LGBT_rights_in_South_America

LGBT rights in the Americas

LGBT rights in the Americas

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Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex and diverse in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely.

Quick Facts Status, Gender identity ...

Same-sex marriages are currently legal in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, United States and Uruguay. Free unions that are equivalent to marriage have begun to be recognized in Bolivia. Among non-independent states, same-sex marriage is also legal in Greenland, the British Overseas Territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, all French territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, French Guiana, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognised in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 800 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights recognizes same-sex marriage as a human right.[1] This has theoretically made the legalisation of such unions "mandatory" in Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. The Supreme Courts of Honduras,[2] Panama,[3] Peru[4] and Suriname[5] have rejected the IACHR ruling, while the Supreme Courts of Costa Rica and Ecuador adhered to it. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay are also under the court's jurisdiction, but already had same-sex marriage before the ruling was handed down.

However, six other nations still have unenforced criminal penalties for "buggery" on their statute books.[6] These are Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, of which Guyana is on mainland South America, while the rest are Caribbean islands. They are all former parts of the British West Indies. In addition, in Anguilla, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Paraguay, Montserrat, Suriname and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the age of consent is higher for same-sex sexual relations than for opposite-sex ones, and in Bermuda, the age of consent for anal sex is higher than that for other types of sexual activities.

Religion and LGBT acceptance

The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestants, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships. These were followed by the Eastern Orthodox church,[7] the Methodist Church,[8][9] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America[10] and the American Baptist Church,[11] as well as conservative evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention.[12][13][14] Pentecostal churches, such as the Assemblies of God,[15] as well as restorationist churches (like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons), also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is ‘sinful’.[16][17]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopalian church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church (also in America), the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), as well as some congregations of the Presbyterian Church in America. Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church (in the US) are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions.[18] In addition, in the United States, conservative Judaism, reform Judaism, and reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
More information Country, Pollster ...
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico
  Same-sex marriage
  Binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but penalties not enforced
  Island subject to IACHR ruling

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:

North America

More information Same-sex sexual activity, Recognition of same-sex unions ...

Central America

More information Same-sex sexual activity, Recognition of same-sex unions ...

Caribbean

Main article: LGBT rights in the Caribbean
More information Same-sex sexual activity, Recognition of same-sex unions ...

South America

More information Same-sex sexual activity, Recognition of same-sex unions ...

Public opinion

Same-sex marriage

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
More information Country, Pollster ...
More information Country, Pollster ...

See also

Notes

  1. Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  2. [+ more urban/educated than representative]

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Further reading

  • Corrales, J. (2021). The Politics of LGBT Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
  • Díez, Jordi. The politics of gay marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2015).
  • Dion, Michelle L., and Jordi Díez. "Democratic values, religiosity, and support for same-sex marriage in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 59.4 (2017): 75–98.
  • Encarnación, Omar G. "Latin America's gay rights revolution." Journal of Democracy 22.2 (2011): 104–118.
  • Encarnación, Omar Guillermo. Out in the periphery: Latin America's gay rights revolution (Oxford University Press, 2016).
  • Navarro, María Camila, et al. "Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors." International Journal of Sexual Health (2019): 1–12.
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