Kwalean_languages
The Kwalean or Humene–Uare languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.
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| Kwalean | |
|---|---|
| Humene–Uare | |
| Geographic distribution | Southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea: Central Province |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Glottolog | kwal1257 |
The Kwalean languages are spoken in Rigo District, Central Province, Papua New Guinea.[2]
The languages are Humene, Uare (Kwale) and recently extinct Mulaha. It is not clear if Mulaha was an outlier, or as close to the others as they are to each other.
Humene and Uare are quite close (70% basic vocabulary), Mulaha more distant (22% with Uare).
The Kwalean family is not accepted by Søren Wichmann (2013), who splits it into two separate groups, namely Humene–Uare and Mulaha.[3]
Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory of Humene and Uare as follows:[4]
*m *n *t *k *ʔ *b *d *g *ɸ *h *w *ɾ *j *ɣ
The *k is rare.
Vowels are *i *e *ɛ *a *ɔ *o *u.
Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns of Humene–Uare as:[4]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ɛ | *ɛmɛ |
| 2 | *ɣa | *ja |
| 3 | *ani | *jɛ |
Basic vocabulary
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[4]
| gloss | Proto-Humene-Uare | Humene | Uare |
|---|---|---|---|
| hair/feather | *igu | ˈiʔu | ˈiku |
| eye | *ubuma | uˈbuma | uˈbuma |
| nose | *jajɔɾɛ | ʒaˈʒoɾe | ʒaˈʒoɾe |
| tooth | *ɣɔnɔnɛ | βoˈnone | ɣoˈnone |
| tongue | *majanɛ | maˈnane | maˈʒane |
| foot/leg | *ɔda | ˈoda | ˈida |
| blood | *ɾɔo̝ | ɾoˈo | ˈɾoˈu |
| bone | *e̝tinɛ | eˈhine | iˈsine |
| skin | *ahe̝ɾe̝ | aˈheɾe | aˈhiɾi |
| breast | *nuunɛ | nuˈune | nuˈne |
| louse | *nɔmɔnɛ | noˈmone | noˈmone |
| dog | *ɣo̝ni | βoni | ˈɣuni |
| pig | *aba | ˈaba | ˈaba |
| bird | *ne̝ni; *t[e̝]b[o̝]ɾ[e̝] | neni; teˈboɾe | ˈnini |
| egg | *maɣa | ˈmaβa | ˈmaɣa |
| man | *wajɛ | ˈβaʒe | ˈβaʒe |
| woman | *nɔgɔnɛ | noˈʔone | noˈɣone |
| sun/day | *maˈda | maˈda | maˈda |
| moon | *batɔ | ˈbato | ˈbato |
| water | *wɔu | ˈβou | ˈβou |
| fire/firewood | *iɾɛ | ˈiɾe | iɾe |
| stone | *hadi | ˈhadi | ˈhadi |
| path | *e̝bi | ˈebi | ˈibi |
| name | *ni | ni | ni |
| eat | *an- | an- | an- |
| one | *te̝bɔ | ˈtebo | ˈtiba |
| two | *ahɛu | aˈheu | aˈheu |
The following basic vocabulary words are from Dutton (1970)[5] (with additional data for Uare from 1988 SIL field notes), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[6] Proto-Kwalean reconstructions are from Ross (2014).
| gloss | Proto-Kwalean | Humene | Mulaha | Uare |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | raˈfune | yoarowai | vaˈdini; və'd·inɩ | |
| hair | *iku(va) | iʔvuai | yoroba | 'iku; ˈiku |
| ear | aˈbi | akuru | 'tʰɛɣʌ; ˈteɣa | |
| eye | *(u)bu(i)vi(ma) | uˈbuma | boivi | uˈbuma; u'bumə |
| nose | *ʒaʒore | ʒaˈʒore | ine | ĵ ̟ʌ'ĵ ̟ɔre; ʒaˈʒore |
| tooth | *vono(ne); *wano(ne) | voˈnone | waina (2?) | ɣoˈnone; ɣɔ'nɔne |
| tongue | maˈnane | bebura | maˈʒane; mə'j ̟ane | |
| leg | goˈenva | koina | ɔdʌ; ˈoda | |
| louse | *(n)omo(ne) | noˈmone | uˈmana | noˈmone; 'nɔmone |
| dog | *ɣuni | ˈaba | aba | ˈaba; 'ɣunɩ |
| pig | *aba | (voni) aˈva | batuvi | 'ap·ʌ; (ɣuni) aˈvaɣa |
| bird | *teboare | (teˈbore) ˈiʔuva | iguvi | 'ninɩ; (nini) ˈikuɣa |
| egg | *ma(va) | ˈhava | iakeki | iˈsaɣa; 'maɣʌ |
| blood | *ruu | roˈo | iˈaa | iuː; ˈruˈu |
| bone | *esi(ne) | eˈhine | inina | ɩ'ine; iˈsine |
| skin | *ahiri | aˈhere kokava | iaina | a'hiṟʟ; aˈhiri |
| breast | *n(a)u(ne) | nuˈune | kobaiba | 'nune; nuˈne |
| tree | iˈbado | ire; 'ire | ||
| man | *vaʒe | oˈhoʒ; ˈvaʒe | ohɔj ̟e; oˈhoʒe; ˈvaʒe | |
| woman | *no'ɣone | noʔˈone | tina | 'lɔɣae; noˈɣone; roˈɣai |
| sky | *adure | aˈdure | aˈdure | |
| sun | *mada | maˈda | bauwa | 'madʌ; maˈda |
| moon | *bato | ˈbato | vaisa | ˈbato; 'batʰɔ |
| water | *vou; *wara | ˈvou | vara | ˈvou; vu |
| fire | *ire | ˈire | boareki | ireˈroga; ɩṟɛlokə |
| stone | *hadi | ˈhadi | aroba | 'had·ɩ; ˈhadi |
| road, path | 'ibɩ | |||
| name | *ni | ni | waa anu | ni; niː |
| eat | *anE- | a-nE- | inatu | a-nE-; aᵘ ʔohe |
| one | *teba | ˈtebo | pebogi | ˈtiba; 'tʰipʌ |
| two | *aheu | a'heᵘ |
Kwale reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[7]
- maɣa ‘egg’ < *maŋgV
- oda ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
- nomone ‘louse’ < *niman
- ire ‘tree’ < *inda
- Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
- Dutton, T.E. "Notes on the Languages of the Rigo Area of the Central District of Papua". In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D.C. editors, Pacific linguistic studies in honour of Arthur Capell. C-13:879-984. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-C13.879
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Kwalean. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range
- (ibid.) Proto–Humene–Uare