Tigris Mystic banner

It all changed in May 2003, when Tigris Mystic celebrated their 10th anniversary with a banner that read "The Future Belongs to Us." Subtly aimed at Boulogne, this message was a war declaration for KoB hooligans: Auteuil was the future, while Boulogne was the past.^[31][32] The power struggle that opposed PSG's first historical supporters of Boulogne against the newer ultras of Auteuil was just a cover for the real problem: the racial tension that had existed between the stands for many years.^[40][41]

Suddenly, the clashes outside the Parc des Princes were largely between hooligans of the same team, unlike anywhere else in Europe.^[38][42] One side of the ring featured Boulogne hooligan firms Casual Firm, Commando Loubard and Milice Paris whose members were far-right, white supremacists looking to "rid the suburbs of blacks and Arabs."^[24][42] The other side featured some members of Auteuil multiethnic group Tigris Mystic, whose initially peaceful anti-racist and left-wing ultras chose to fight back.^[31][41] They had begun clashing with hooligans from other teams at the start of the 2000s.^[25][33]

The first skirmishes between Auteuil and Boulogne took place right after the banner, but were cut short by a short-lived truce to fight against the new security policy of the club in 2004.^[32][33] Jean-Pierre Larrue, PSG's head of security, was determined to clear the Parc des Princes of hooligans and racists. His idea was to dissolve all the Auteuil and Boulogne groups and recreate two, one unique for each stand, with responsible persons to lead them.^[43] Fans menaced mayhem and even sent death threats to PSG president Francis Graille. Larrue eventually lost the backing of his bosses, who pulled the plug on the security plan and fired him.^[35][43]

The conflict resumed immediately afterwards and incidents occurred wherever PSG played during the 2005–06 season.^[33] In October 2005, Casual Firm hooligans thrashed the headquarters of Tigris Mystic, to which the latter responded by attacking a group of Boulogne hooligans in February 2006.^[35][42] Racism in the Kop of Boulogne had become intolerable that campaign and other Virage Auteuil ultras began to denounce it, vocally following Tigris Mystic when they sang "La Marseillaise" while brandishing their French identity card.^[33] In spite of this, the stand didn't support the violent actions of Tigris members, which by then had brought them into conflict not only with KoB hooligans but also with big ultra group Boulogne Boys, and even with Auteuil group Karsud, who had close ties with their far-right peers in Boulogne.^[33][44] Since the club directors were scarcely supportive as well, Tigris Mystic decided to self-dissolve in July 2006 after several months of violent incidents. Later, in 2008, several ex-Tigris created a new group, Auteuil Rouge, which became Grinta in 2009.^[5][33]

Dissolution of Boulogne Boys

With the disbanding of Tigris Mystic, PSG officials thought that peace would finally return.^[28] The reality, however, was that revenge and hatred had taken over the stadium; Boulogne and Auteuil could no longer stand each other.^[33] Tigris was gone but other Auteuil supporters had become violent as well, while racism in the KoB was out of control.^[28][33] In November 2006, a few months after Canal+ sold the club to Colony Capital, things really began to fall apart when PSG fan Julien Quemener died.^[22] The Boulogne affiliate was among a large group of fans that racially harassed a Hapoel Tel Aviv supporter after the Israeli club defeated PSG at the Parc des Princes. A police officer intervened to help him and killed Quemener in self-defence.^[45][46]

Following Quemener's death, more strict security measures were implemented, including stadium bans and police controls on matchdays.^[26][45] This led to a relative cease of fire between the two stands. They even fought together against Twente and Marseille hooligans in December 2008 and October 2009, respectively.^[47] Tensions, however, were slowly mounting again in the background.^[40] Supras Auteuil subgroup K-Soce Team was born in 2007.^[47] Brandishing flags of Algeria and Palestine, they embodied the growing politicization and left-wing radicalization of the Auteuil stand, antagonizing with that of Boulogne.^[40][48] Like Tigris Mystic before them, K-Soce Team responded to the racism in the stadium by clashing with Boulogne hooligans.^[47]

Politicians had long been looking for a scapegoat and finally found it when Boulogne Boys outraged France in March 2008 during the 2008 Coupe de la Ligue Final. They unfurled a banner which referred to Lens fans as pedophiles, jobless and incestuous.^[29][32] The banner was certainly offensive, but it was recently elected French president Nicolas Sarkozy's presence in the stands that sealed the fate of the ultra group.^[29] He had promised back in 2006 that, if he won the elections, he would rid PSG of racists and hooligans.^[42][43] The French government dissolved them in April 2008; it was the end of one of the most legendary supporters' group in France.^[29][32] This 2007–08 season, in which PSG barely escaped relegation, also saw the ultras invade the training ground to show their discontent with the club's results, threatening the players and the staff as well as damaging their cars.^[49]

Banishment of the ultras

With Boulogne Boys gone, the club lost a mediator between Boulogne and Auteuil, as well as a controlling force over Casual Firm, Commando Loubard and Milice Paris hooligans.^[24][29][31] In December 2009, hostilities reignited in an away match at Bordeaux, when a Boulogne member exhibited a flag with a Celtic cross while surrounded by Auteuil fans, who then attacked him. He turned out to be an influential figure in the KoB and promised revenge on Auteuil.^[40]

Members of Supras Auteuil were attacked by Boulogne hooligans in Lille in January 2010. Days later, during the next match against Monaco at the Parc des Princes, the KoB mocked Supras Auteuil by chanting "Supras, Supras, we fucked you."^[40] Unlike Tigris Mystic in 2005–06, though, Supras Auteuil had the support of Grinta and Authentiks.^[40][47]

Both stands clashed again in February 2010 before a match versus Marseille. After yet another attack from Boulogne hooligans, the aforementioned Auteuil groups led a countercharge which culminated in the lynching of KoB member Yann Lorence.^[22] The club immediately reacted by banning all its fans from travelling to away games.^[35]

In April 2010, the French government dissolved five PSG supporters' groups: Commando Loubard and Milice Paris of Boulogne, Supras Auteuil and Grinta of Auteuil, and Authentiks of the Paris stand. PSG president Robin Leproux began to work on an anti-violence plan called Tous PSG (All PSG) in May 2010.^[22] It became known as Plan Leproux.^[6]

Auteuil groups Lutèce Falco, Kriek and Karsud organized a peaceful march in response. On 15 May 2010, around 1,000 supporters descended on the Parc des Princes before the club's last match of the 2009–10 season against Montpellier that same day.^[22] During the game, groups from Auteuil and Boulogne displayed one last act of defiance, throwing hundreds of red distress flares to the pitch, forcing play to be halted for several minutes. Lutèce Falco also unfurled a banner which simply stated "This Is The End."^[26] For twelve of these groups this was their last appearance at the stadium as they decided to disband afterwards due to intense repression and media persecution: Casual Firm, Gavroches, Layache, Paris Assas Club, Rangers, Section Cigogne and Tifo e Stupido from Boulogne; Kriek, Lutèce Falco and Titans from Auteuil; Brigade Paris and Puissance Paris from the Paris stand.^[5][26][38]

Freedom for the ultras movement

Implemented in May 2010, Plan Leproux marked the end of the 13,000 supporters grouped in Auteuil and Boulogne, of which only 400 were hooligans. It made PSG and the Parc des Princes pay the price in terms of atmosphere, with one of Europe's most feared venues now subdued. Many of the supporters who were frozen out by the club formed a group called Liberté Pour les Abonnés (Freedom for Season Ticket Holders) and boycotted matches until they could again choose where to sit.^[6][22]

The club, meanwhile, continued its reformation of Auteuil and Boulogne, removing murals and commemorative plaques made by the ultras. 22,689 spectators showed up for PSG's first match of the 2010–11 season, and attendance remained low. By January 2011, PSG allowed supporters' groups in the stands again, as long as they agreed to Charte 12, a list of strict rules and regulations. A few small groups signed it and returned to the stadium, but none of the former Auteuil or Boulogne associations did. PSG also partnered with anti-racism organization SOS Racisme to help run security at matches and keep track of any racist behaviour.^[22]

In May 2011, ahead of the 2011–12 season, Qatar bought PSG through Qatar Sports Investments. Attendance levels soared thanks to big-money signings like Javier Pastore and a promising Champions League project to make PSG a big European team. Liberté Pour les Abonnés welcomed the Qatari owners and their efforts, but maintained that a big club was nothing without their fanbase.^[22][50]

Ultras and the women's team

Between 2010 and 2016, with the impossibility of supporting the men's team at home or away, the ultras turned to Paris Saint-Germain Féminine, and to a lesser extent to the Paris Saint-Germain Academy sides, being the very rare case of fan groups attending games of their club's women's team. Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia, which were among several groups that reunited Boulogne and Auteuil supporters, were behind this initiative.^[51] PSG ultras have also occasionally attended big matches of Paris Saint-Germain Handball, the club's handball team.^[52][53][54]

Unlike some fans who decided to cheer for other Parisian clubs such as Paris FC or Créteil, Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia noticed there wasn't much enthusiasm around the women and chose to stay with PSG by supporting them in France and abroad, from league clashes against rivals Lyon to the Women's Champions League semifinals versus Wolfsburg and the grand finale in Berlin, where they narrowly lost to Eintracht Frankfurt (2–1).^[51]

A marriage of convenience at first, the ultras began to really enjoy supporting the women for three main reasons: their proximity compared to the men, being able to easily approach female players; their appreciation for the fans, always thanking them after every match; and their solidarity with the ultra movement, publicly supporting a return to the Parc des Princes for men's team games in interviews and social media, in contrast to male players whose communication was more controlled by the club.^[51]

Parc des Princes return

The Parisian ultra movement slowly began to reassemble. The remaining fan groups met the team at the training ground whenever possible and went to away games, usually outside France.^[38] Many of these associations would then join forces and form the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) in February 2016 with the aim of returning to the Parc des Princes.^[6][55] The groups in question were Virage Auteuil linked associations K-Soce Team, Microbes Paris, Parias Cohortis and Karsud, as well as those created after the implementation of Plan Leproux: Liberté Pour les Abonnés, Lista Nera Paris, Nautecia and Le Combat Continue. Former Kop of Boulogne groups were also invited, but they declined to partake in the CUP initiative as an entity. Despite this, former Boulogne supporters are in the CUP as individuals.^[6][56][57] Romain Mabille, member of K-Soce Team, was elected president of the CUP a few weeks after its foundation.^[58]

PSG and the CUP first agreed a Parc des Princes return for the 2–0 home league win over Bordeaux in October 2016.^[6] Around 150 ultras were allowed to enter the Auteuil stand after six years of absence.^[38] Believing that the lack of support was partially guilty for their premature Champions League exits, PSG president Nasser Al-Khelaifi and prominent players, including team captain Thiago Silva, pushed for the return of the ultras.^[38][59] The result was still the same, though, as PSG suffered the ill-fated "Remontada" against Barcelona in March 2017. The ultras greeted the players at the Paris–Le Bourget Airport by blocking their cars and verbally abusing them. Italian midfielder Thiago Motta even knocked over a fan standing in his way.^[49]

The ultras have also continued to support the women's side under the banner of the CUP.^[51] During the club's 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League campaign, they were at the Parc des Princes for the quarterfinals and semifinals versus Bayern Munich and Barcelona respectively.^[51][60] 300 ultras then travelled to Cardiff in June 2017 to cheer the team at the final, which PSG lost to Lyon in the penalty shootout (0–0; 7–6 on penalties).^[61]

Internal tensions and boycott

Two new groups, Porte 411 and Urban Paris, joined the CUP in April 2017.^[62][63] The following month, however, the first cracks appeared. Lista Nera Paris and Microbes Paris left the group in May 2017 due to internal disagreements and self-dissolved,^[64][65] while Karsud were excluded from it.^[8][16] Despite this, the club allowed the ultras to hold season tickets together in the Auteuil end in August 2017, a first since 2010.^[66] The CUP were then given permission to remake the murals inside the corridors of the Virage Auteuil in June 2018. Supporters began making them in 2005, but were erased in 2010 as part of Plan Leproux. These paintings paid tribute to supporters' groups, deceased members and former players.^[67]

PSG also authorized the CUP to unfurl the group's own banner on the billboards of the upper part of Auteuil in August 2018.^[68] Other highlights were two Dragon Ball tifos featuring Goku and Shenlong to welcome the players in February 2018 and October 2019.^[69][70] On the downside, after another Champions League collapse in March 2019, this time against Manchester United, the ultras stormed a training session at the Parc des Princes, proceeding to boo and insult the players.^[49]

Tensions between the club and the CUP resurfaced in late October 2019, when the latter announced a boycott of all matches until further notice after, according to the group's statement, "yet another act of provocation orchestrated by people who have never digested the return of the ultras."^[71] The CUP then protested in front of the club's headquarters and skipped the team's next match, a decision copied by Boulogne groups Block Parisii and Paname Rebirth.^[72] The ultras demanded the departure of both security company OLIPS from the Auteuil stand and two PSG employees, including Jerome Sursin, the club's assistant security director and a former Kop of Boulogne member.^[73] In November 2019, the club announced the end of its collaboration with OLIPS, but maintained the two employees targeted by their ultras. Nevertheless, the CUP put an end to their boycott.^[74]

Cavani controversy and Auteuil anniversary

In October 2020, CUP president and leader of subgroup K-Soce Team, Romain Mabille, announced his departure from the ultra group he had led since its creation in 2016. His decision came after internal differences within the CUP. The banners deployed across Paris before September's Le Classique sparked tensions between the subgroups because they weren't collectively debated and validated. Mabille and K-Soce were not involved in this action, which notably aroused widespread indignation.^[75]

Mabille's resignation, however, had more to do with his stance over PSG idol Edinson Cavani, whose controversial exit from the club left the CUP divided. Worshipped by the ultras, Cavani rejected a short-term contract extension to play the remaining matches of the coronavirus-stricken 2019–20 UEFA Champions League with the team. Feeling mistreated by the club, he left without acknowledging his time at PSG or even thanking the supporters. Cavani eventually said his goodbyes, but the unilateral decision of a CUP subgroup to praise the Uruguayan striker with a banner was apparently the last straw for Mabille, who was amongst those opposed to pay him tribute.^[75][76][77] Nicolas Boffredo, a K-Soce Team affiliate like Mabille, was elected as the new president a few days later.^[58] He joined the ultra movement in the 2000s, becoming a member of the Supras Auteuil in 2002. Likewise, Boffredo went on to be a founding member of both the K-Soce Team in 2007 and the CUP in 2016.^[78]

On November 20, 2021, the CUP deployed a multi-part tifo and ignited countless flares during PSG's home league match against Nantes to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the fan-dedicated Virage Auteuil stand, created in the fall of 1991 with the birth of Supras Auteuil, the supporters' group at the origin of the ultra movement in that end of the Parc des Princes.^[79] Today, Supras have been absorbed by K-Soce Team, the leading subgroup of the CUP.^[80] The tifo paid tribute to Supras Auteuil, Lutèce Falco and Tigris Mystic, the stand's three main fan associations prior to the creation of the CUP, as well as to all seven groups currently part of the tribune: K-Soce Team, Le Combat Continue, Liberté Pour les Abonnés, Nautecia, Parias Cohortis, Porte 411 and Urban Paris. At the end of the match, the players and Mauricio Pochettino, head coach and former PSG player himself, went to celebrate the anniversary with the supporters.^[81]

Protests against club and male players

In February 2022, following the club's premature elimination from the Coupe de France, the CUP launched a series of protests against the management and the attitude of male players with a banner that read "Our patience has limits" during PSG's visit to Lille.^[82][83] It was followed by a statement denouncing the running of the club, including the male team's incoherent sporting plan based on piling up stars, constantly changing managers and the absence of a playing style, and the neglect of the PSG Academy and the women's team by the management.^[82][83][84]

Demonstrations carried on during PSG's home game versus Rennes. Having been absent for the initial 25 minutes, then silent for the remaining 20 of the first half, the ultras unfurled several banners. "Disrespectful directors, players without desire, shirts without our colors. The only treble for PSG this season," read the most overarching one. Another banner questioned whether it was time for sporting director Leonardo Araújo to leave the club, criticizing him for overpaying uncommitted players.^[85]

Unrest intensified after PSG crashed out of the Champions League last-16 for the fourth time in six seasons, self-destructing against Real Madrid in March.^[86] The CUP released another statement calling for a complete reorganisation of the club, including the departure of president Nasser Al-Khelaifi.^[87] During PSG's next home match versus Bordeaux, the ultras greeted manager Mauricio Pochettino and the team with whistles.^[86] Away to Monaco a week later, the CUP fitted their empty stand with a banner: "Like you, we’re on holiday."^[88] Home to Lorient in April, the ultras remained muted throughout the game and displayed their main banner upside down.^[89]

Amid the protests, Romain Mabille was elected as president of the CUP once more, two years after having resigned.^[82][90] Versus arch-rivals Marseille at home, the Virage Auteuil faithful refrained from supporting the players.^[91] The CUP went a step further at Angers, leaving the stadium in the 70th minute.^[92] In the following match, Paris secured their tenth Ligue 1 title with a draw over Lens. Despite the occasion, the ultras sat in silence until the 75th minute, when they left to go celebrate the title outside without the players.^[93]

During this period, the CUP only halted their protests on behalf of the "exemplary" women's team.^[94] They went en masse to the Parc des Princes for the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League quarterfinals against Bayern Munich in March, and then for the semifinals versus Lyon in April.^[95][96] In the latter match, the ultras were part of the club record 43,254 spectators in attendance.^[96] Before kick-off, they unfurled a banner reading: "Proud of our colors and proud of our female players."^[97]

The CUP finally decided to bury the hatchet during PSG's last match of the campaign against Metz at the Parc des Princes in May. With guarantees from the club regarding serious changes for next season, including Kylian Mbappé's contract renewal, the ultras put their main banner the right way up and encouraged the team in the second half. Their first tribute was dedicated to departing PSG legend Ángel Di María after seven seasons and a club record 112 assists.^[98][99]

Dissolution of Ferveur Parisienne, further protests

CUP subgroup Ferveur Parisienne (formerly Porte 411) were dissolved by the French government in December 2022 due to an extensive criminal record and having caused several injuries. They had notably taken part in the fan brawl at the Stade Charléty in September 2021 during the Coupe de France match pitching Paris FC against Lyon, for which PSG banned them several matches from the Parc des Princes. The decree also listed twenty other acts of violence, including property damage and gun possession, committed between November 2019 and October 2022.^[100]

In May 2023, following PSG's poor run of results since the start of the year as well as off-field issues, most notably Lionel Messi's unauthorised trip to Saudi Arabia and subsequent suspension, the CUP gathered outside of the club's headquarters calling for the board to resign. Star players Messi and Neymar, first-team manager Christophe Galtier and club president Nasser Al-Khelaifi were also targeted for criticism. Other supporters protested outside the house of Neymar, leading to the CUP's tickets being revoked by the club for the away trip to Troyes. The ultras vowed to boycott all games until further notice but quickly reversed their decision after meetings with the club hierarchy assured them of positive changes to come, including the return of PSG's historical home shirt, accessible tickets for the ultras in the Ticket Place platform, and a coherent sporting plan focused on signing team players instead of big names.^[101][102]

LPA and Nautecia out, Beriz Crew in

These latest protests, however, created irreconcilable differences within the CUP. Some groups wanted to adopt a more radical approach, while others feared being excluded from the stadium. In April 2022, following a stormy meeting, leading subgroup K-Soce Team, with the support of the Parias Cohortis and Le Combat Continue, removed Liberté Pour les Abonnés (LPA) and Nautecia, two of the other founding members, from the group.^[103] Nautecia announced their self-dissolution in July 2023, while LPA did so in August 2023. The CUP said, reacting to Nautecia's statement, that they "will never allow the resurgence of the hooligan gangrene in Paris." New subgroup Beriz Crew joined the CUP in July and took LPA's physical place in the stands in August.^[9]

Coexistence with the CUP

Block Parisii, the first Boulogne supporters' group since Plan Leproux, were born in September 2017.^[104] They were joined by Paname Rebirth in 2018 and Résistance Parisienne in 2019.^[11][105] These new groups are trying to convince the club of relaunching the Kop of Boulogne, in the same way they did with the Virage Auteuil and the Collectif Ultras Paris.^[106] PSG have not officially recognised them out of fear of provoking a new war between Boulogne and Auteuil.^[107]

The CUP initially believed that, like former Boulogne groups, the Block Parisii were made of far-right extremists and racists.^[106] Exchanges during away games smoothed the situation as the CUP realized the Block have an apolitical, nonreligious and anti-violence stance, and its members are Arab, black and white.^[106][107] Both associations collaborated during PSG's Champions League tie against Real Madrid at the Parc des Princes in March 2018. Several CUP members took place in the Boulogne stand to chant alongside the Block.^[106][108]

Disagreements with the club and suspension

In July 2019, after PSG imposed random placement on them, Paname Rebirth protested against this measure by deploying a banner on the Boulevard Périphérique that read "Your repression will not stop our ambition." The club's management and the media also condemned two controversial banners from the Rebirths. The first one was aimed at Barcelona defender Gerard Piqué's wife Shakira before PSG's clash against the Spanish team in March 2021. The sexist message ("Shakira à la Jonquera") established a link between the Colombian singer and a Catalan town on the French border known for its prostitution hotbeds.^[109]

In November 2021, the club suspended the three associations in Boulogne out of fear of a resurgence of the far right. Paname Rebirth and Résistance Parisienne were prohibited from entering Boulogne for six months, while Block Parisii were banned from the Parc des Princes and from traveling for a year. This suspension followed several events at the stadium; a Block Parisii banner deployed against Lyon in September referencing a failed attempt to fight the Lyonnais fans, the recent presence of Kop of Boulogne stickers in the stand, and finally the theft of a Paname Rebirth tarpaulin versus RB Leipzig in October. During this assault, claimed by the KoB, racist insults were uttered by the attackers.^[110]

As a result, Paname Rebirth self-dissolved in December 2021.^[111] Block Parisii and Résistance Parisienne have continued operations albeit with random seat allocation as well as bans on chanting and standing in the stand.^{[10][11][112]}

Before Plan Leproux

The first hooligan incidents from Paris Saint-Germain supporters took place during an away game against Nancy in January 1977. Since then, they have clashed with hooligans from all over France, most notably those from big teams such as Saint-Étienne, Nantes, Lyon, Nice and Marseille.^[43][118] PSG radicals have also fought fans from smaller sides like Bastia, Auxerre, Rennes and Tours.^[21] In February 1984, they even brawled with English hooligans on the stands of the Parc des Princes during an international match between France and England, leaving dozens injured.^[43][119]

Boulogne hooligans were behind many racist incidents and clashes with the CRS riot police. In 1991, Arab fans were attacked by KoB hooligans.^[43] In August 1993, during a match versus Caen, ten CRS officers were injured by PSG hooligans.^[22][114] The brawl began when they entered Boulogne to arrest a fan.^[14][22] Once inside, KoB thugs swarmed over the outnumbered policemen and kicked one of them into a coma.^[43][114] In January 2006, two Arab youths were assaulted by Boulogne affiliates outside the entrance to the stand during a match against Sochaux.^[42] In November 2006, six KoB hooligans ambushed a black man after a match at Le Mans. Two of the assailants received prison sentences.^[43][46] Racist fans in the KoB also abused some of their own non-white players, most notably Bernard Lama, George Weah and Vikash Dhorasoo.^{[42][120][121]}

Progress in European competition during the 1990s and 2000s saw even more vicious fighting.^[43] The Parisian hooligans clashed with opposing thugs from Juventus, Anderlecht, Galatasaray, Chelsea, Arsenal, Bayern Munich, Rangers, CSKA Moscow, Hapoel Tel Aviv and Twente.^{[47][43][122]} Even worse, the club's own supporters had turned on each other as well. Following the deaths of two PSG fans, the club implemented an anti-violence plan in May 2010. Officially called Tous PSG (All PSG), but known by supporters as Plan Leproux (referring to PSG’s president Robin Leproux), it exiled all fan groups from the Parc des Princes and banned them from all club matches.^[6][22]

After Plan Leproux

Fan violence largely decreased after Plan Leproux, but incidents still occur.^[6][22] In May 2013, the club's league title celebrations at Trocadero plaza were cut short following fighting between PSG fans and CRS riot police, leaving 30 people injured and leading to 21 arrests. In August 2012, Zlatan Ibrahimović's presentation saw clashes among rival factions of PSG supporters.^[123] Between 2010 and 2016, PSG fans also brawled with supporters of Dinamo Zagreb, Bayer Leverkusen and Chelsea.^[124][125] Following years of demonstrations against Plan Leproux, several fan groups formed the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) in February 2016.^[6][55] The club allowed their long-awaited comeback in October 2016 for PSG's 2–0 home league win over Bordeaux.^[6]

The first incidents since their return occurred in April 2017. PSG ultras damaged areas of the stadium hosting the 2017 Coupe de la Ligue final.^[8] A month later, Lista Nera Paris and Microbes Paris dissociated from the CUP. A third association, Karsud, were excluded from the ultra group.^[8][16] CUP president, Romain Mabille, would later refer to Karsud members as "hooligans who didn't want to respect the code of conduct agreed with the club."^[116] Ever since then, members of the CUP, mainly those from leading subgroup K-Soce Team, and Karsud have been in conflict.^[8][116]

In September 2017, ahead of PSG's Champions League match versus Bayern Munich in Germany, 30 Parisian ultras fought 20 from Bayern fan group Schickeria and 10 reinforcements from Bordeaux. One French fan was treated for a head injury.^[126] In October 2018, the CUP clashed against Karsud and twinned Red Star Belgrade hooligan firm Delije near the Parc des Princes after a UCL game.^[127][128] The club reacted by imposing a one-year stadium ban and cancelling season tickets to the 100 CUP members involved, most of them issued from K-Soce Team.^[129]

2019 and early 2020 saw a surge in violence. In April, following PSG's defeat to Rennes in the 2019 Coupe de France final, both set of supporters clashed.^[130] In November, the CUP and Karsud fought with thugs from Club Brugge before a UCL match.^[131] A week later, K-Soce Team affiliates attacked spectators wearing Marseille apparel during rapper Jul's concert at AccorHotels Arena.^[132] Also that month, PSG ultras assaulted Rennes fans who were in Glasgow to face Celtic.^[133] In December, the CUP and Boulogne group Block Parisii were involved in a brutal brawl against UCL rivals Galatasaray fans in the streets of Paris.^[134] Karsud hooligans then clashed against those of Nantes in February 2020.^[135]

Following a quiet period between March 2020 and August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to lockdowns and restrictions on attendance, fan violence returned in September 2021. Karsud thugs assaulted a member of Rennes fan group Roazhon Celtik Kop (RCK) and stole a club banner.^[130][117] RCK retaliated after Rennes' home league victory over PSG in October 2021, clashing against the Parisian ultras outside the stadium.^[130] Karsud, along with CUP subgroup Ferveur Parisienne, were again at the center of controversy during a Coupe de France match between Paris FC and Lyon in December 2021. Wielding iron bars and nunchakus, they attacked the Lyon fans at halftime, which resulted in the game being abandoned and the expulsion of both clubs from the tournament.^[136][137] Ferveur Parisienne were dissolved by the French government in December 2022 mainly because of their involvement in this incident.^[100]

In October 2023, PSG supporters tangled with AC Milan fans in the stands during the first Champions League group stage fixture between the two clubs at the Parc des Princes.^[138] A group of around 50 Milan ultras took revenge on the eve of the return match in November 2023. They attacked the Parisian fans in Milan, stabbing one of them twice in the leg. There were also clashes between PSG supporters and police. An officer was stabbed in the leg and the alleged culprit was arrested.^[139]

Julien Quemener

Following a humiliating 4–2 loss in the UEFA Cup to Israeli club Hapoel Tel Aviv at the Parc des Princes, PSG hooligans took the streets and targeted Jewish fans. A French-Jewish supporter of Hapoel, Yaniv Hazout, was surrounded, threatened and subjected to a barrage of racial abuse, when a plain-clothes black police officer, Antoine Granomort, stepped in to help him.^[46] Granomort wasn't wearing a police uniform and PSG radicals attacked him. He tried to break up the group with tear gas but was overpowered. Granomort then fired one shot, seriously injuring Mounir Boujaer before killing Julien Quemener.^[28][46]

This episode shocked France. It was only the second fan-related death in the country after that of 1984 when a supporter was killed by a flare. Public opinion blamed the KoB, known for its racist and violent fans since the late 1970s.^[28] In turn, PSG supporters and French fans in general considered Quemener a martyr and demanded an inquiry.^[46] Prior to PSG's match at Nantes three days after the incident, Boulogne Boys paid their respects to Quemener by marching through the city to the stadium.^[43]

Initially, police said Julien Quemener was a member of Boulogne Boys and that this group had links to PSG's violent far-right fans in the KoB.^[43][46] Boys quickly denied the allegations. Later developments in the investigation showed that Quemener was close to Boulogne hooligan firms (Casual Firm, Commando Loubard and Milice Paris) and not Boulogne Boys.^[24][43] In February 2011, after more than four years of investigation, Antoine Granomort was acquitted of murder on the grounds of self-defence.^[45]

Yann Lorence

In February 2010, two hours before PSG's 3–0 home defeat to Marseille, the fratricidal war between Boulogne and Auteuil reached a point of no return.^[22] A large group of Boulogne hooligans attacked supporters from Auteuil, chasing them toward their entrance into the stadium, all under the eyes of CRS riot police officers, who didn't intervene. Alerted by the situation, many Auteuil fans who were already inside the stadium left the stand to lead a counter charge, which ended in the lynching of Casual Firm member Yann Lorence.^[145]

The original reports from the press claimed that Yann Lorence was peacefully leaving a bar when he was attacked by Auteuil fans. For his part, PSG president Robin Leproux said that Lorence had been caught in the middle of the brawl.^[22][146] Boulogne sources defended these theories, saying Lorence had distanced himself from Casual Firm a while back. Auteuil sources, on the other hand, denied these allegations and affirmed that Lorence was indeed part of the fight.^[145][146]

Whatever the case, Lorence died of his injuries in March 2010. His death marked the end of Kop of Boulogne and Virage Auteuil as they had been known. Within the following two months, the French government dissolved several Parisian supporters' groups and the club implemented Plan Leproux, which banned the remaining fan associations from all PSG matches.^[6][147] Two men, Jeremy Banh and Romain Lafon, were subsequently charged with involuntary homicide.^[145][146] Lafon denied his involvement in the incident, whereas Banh admitted in police questioning kicking the victim before withdrawing from the fight. In November 2016, Banh was convicted of killing Lorence and received a five-year jail term, while Lafon was acquitted.^[146]

Signing for Marseille

Several players went from fan favorites to "traitors" during the 2000s after joining Le Classique arch-rivals Marseille directly from PSG.^[175] Team captain Frédéric Déhu and Fabrice Fiorèse were the first to experience this in 2004.^[176] PSG Academy idol Lorik Cana and Modeste M'bami followed suit in 2005 and 2006, respectively.^[177][178] Then it was Gabriel Heinze in 2009. He signed for Marseille despite saying he never would in the past.^[175] Whenever they returned to play at the Parc des Princes, the Parisian supporters welcomed them with insults, whistles and hostile banners.^[175][179]

Black players

Boulogne fans have a history of racial abuse towards their own black players.^{[42][120][121]} They taunted black French goalkeeper Bernard Lama when he arrived in 1992 to replace white idol Joël Bats, whistling him and displaying swastikas during games.^[120] Lama, however, went on to become a fan favorite and club legend for his performances.^[59] After his last match, Boulogne supporters refused to leave the stadium until Lama came to greet them.^[180]

Next up was Liberian striker George Weah in 1995. Having led Paris to the Champions League semifinals that year, he unfortunately was nonexistent versus A.C. Milan as PSG lost both matches.^[121] Additionally, he had told reporters after the return game that he wanted to sign for the Rossoneri next season.^[120] Parisian fans accused him of making a subpar display since he wanted to join the Italian club.^[181] In his final game at the Parc des Princes, with his transfer confirmed, Boulogne fans insulted him and made monkey sounds every time he touched the ball. Hooligan group Casual Firm unfurled a racist banner that read "Weah, we don't need you" written with Celtic crosses and other neo-Nazi symbols.^{[21][121][182]} White midfielder David Ginola, who also wanted to leave the club, did not receive the same treatment.^[120]

In 2011, during former teammate Bernard Lama's testimonial match at the Parc des Princes, Weah told reporters he did not have a good memory of the stadium and was there only to honor his friend.^[182] In spite of this, most PSG supporters still consider him as a legendary player.^[59] Another incident that made headiness was Vikash Dhorasoo, a France international of Indian origin, being told by a Boulogne fan to "go sell peanuts in the metro" during a game in 2006.^[42]

Mateja Kežman

Serbian striker Mateja Kežman is one of the most unpopular figures to have ever played for the club. He was at the Parc des Princes between 2008 and 2010, scoring just five times across all competitions. Often jeered by fans with his on-pitch performances, Kežman reacted in the worst possible way in February 2009.^[183] With the Parisians trailing Bordeaux 1–0 at home in the Coupe de la Ligue semi-finals, Kežman was substituted after yet another poor display. Booed on his way off the pitch, he took off his shirt and threw it to the floor before disappearing down the tunnel. The club suspended him for two weeks and from that moment on Kežman was booed mercilessly until his last day in Paris.^[184]

Adrien Rabiot

Paris Saint-Germain Academy graduate Adrien Rabiot's fall from grace with the supporters was due to his selfish attitude throughout his PSG career, permanently complaining about his position on the field or threatening to leave for not playing enough, as well as endless contract talks every time the club made him a renewal offer.^[185] When it became clear Rabiot would not sign a new deal, the Parisian ultras unfurled a banner directed at him during a Coupe de la Ligue match against Orléans in December 2018. It read: "Rabiot, we don't need you."^[186] He was subsequently frozen out by the club for the remainder of the 2018–19 season and then signed with Juventus when his contract expired in the summer of 2019.^[187]

Neymar

Sought after to help Paris win the Champions League, the club paid Barcelona a world-record €222m in August 2017 for Neymar, who became an instant fan favorite and was welcomed with much fanfare by the CUP during his unveiling at the Parc des Princes.^{[188][189][190]} The Brazilian performed well when fit but missed half of his first two seasons through injury.^[188][191] He also fell out with fan-favorite Edinson Cavani during a home game versus Dijon in January 2018. With Paris leading 7–0, Neymar refused to let Cavani take a penalty that would have made him the club's all-time top-scorer. He converted the spot-kick amongst whistles and chants of "Cavani, Cavani."^[192]

The final straw was his desire for a Barcelona return in 2019.^[193] The transfer fell threw in the end, and his comeback game versus Strasbourg at home in September was a nightmare. The ultras handed out flyers describing him as "the most disgusting player in PSG history," chanted "Neymar, son of a bitch," and booed him every time he touched the ball. They also displayed two banners, one calling Neymar a "whore" and the other prompting his father to sell him in a prostitution area of Rio de Janeiro.^{[188][189][194]} Neymar responded by scoring a last-minute bicycle kick to win 1–0, but he was still jeered.^[195] This would continue to be the case for most of 2019.^[196]

Neymar's road to redemption began during a home win over Galatasaray in December 2019. Leading 4–0, PSG were awarded a penalty and he personally handed the ball to Cavani, who was in the midst of a goalscoring drought. The Uruguayan scored and Neymar embraced him.^[197] In February 2020, though, PSG lost 2–1 away to Borussia Dortmund, leaving them on the brink of a fourth consecutive early exit. During PSG's next home match, the CUP unveiled a scathing banner that read: "Kombouaré, Gino, Raí, they had a winning mentality. Silva, Mbappé, Neymar – scared of winning? Grow some balls."^[198] Neymar went on to score the first goal in the 2–0 return leg win, guiding PSG to the quarterfinals at an empty Parc des Princes. Barred from the stadium due to the COVID-19 pandemic, around 3,000 ultras gathered outside it to cheer the team. After the final whistle, Neymar and his teammates thanked them from the balcony.^[199]

He led PSG to their first UEFA Champions League final ever that season and to the semifinals the following campaign, with CUP chairman Romain Mabille acknowledging on behalf of the group their appreciation for his displays and attitude.^{[200][201][202]} Whistles returned, however, during PSG's home matches versus Bordeaux and Lorient in March and April 2022 after a lackluster and injury-riddled season for Neymar, with the club also being ousted from the Champions League last-16 round for the third time in the five seasons in which he had been in Paris.^{[86][89][203]} He privately lamented a form of "ingratitude" on the part of the fans, all the while understanding their disappointment after yet another European collapse.^[204]

Neymar and the CUP were back on speaking terms in February 2023, when the Brazilian went to thank the ultras for their support after their loss to Bayern Munich in the Champions League, a first since 2019 and his failed transfer to Barcelona.^[205] This was made possible following Romain Mabille's mea culpa over the banner that insulted Neymar's mother.^[206] The reconciliation was short-lived, however.^[101] In May 2023, after PSG's poor run of form since the turn of the year as well as another season-ending injury for Neymar, a small group of supporters showed up in front of the player's house, calling on him to depart the club.^{[101][102][207]} While Mabille criticized the move, he also stated that "it would be good for Neymar to leave".^[208] Following his transfer to Al Hilal in August 2023, the CUP raised a banner during PSG's home match against Lens, which read, “Neymar: finally rid of the rude.”^[209]

Kylian Mbappé

Kylian Mbappé's relationship with the ultras was rather cold during his first few seasons at the club.^[210] The CUP felt that Mbappé, although born and raised in Paris, wasn't truly passionate about PSG and saw the club as a stepping stone before playing for Real Madrid. Kylian grew up idolising Madrid stars Cristiano Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane, but he has also claimed several times that it was his childhood dream to play for PSG. In fact, Mbappé turned down Real to sign for the Parisians and bring the Champions League title to the Parc des Princes.^[210][211]

During the 2018–19 season, he twice argued with coach Thomas Tuchel after being substituted off, which for the supporters came across as arrogant and disrespectful to his teammates on the bench. That same campaign, after the shocking UCL loss to Manchester United, the ultras attended a training session where they proceeded to insult the players and Kylian in particular, who had missed a clear chance during the match.^[210] Then, during his acceptance speech upon being awarded Ligue 1 Player of the Year, Mbappé hinted that he could leave PSG if his demands for a bigger role in the team weren't met. The fans, who had questioned his lack of long-term commitment from the start, believed it was a salary increase strategy.^[212][213]

The following season, the CUP held up a banner calling out Kylian, Thiago Silva and Neymar for failing to 'man up' during PSG's loss away to Borussia Dortmund.^[210] His popularity took another blow in the 2020 Champions League final against Bayern Munich, with Kylian putting up a poor display in yet another big match as well as missing a rather easy goal.^[214] Amid speculation about his future during the 2020–21 campaign, the French star celebrated a goal against former club Monaco by kissing PSG's crest in front of the camera. The gesture was seen by PSG fans as a message to main suitors Real Madrid that he wanted to stay in Paris.^[215] This, coupled with Mbappé's showings in the UCL, including a hat-trick away to Barcelona and a brace at Bayern Munich to take PSG to the semifinals, gave a breath of fresh air to his relationship with the supporters.^{[202][214][216]}

The truce quickly came crashing down ahead of the 2021–22 season, when Kylian tried to join Real Madrid. PSG rejected the offers from the Spanish side and Mbappé began the campaign to the booing of the Parc des Princes, but his performances eventually won the ultras back. He led Paris to their tenth Ligue 1 title and was the only player beyond reproach in the club's UCL campaign, notably scoring twice against Madrid despite losing the tie. Real remained in contact with Mbappé during this season and believed he would join them next summer. Instead, Kylian snubbed Madrid for the second time and chose to sign a three-year contract extension with PSG to become the undisputed darling of the Parisian fans.^[217][218]

Lionel Messi

Lionel Messi landed in Paris amid much fanfare in summer 2021 with the expectation of helping star-studded PSG claim an elusive Champions League crown. In his first season, however, Messi registered just seven goals through his opening 26 games for the club. This, together with his muted performance in PSG's early UCL exit against Real Madrid in March 2022, left the ultras feeling the Argentinian superstar was offering little return on investment made in him. During the club's next home league match against Bordeaux that same month, the CUP jeered Messi's name when the starting line-ups were announced and then whistled him every time he touched the ball.^[219]

Despite a very good first half of the 2022–23 campaign, his second in the French capital, Messi's form dropped dramatically after his 2022 FIFA World Cup-winning campaign with Argentina. PSG's second last-16 elimination in a row from the Champions League, including another Messi no-show versus Bayern Munich, as well as poor results in Ligue 1, meant boos were back for home losses against Lyon and Rennes in March and April 2023.^[220][221] Following yet another home defeat, this time to Lorient, Messi missed training to make an unauthorized trip to Saudi Arabia, for which he was suspended by the club.^[222] Messi publicly apologized to the club and his teammates through an Instagram post, claiming it was a misunderstanding.^[223] The ultras reacted by showing up to the club's headquarters and calling for his departure, with chants of "Messi, son of a bitch."^[101][224]

Upon his return from a two-week suspension, Messi was again whistled by the ultras during PSG's victory over Ajaccio at the Parc des Princes.^[225] They continued to do so for the remainder of the season, even during his last match for the club against Clermont in June 2023.^[226] Messi thanked "the club, the city of Paris and its residents" on social media, without acknowledging the fans.^[226] Following his free transfer to Inter Miami, he admitted his unhappiness at PSG during an interview, claiming that his move there was not a planned one as he "didn't want to leave Barcelona."^[227] Shortly after, CUP members who were in Miami, raised a banner outside of DRV PNK Stadium, which read "Messi: finally rid of the rude."^[209]

Edinson Cavani

Idolised by the ultras for his commitment, passion and a genuine love for the shirt, Uruguayan striker Edinson Cavani disappointed many of his admirers due to the way he left the club in June 2020.^[75][228] PSG offered "El Matador" the chance to extend his deal for two months so he could finish the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, which had been rescheduled for August because of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[75] Annoyed at how the club had treated him, Cavani declined the offer and became a free agent. Throughout the season, PSG coach Thomas Tuchel put him aside by giving new signing Mauro Icardi more room, while sporting director Leonardo Araújo handled his departure in a "clumsy" and "rushed" way, according to observers.^[76][77]

Nonetheless, the CUP still wanted to pay him tribute for his seven years at the French capital and his 200 goals scored. Except that since the end of his contract, Cavani walled in incomprehensible silence for PSG and his former fans. Although he would later thank them, the situation had already divided the ultras. CUP president Romain Mabille was amongst those who didn't want to honor him and resigned his post after a subgroup unilaterally decided to make a banner in Cavani's glory.^[75][76][77] Even if this episode hurt his legacy, Cavani remains a PSG legend for most fans.^[59]

Thomas Meunier

Thomas Meunier was an immediate fan favourite at the Parc des Princes after his good debut 2016–17 season. Supporters were fond of his hard-working approach on the pitch, as well as his straightforward and down to earth personality off it. Meunier was even touted as a potential future team captain until he liked a tweet praising the atmosphere created by the fans of PSG arch-rivals Marseille at the Stade Vélodrome ahead of their 2017–18 UEFA Europa League quarterfinal second leg win over RB Leipzig in April 2018.^[228]

The like enraged the Parisian fanbase, who were already sensitive by the perceived disrespectful behaviour shown by other players, most notably Neymar, towards the club. Meunier made things worse by responding to angry PSG fans on Twitter, calling them "pseudo-supporters" and that they needed to "know their place" as fans. The Belgian right back then said that he was answerable only to the ultras because of their unwavering support. But when he refused to apologise, as demanded by the Collectif Ultras Paris, his reputation amongst the supporters never recovered and he eventually left the club under controversial circumstances in June 2020.^[228] Meunier claimed that he wanted to stay at PSG and criticised sporting director Leonardo Araújo for not renewing his contract; it was later revealed that Leonardo did not offer him a contract extension because he had already signed with Borussia Dortmund.^[229]

Kheira Hamraoui

Kheira Hamraoui's second stint with Paris Saint-Germain was marred by scandal. Attacked by masked men with iron bars in November 2021, only a few months after returning to PSG, the French midfielder blamed teammate and witness Aminata Diallo for it, which didn't sit well in the dressing room. When she recovered from her injuries, the club sidelined Hamraoui for several months after an altercation with another teammate directly related to the incident. Fans also voiced their support for Diallo, with the CUP regularly booing Hamraoui and even unfurling a banner that read "Diallo, we strongly support you! Hamraoui: Who's next?" Diallo was later charged on suspicion of orchestrating the attack out of jealousy after having been displaced by Hamraoui from the starting lineup. During her final game with PSG against Lyon in May 2023, she hit back at the CUP by revealing a t-shirt that read "Insults, no apologies! Where are the men?" She then accused the club on Twitter of "abandoning her and doing everything to make her leave."^[230][231]