 30-year peace Treaty of 815 which was very favourable and useful for Bulgaria. Isbul commanded the Bulgarian armies in successful campaigns against the Byzantines in southern Macedonia.
- Also transliterated as kaukhan; according to some historians, such as V. Beshevliev,[1] it should be read as kapkhan (from qapghan, lit. 'conqueror').
- Most often recorded as καυχάνος, but καυκάνος, καπχάνης, κοπχάνων are also attested.[2]
- Moravcsik (1983), p. 156.
- Gyuzelev (2007), pp. 79–80.
- Andreev, Lazarov & Pavlov (1994), pp. 99–100.
Sources
- Andreev, Jordan; Lazarov, Ivan; Pavlov, Plamen (1994). Кой кой е в Средновековна България [Who's Who in Medieval Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Prosveta. pp. 99–100. ISBN 954-01-0476-9. OCLC 32819542.
- Beshevliev, Veselin (2008). Първобългарите: История, бит и култура [The First Bulgarians: history, way of life and culture] (in Bulgarian). Plovdiv: Фондация "Българско историческо наследство". ISBN 978-954-91983-2-4. OCLC 280553636.
- Gyuzelev, Vasil (2007). Кавханите и ичиргу боилите в българското канство-царство (VII-XI в.) [The Kavkhans and the Ichirgu Boilas in the Bulgarian Khanate-Kingdom (7th-11th centuries)] (in Bulgarian). Plovdiv: Фондация "Българско историческо наследство". pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-954-91983-1-7. OCLC 137262522.
- Moravcsik, G. (1997) [1983]. Byzantinoturcica II: Sprachreste der Türkvölker in den byzantinischen Quellen (in German). Leiden: Brill. p. 156. ISBN 978-90-04-07132-2. OCLC 948110639.