Kingdom of Egypt

The Kingdom of Egypt (Arabic: المملكة المصرية, romanized: Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣreyya, lit. 'The Egyptian Kingdom') was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, as the United Kingdom retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military, and Sudan. Officially, Sudan was governed as a condominium of the two states, however, in reality, true power in Sudan lay with the United Kingdom. Between 1936 and 1952, the United Kingdom continued to maintain its military presence, and its political advisers, at a reduced level.

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Kingdom of Egypt المملكة المصرية (Arabic) Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣreyya
1922–1953
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Eslami ya Misr" (1923–1936) Royal anthem: "Salam Affandina" (1936–1953)
Green: Kingdom of Egypt Lighter green: Condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Lightest green: Ceded from Sudan to Italian Libya in 1934.
Capital	Cairo
Common languages	Arabic (official)[1]
Religion	Islam (official)
Demonym(s)	Egyptian
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
King
• 1922–1936	Fuad I
• 1936–1952	Farouk I
• 1952–1953	Fuad II a
British High Commissioner
• 1922–1925	Edmund Allenby
• 1925–1929	George Lloyd
• 1929–1933	Percy Loraine
• 1933–1936	Miles Lampson
Prime Minister
• 1922 (first)	Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha
• 1952–1953 (last)	Mohamed Naguibb
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Historical era	Interwar period / World War II / Cold War / Palestine War
• Independence from the United Kingdom	28 February 1922
• Sultan Fuad I becomes King Fuad I	15 March 1922
• Constitution adopted	19 April 1923
• Anglo-Egyptian Treaty	27 August 1936
• Admitted to the United Nations	24 October 1945
• Palestine War	1948–49 (May–March)
• 1952 Egyptian Revolution	23 July 1952
• Abdication of King Farouk, and ascension of King Fuad II	26 July 1952
• Abolition of the monarchy, and declaration of the Republic	18 June 1953
Area
• Total	3.7 million[convert: unknown unit]
1937[2]	994,000 km2 (384,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1927[2]	14,218,000
• 1937[2]	15,933,000
• 1947 census[3]	19,090,447
Currency	Egyptian pound
ISO 3166 code	EG
Preceded by Succeeded by Sultanate of Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt
Today part of	Egypt Sudan South Sudan Libya (Land Ceded)
Under regency. Became first President of Egypt.

Part of a series on the
History of Egypt
Prehistoric Egypt Prehistoric pre–3150 BC Predynastic 6000–3150 BC
Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3150–2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686–2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055–1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BC New Kingdom 1550–1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069–664 BC Late Period 664–332 BC
Greco-Roman Egypt Argead dynasty 332–310 BC Ptolemaic dynasties 310–30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC–641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619–629
Medieval Egypt Rashidun caliphate 641–661 Umayyad caliphate 661–750 Abbasid dynasty 750–935 Tulunid dynasty 868–905 Ikhshidid dynasty 935–969 Fatimid dynasty 969–1171 Ayyubid dynasty 1171–1250 Mamluk dynasty 1250–1517
Early modern Egypt Ottoman Egypt 1517–1867 French occupation 1798–1801 Muhammad Ali dynasty 1805–1953 Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914
Late Modern Egypt British occupation 1882–1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953 Republic 1953–present
Egypt portal
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The legal status of Egypt had been highly convoluted, due to its de facto breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805, its occupation by Britain in 1882, and the re-establishment of the Sultanate of Egypt (destroyed by the Ottomans in 1517) as a British protectorate in 1914. In line with the change in status from sultanate to kingdom, the title of the reigning Sultan, Fuad I, was changed from Sultan of Egypt to King of Egypt. Throughout the Kingdom's existence, Sudan was formally united with Egypt. However, actual Egyptian authority in Sudan was largely nominal due to United Kingdom's role as the dominant power in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. As had been the case during the Khedivate of Egypt, and the Sultanate of Egypt, the Egyptian monarch was styled as the sovereign of "Egypt and Sudan".

During the reign of King Fuad, the monarchy struggled with the Wafd Party, a broadly based nationalist political organisation strongly opposed to British influence in Egypt, and with the British themselves, who were determined to maintain their control over the Suez Canal. Other political forces emerging in this period included the Communist Party (1925), and the Muslim Brotherhood (1928), which eventually became a potent political and religious force.

King Fuad died in 1936, and the throne passed to his 16-year-old son, Farouk. Rising nationalist sentiment in Egypt and Sudan, and British concern following Fascist Italy's recent invasion of Abyssinia led to the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, which required the United Kingdom to withdraw all troops from Egypt proper (excluding Sudan), except in the Suez Canal Zone (agreed to be evacuated by 1949), but permitted the return of British military personnel in the event of war. The Kingdom was plagued by corruption, and its subjects saw it as a puppet of the British, notwithstanding the bitter enmity between King Farouk and the United Kingdom during the Second World War, as evidenced by the Abdeen Palace incident of 1942. This, coupled with the defeat in the Palestine War of 1948–1949, led to the 1952 Egyptian Revolution by the Free Officers Movement. Farouk abdicated in favour of his infant son Ahmed Fuad, who became King Fuad II. In 1953 the monarchy was abolished, and the Republic of Egypt was established. The legal status of Sudan was only resolved in 1953, when Egypt and United Kingdom agreed that it should be granted independence in 1956.