Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in the U.S. state of Iowa have evolved significantly in the 21st century. Iowa began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples on April 27, 2009 following a ruling by the Iowa Supreme Court, making Iowa the fourth^{[lower-roman 1]} U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. Same-sex couples may also adopt, and state laws ban discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in employment, housing and public accommodations.

Prior to European settlement of Iowa in the early 19th century, several Native American tribes inhabited the area. These include the Dakota and Omaha peoples. Among these people groups, perceptions toward gender and sexuality differed significantly from that of the Western world. The Dakota recognize individuals known as winkta who were assigned male at birth but act and behave as women. Likewise, the Omaha refer to such individuals as mix'uga.

When the Iowa Territory was established in 1838, it adopted all its laws from the Wisconsin Territory. This included an anti-sodomy law providing punishment of up to three years' imprisonment. In 1843, shortly before statehood, the Iowa Territorial Legislature enacted Iowa's first criminal code. It made no mention to sodomy, making it legal in Iowa. In 1860, the Iowa Supreme Court, in the case of Estes v. Carter, noted the lack of such a law. The state made no effort to overturn this decision or enact a sodomy law.^[1]

In 1892, a statute was enacted, providing for imprisonment of between one and ten years for sodomy, whether heterosexual or homosexual. The law punished consensual activity as well. The first criminal conviction occurred in 1900, in the case of State v. Todd. Fellatio (oral sex), whether heterosexual or homosexual, was made criminal in 1902. Over the following years, the courts convicted multiple people of sodomy. In 1911, the state passed a sterilization law, under which "moral or sexual perverts" could be sterilized; anyone twice convicted would be immediately sterilized. In 1914, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Iowa overturned this law as unconstitutional. The state appealed, and in 1917, in Davis v. Berry et al., the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the lower court ruling. 49 people were sterilized under the law. In 1929, however, the state enacted a new sterilization law. This law, different from the previous one as it guaranteed some due process rights to the defendants, was not overturned until 1977. By 1948, 891 Iowans had been sterilized under the statute. In 1955, the state passed a psychopathic offender law, under which any person "having criminal propensities toward the commission of sex offenses" would be treated as "mental psychopaths" and sent to psychiatric hospitals. That same year, the murder of a boy in Sioux City led to the mass detention of several gay men who were sent to asylums, despite none of them having been convicted of the crime.^[1]

In 1976, in a bitterly divided 5–4 ruling, the Iowa Supreme Court held that heterosexual sodomy could not be prosecuted. "There [is] no compelling state interest in the manner of sexual relations performed in private between consenting adults of the opposite sex not married to each other", the court wrote. It did not address same-sex sexual activity in its ruling.^[1]

The state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in 1978.^[2][3] Following the 1976 Supreme Court ruling, which held that heterosexual relations could not be prosecuted under the state's sodomy statute, the Iowa General Assembly passed a comprehensive criminal code which made no mention to sodomy. The age of consent is 16, regardless of gender and sexual orientation.

In 1976, Tracy Lee Bjorgum and Kenneth Bunch, from Solon, Iowa, filed one of the first lawsuits in the country seeking the right of same-sex couples to marry.^[4] Lee Bjorgum was a 20-year-old student at the University of Iowa. Bunch was a custodian at the University of Iowa hospitals, as well as a spokesperson for the Gay Liberation Front.^[5] Saying they wanted "the right to exist", the men appeared in Johnson County District Court, and requested a marriage license. It was denied.^[6] Months later they did the same in Polk County, were again denied, and the ACLU of Iowa filed a lawsuit on their behalf, but the lawsuit was unsuccessful.^[7]

Iowa has provided benefits to same-sex partners of state employees since 2003.^[8]

Iowa has allowed for state recognition of same-sex marriages performed in and out of the state since April 3, 2009, after the Iowa Supreme Court unanimously upheld a ruling by the Polk County District Court in Varnum v. Brien which effectively forced the state to rescind any outstanding discrimination against same-sex couples who wish to have their marriages recognized and licensed under state law.^[9] Iowa marriage licenses were issued to same-sex couples for the first time on April 27, 2009.^[10]

In response to the decision, several attempts to amend the state Constitution, either by presenting a ballot initiative before the voters or calling a state constitutional convention, to ban same-sex marriage failed.^[11]

Three of the Iowa Supreme Court justices who participated in Varnum were removed from office as the result of judicial retention elections in November 2010,^[12] following a campaign by groups opposed to same-sex marriage.^[13] However, in November 2012, a fourth member of the Iowa Supreme Court that participated in Varnum was retained after vigorous campaigning by groups opposed to same-sex marriage and groups supporting same-sex marriage and judicial independence.^[14]

Joint adoption by married same-sex couples has been legal since a ruling by the Iowa Supreme Court in 2008.^[16] Iowa law allows individuals and married couples, regardless of sexual orientation, to adopt.^[17]

On December 12, 2012, ruling in Buntemeyer v. Iowa DPH, a state court ordered the Iowa Department of Public Health to list the names of two women, a married lesbian couple, on the death certificate of their stillborn son.^[18] The Iowa Supreme Court heard arguments that same day in the department's appeal of a decision in Gartner v. Newton that ordered it to enter the names of two women as parents on a birth certificate.^[19] On May 3, 2013, the court unanimously affirmed the lower court's ruling in Gartner and said that "By naming the nonbirthing spouse on the birth certificate of a married lesbian couple's child, the child is ensured support from that parent and the parent establishes fundamental legal rights at the moment of birth".^[20]

Lesbian couples have access to in vitro fertilization and fertility treatments. State law recognizes the non-genetic, non-gestational mother as a legal parent to a child born via donor insemination, but only if the parents are married.^[21]

Although Iowa does not possess any defined surrogacy laws, courts are generally favorable to couples, different-sex or same-sex, who use the gestational or traditional surrogacy process.^[22]

Since 2007, Iowa has outlawed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing and public accommodations.^[23] The state's largest city, Des Moines, has had a non-discrimination ordinance of its own since 1991.

Iowa's hate crime law provides penalty enhancements for crimes committed on the basis of the victim's sexual orientation, but not gender identity.^[24]

On March 8, 2016, the Iowa Senate approved a bill, in a 27–21 vote, that would have added gender identity to the law.^[25] However, the bill subsequently died without a vote in the Republican-controlled House.^[26]

Although Iowa's hate crime law does not cover gender identity, U.S. federal law has covered this category since the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act was signed into law in October 2009.

Transgender people in Iowa may alter their legal gender on official documents such as driver's licenses, IDs and birth certificates by submitting to the Iowa Department of Public Health or Department of Transportation a notarized affidavit from a physician and surgeon stating that the sex designation of the applicant has been changed by reason of surgery or other treatment.^[27]

In March 2019, the Iowa Supreme Court declared that sex reassignment surgery must be covered under the state's Medicaid program. However, a month later, the Iowa General Assembly quickly passed a bill in the final hours of the legislative session, banning state funding for sex reassignment surgeries, which reversed the Supreme Court ruling. Days later, the bill was signed into law by Governor Kim Reynolds.^{[28][29][30][31][32]} In November 2021, a Polk County District Court judge ruled that this ban was unconstitutional.^[33]

In May 2023, the Governor of Iowa signed a bill into law (that passed the Iowa Legislature) officially bans "sexual orientation and gender identity lessons within Iowa state school classrooms between Kindergarten to grade 6".^[43][44][45]

On March 17, 2015, the Iowa Senate voted 26–24 to ban sexual orientation change efforts (conversion therapy) on LGBT minors.^[46] The bill, however, died without a vote in the Republican-controlled Iowa House of Representatives.^[47]

On April 8, 2016, the Iowa Board of Medicine announced it would look into a proposal to ban the use of conversion therapy on LGBT minors. The board, however, denied a petition from members of the State of Iowa Youth Advisory Council which wanted an administrative rule prohibiting Iowa doctors from practicing conversion therapy on minors. Instead, the board said it would form a subcommittee to study the topic.^[48] On August 12, the board declined to take action on a ban.^[49]

On August 12, 2016, the Iowa Board of Psychology voted down a proposal to prohibit state-licensed professionals from engaging in conversion therapy. The board unanimously agreed that such practices should be banned; however, they argued that this was the responsibility of the General Assembly.^[50] The board added that any person may file a complaint if there are concerns about a psychologist's practice and any complaint regarding conversion therapy employed by a licensed psychologist will be investigated.^[51]

In April 2020, Davenport became the first city in Iowa to pass an ordinance banning conversion therapy on minors. The ordinance was approved 8–2 by the Davenport City Council on April 22, 2020.^[52][53]

In March 2020, the state House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill by a vote of 95–0 to abolish the gay panic defence. The Iowa House of Representatives has passed this legislation twice now, but both times the Republican controlled Iowa Senate has refused^[54] to take up the legislation, while still finding time to legislate that governmental agencies and entities, school districts, and public postsecondary educational institutions are banned from teaching so-called "divisive concepts" based on race or sex.^[55] This legislation has the opportunity to open the door to further discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals, denying educators and others tasked with training and teaching the history of oppression faced by LGBTQ+ individuals and especially those who are Black, Indigenous, People of Color,^[56] while protecting conservative ideology and white supremacy.^[57]

A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) opinion poll found that 59% of Iowans supported same-sex marriage, while 33% opposed it and 7% were unsure.^[58]The same poll found that 68% of Iowans supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity, 23% were opposed.^[59] Furthermore, 55% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBT people due to religious beliefs, while 37% supported allowing such religiously-based refusals.^[60]

A 2022 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 75% of Iowans support same-sex marriage, while 20% were opposed and 4% were unsure. The same poll found that 85% of Iowans supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 11% were opposed.