Kronecker's_lemma

Kronecker's lemma

Kronecker's lemma

Add article description

In mathematics, Kronecker's lemma (see, e.g., Shiryaev (1996, Lemma IV.3.2)) is a result about the relationship between convergence of infinite sums and convergence of sequences. The lemma is often used in the proofs of theorems concerning sums of independent random variables such as the strong Law of large numbers. The lemma is named after the German mathematician Leopold Kronecker.

The lemma

If is an infinite sequence of real numbers such that

exists and is finite, then we have for all and that

Proof

Let denote the partial sums of the x's. Using summation by parts,

Pick any ε > 0. Now choose N so that is ε-close to s for k > N. This can be done as the sequence converges to s. Then the right hand side is:

Now, let n go to infinity. The first term goes to s, which cancels with the third term. The second term goes to zero (as the sum is a fixed value). Since the b sequence is increasing, the last term is bounded by .

References

  • Shiryaev, Albert N. (1996). Probability (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-94549-0.
Stub icon

This mathematical analysis–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Kronecker's_lemma, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.