Korku_language
Korku language
Mundu language spoken in Central India
Korku (also known as Kurku, or Muwasi[3]) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Korku tribe of central India, in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. It is isolated in the midst of the Gondi people, who are Dravidian, while its closest relatives are in eastern India. It is the westernmost Austroasiatic language.
| Korku | |
|---|---|
| कोरकू | |
| Region | Central India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra) |
| Ethnicity | Korku |
Native speakers | 730,000 (2011 census)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Devanagari script (Balbodh style)[2] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kfq |
| Glottolog | kork1243 |
| ELP | Korku |
Korku is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Korkus are also closely associated with the Nihali people, many of whom have traditionally lived in special quarters of Korku villages.[4] Korku is spoken by around 700,000 people, mainly in four districts of southern Madhya Pradesh (Khandwa, Harda, Betul, Narmadapuram) and three districts of northern Maharashtra (Rajura and Korpana tahsils of Chandrapur district, Manikgarh pahad area near Gadchandur in Chandrapur district) (Amravati, Buldana, Akola).
The name Korku comes from Koro-ku (-ku is the animate plural), Koro 'person, member of the Korku community' (Zide 2008).[5]
The Indian national census of 2011 reported 727,133 people claiming to speak Korku, which is an unscheduled language according to the Indian system.[6] However, Korku is classified as “vulnerable” by UNESCO, the least concerning of the levels of language endangerment nonetheless.[7] Most adult men are bilingual in Hindi, or multilingual in Hindi and the local Dravidian languages (Zide 2008: 156). Literacy in the language is low.[1]
Throughout recent history, the use of the Korku language has been heavily influenced by larger hegemonic languages, especially Hindi. A few Korku-speaking groups have had relative success in increasing the viability of their dialect, specifically the Potharia Korku from the Vindhya Mountains.[8]
Dialects
Zide (2008:256) lists two dialects for Korku, a Western and an Eastern one. The Western Dialect, which has a handful of subdialects is also called Korku. Among the Western varieties, the one spoken in Lahi is notable for its loss of the dual number.
- Western (aka Korku) dialect: spoken in the districts of Melghat, Betul-Narmadapuram, and Narmadapuram.
- Eastern (aka Muwasi/Mowasi/Mawasi, or Kurku): spoken in the Chhindwara district of southeastern Madhya Pradesh.
Glottolog lists four dialects for Korku:[9]
- Ruma (Korku)
- Bondoy
- Bouriya
- Mawasi
Geographical Distribution
Korku is spoken in the following regions (Zide 2008:256):
- South-central Madhya Pradesh
- East Nimar district (Khandwa district)
- Betul district
- Narmadapuram district
- Chhindwara district (Mawasi speakers)
- Northeastern Maharashtra
- Amravati district (majority of speakers in Maharashtra)
- Buldana district
- Akola district
Vowels
Korku has 10 phonemic vowels, which can occur short or long (e.g. /aː/), plus one mid vowel that only occurs as a short segment /ə/.[10]
Consonants
Korku has a large consonant phoneme inventory,[10] in which stops occur in several places of articulation. Like many languages of India, Korku stops distinguish between voiced, plain voiceless, and voiceless aspirated consonants.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | cʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | ɟʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Approximant | l | ɭ | j | ||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɽ | |||||
Word-finally, all stops are unreleased.[10]
Korku is a highly agglutinating, suffixing language. It has postpositions, a case system, a two-gender system, and three numbers. The verb phrase can be complex in Korku; functions that in English and other languages may be encoded in by the use of auxiliary verbs and of prepositions may be expressed in Korku through suffixation.
Word order
Korku, as all Munda languages, shows a strict Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order.[11]
| Subject | Object | Verb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| iɲɟ | dukanaʈen | saːkaɾ | sasaːba |
| I | store-from | sugar | bring.will |
| “I will bring sugar from the store” | |||
Adjectives are expressed verbally - as intransitive verbs - with the exception of a few cases in which a separate word occurs before the noun they are modifying.[3]
| Numeral | Adjective | Noun | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ɖiɟaʔ | apʰai | kenɖe | simku |
| her/his | three | black | chickens |
| “Her/His three black chickens” | |||
Morphology
Nouns in Korku are assigned one of two grammatical genders: animate, and inanimate, and inflect for several different grammatical cases.
Grammatical number
Korku distinguishes three grammatical numbers: singular, dual (two of X), and plural (three or more of X) for nouns in the animate class. Nouns in the inanimate class are rarely marked for number. Final vowels are sometimes deleted before dual or plural endings (see the example at koɾo).[10][2]
| Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| konɟe-Ø
‘daughter’ |
konɟe-kiɲ
‘two daughters’ |
konɟe-ku
‘daughters’ |
| koɾo
‘man’ |
koɾkiɲ
‘two men’ |
koɾku
‘men’ |
| siʈa
‘dog’ |
siʈakiɲ
‘two dogs’ |
siʈaku
‘dogs’ |
Case system
In Korku, the function of participants in a sentence (e.g. agent, patient, etc.) is expressed through grammatical case markings on nouns. Additionally, ideas that are expressed via prepositions in English (e.g. towards, from, with, etc.) are also expressed via case markings in Korku. The table below illustrates the different cases and the suffixes used to express them.[10][3]
| Case | Marker | Example[3] | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -Ø | ɖiɟ
‘s/he’ siʈa ‘the dog’ (subj.) |
Subject |
| Accusative-Dative | -kʰe(ʔ) | ɖiɟkʰeʔ
‘her/him’ siʈakʰeʔ ‘the dog’ (obj.) |
(In)Direct object |
| Genitive | -a(ʔ) | ɖiɟaʔ
‘her/his' ɟikɽaaʔ ‘of a porcupine’ |
Possession |
| Locative | -en | uɾagen
‘in the house’ Nagpuɾen ‘in Nagpur’ |
Spatio-temporal location |
| Comitative | -gon/-gella | konɟegon
‘with a daughter’ |
Company, togetherness |
| Instrumental | -ten | kolomten
‘by/in pen’ |
Means |
| Allative | -ʈae | Acalpurʈae
‘towards Achalpur' |
Direction at/towards |
| Ablative | -(a)ten | uɾagaten
‘from the house’ |
Source, spatial origin |
Additionally, Korku regularly marks direct object on the verb, as in other Munda languages.[3] In the sentence below, the suffix /eɟ/ on the verb compound /senɖawkʰen/ indicates that it was someone else who was given permission to go.
| Subject | Object | Verb |
|---|---|---|
| iɲɟ | ɖikʰeʔ | senɖawkʰen-eɟ |
| I | her/him | allowed.to.go-obj |
| “I allowed her/him to go” | ||
Pronouns
Personal pronouns[12][10]
Personal pronouns in Korku show different number and gender patterns depending on the person. The first person (“I, we”) distinguishes not only the three numbers but also whether the hearer is included (“all of us”) or excluded (“us, but not you”) in the communicative context. The second person (“you, you all”) only encodes number, whereas the third person (“s/he, they”) distinguishes gender, and number for animate nouns.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Inclusive | iɲɟ | alaŋɟ | abuɲ |
| Exclusive | aliɲɟ | ale | ||
| 2nd person | aːm | apinɟ | ape | |
| 3rd person | Animate | ɖic ~ in | ɖikinɟ | ɖiku |
| Inanimate | ɖiː | |||
Demonstratives
In Korku, demonstratives (e.g. “this, that, those”) encode not only distance (e.g. “here and there”) but also gender and number. Unlike English, which only distinguishes between a single proximal (this) and distal (that) spatial references, Korku demonstratives encode four levels of proximity to the speaker (i.e. ‘very close’ vs. ‘close’ vs. ‘far’ vs. ‘very far’), plus a fifth distinction, when one is pinpointing.[10] The table below illustrates the forms used in Korku.
| Gender | Number | Distance | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal | Distal | |||||
| Very close | Close | Far | Very far | Pinpointing | ||
| Inanimate | Singular | ni | ini / noːɟe | ɖi | ha / hu / ho | huɟɟe |
| Animate | Singular | nic | inic | ɖic | huc / huɟ / huɟe | hoːɟe |
| Dual | niɲɟ | inkiɲɟ / noːkiɲɟ | ɖikiɲɟ | huɟkiɲɟ | hoːkiɲɟ | |
| Plural | niku | inku / noːku | ɖiku | huɟku | hoːku | |
Numerals
The basic cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 (transcribed in IPA) are:
| 1 | miɲaʔ |
|---|---|
| 2 | bari |
| 3 | apʰai |
| 4 | apʰun |
| 5 | monoe |
| 6 | tuɾui |
| 7 | ei |
| 8 | ilaɾ |
| 9 | aɾei |
| 10 | gel |
Numbers after 11 are mainly of Indo-Aryan origin.[13]
Kinship terms
As with many Austroasiatic languages, Korku has several words to refer to members of one's family, including the extended family and in-laws. There are often separate terms for people depending on their gender and seniority, for instance /bawan/ “wife's older brother” and /kosɾeʈ/ “elder brother's son”. In the tables below, words that include the suffix -/ʈe/ refer to someone else's family member, so that /kon/ means “my son”, whereas /konʈe/ is used when talking about someone else's son, for instance /ɖukriaʔ konʈe/ “the old woman's son”.[10]
| mother | anʈe / maːj |
|---|---|
| father | baːʈe / aba |
| daughter | konɟaj / konɟeʈe |
| son | kon / konʈe |
| younger sister | bokoɟe / bokoɟeʈe |
| older brother | ɖaj / ɖajʈe |
| younger brother | boko |
Korku has words to refer to pairs or groups of people in the family.
| parents | anʈebaːʈe |
|---|---|
| children | baːlbacca |
| children and wife | konkuɟapaj |
| mother and son | ajomkokoɲa |
| father and son | baːkokoɲa |
| siblings | bombuku |
| wife | ɟapaj |
|---|---|
| wife's elder sister | ɟiɟikaɲkaɾ(ʈe) |
| wife's younger sister | bewanɟe(ʈe) |
| wife's sister's husband | saɽgi(ʈe) |
| wife's elder brother | baːw(ʈe) |
| wife's younger brother | bawan(ʈe) |
The Korku language uses the Balbodh style of the Devanagari script, which is also used to write the Marathi language.[2]
- Korku at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- Sebeok, Thomas Albert, ed. (1971). Current Trends in Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 425. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2015). Munda Languages. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-82886-0. OCLC 907525916.
- Nihali at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- Fuchs, Stephen. "Thirty Korku Dancing Songs." Asian Folklore Studies. no. 1 (2000): 109-140. JSTOR 1179030
- "Glottolog". Retrieved 2021-03-24.
- Nagaraja, K.S. (1999). Korku language : grammar, texts, and vocabulary. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ISBN 4872977459. OCLC 1035920730.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2007). The Munda verb : typological perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-11-092425-1. OCLC 607263871.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2017-03-29). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics: Munda Languages. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.37. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
- Paul., Sidwell (8 December 2014). The handbook of Austroasiatic languages. ISBN 978-90-04-28357-2. OCLC 1058188885.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (ed.), The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
- Nagaraja, K. S. (1999). Korku language: grammar, texts, and vocabulary. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
- Zide, Norman H. (1963). Korku noun morphology. [Chicago: South Asian Languages Program, University of Chicago.
- Zide, Norman H. (1960). Korku verb morphology. [S.l: s.n.]
- Zide, Norman H. (2008). "Korku". In Gregory D. S. Anderson (ed.), The Munda languages, 256–298. Routledge Language Family Series 3. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
- Ae... kalaavati... a korku song at YouTube.com