Kutubuan_languages
Kutubuan languages
Languages families in Papua New Guinea
The Kutubuan languages are a small family of neighboring languages families in Papua New Guinea. They are named after Lake Kutubu in Papua New Guinea.
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Kutubuan | |
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Laku Kutubu | |
Geographic distribution | Lake Kutubu region, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea |
Linguistic classification | Papuan Gulf ?
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
There has been some debate over whether they are closer to each other than to other languages, but Usher includes them both in the Kikorian branch of the tentative Papuan Gulf stock. Within the two branches, the lexicostatistical figures are 60–70%. Between the two branches, they are 10–20%.
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]
gloss | Proto-Lake Kutubu |
---|---|
head | *uni |
hair/feather(s) | *iti |
eye/sixteen | *hʲĩ |
nose | *sabe |
tooth | *mete |
tongue | *atu |
foot/leg | *kotage |
bone | *kigi |
skin/bark | *ga[o/u] |
breast | *hʲokõ |
dog | *g[e/ẽ/a]s[a/ã] |
pig/game | *mena |
bird | *hʲaka |
egg | *kapa |
tree | *ita |
moon | *he̝ge̝ |
water | *hẽ |
fire | *ita |
stone | *kana |
path | *ig[i]a |
eat/drink | *ne- |
one | *hʲaga |
The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1975), Franklin & Voorhoeve (1973), McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970), and Shaw (1986), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[2]
gloss | Foi | Fasu (Namumi dialect) | Fasu |
---|---|---|---|
head | a̧řuhai | unahaie | wamo |
hair | u̧sæ̧ | unahai iti | iti; uni iti |
ear | yo ḳʰiyʌ | sinaeki; sinæki | senaki |
eye | i̧y | hi̧; hĩ | hi; hi̧; hĩ |
nose | s̭abɛi | sapasuma | sape |
tooth | ṱi | akai | mere |
tongue | auřu | airu | alu; aru |
leg | ṱamʌ | kofai; kɔfai | korake |
louse | ṱʌbʌľi | yapani | |
dog | ḳɛsʌ | kasa | kasa |
pig | girɔ | saro | |
bird | yaʔ | minai | mena |
egg | hʌ̧ⁱ | hai | mena hai |
blood | weḷia | kakusa | yapi |
bone | kʰikʰi | kiki | kiki |
skin | ḳaḳo | kau | kau |
breast | o̧ḳo̧ | hotu; hɔtu | hoko |
tree | iʔʌ | ira | ira |
man | amɛnʌ | abano; abanɔ | aporo |
woman | ḳa̧· | hinamu | hinamo |
sun | iřiyapo | iya; maiya; maya | maiya; maĩya |
moon | hɛḳɛ | hɩki | heke |
water | ipu | hi̧; hĩ | hẽ; hȩ; hę |
fire | iřʌ | irə kipu; irʌkupi | dufi; ira lufi |
stone | kʰa̧nʌ | ɩki | eke |
name | yaᵽo | iyanu | yano |
eat | niyæi | nesi | anene; na |
one | mɛna̧ḳɛ | hakasa; nakasa | meno |
two | ha̧ḳɛ | tita | teta |
Proposed Kutubu reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[3]
- gage- ‘carry on back’ < *kak(i,u)
- ku- ‘die’ < *kumV-
- na- ‘eat’ < *na-
- korage ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ondok[V]
- gariko ‘neck’ < *k(a,e)(nd,t)ak
- ira ‘tree’ < *inda
- kuba ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
- ya ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)
- babo ‘mother’s sister’ < *mbamba ‘older same sex sibling’
- ku- ‘die’ < *kumV-
- na- ‘eat’ < *na-
- reke- ‘stand’ < ta,e,i)k[V]
- ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
- apa ‘father’ < *apa
- himu ‘heart, stomach’ < *simb(i,u)
- iti ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
- korake ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
- kinu ‘shoulder’ < *kinV
- kau ‘skin’ < *k(a,o)(nd,t)apu
- sikini ‘hand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)(a,i)l
- pisi ‘urine’ < *pisi
- mane(raka) ‘make the law’ < *mana ‘instructions’
- horop ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V
- api(a) ‘husband’ < *ambi ‘man’
- papa ‘mother’s sister’ < *mbamba ‘older same sex sibling’
- ira ‘tree’ < *inda
- sakipu ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
- kupa ‘wind’ < *kumbutu
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Lake Kutubu
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Lake Kutubu