Lagerstätte

Lagerstätte

Lagerstätte

Sedimentary deposit with well-preserved extraordinary fossils

A lagerstätte (German: [ˈlaːɡɐˌʃtɛtə], from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues. These formations may have resulted from carcass burial in an anoxic environment with minimal bacteria, thus delaying the decomposition of both gross and fine biological features until long after a durable impression was created in the surrounding matrix. Lagerstätten span geological time from the Neoproterozoic era to the present.

Well-preserved basal arthropod Opabinia from Burgess Shale Lagerstätte (Middle Cambrian)

Worldwide, some of the best examples of near-perfect fossilization are the Cambrian Maotianshan shales and Burgess Shale, the Ordovician Soom Shale, the Silurian Waukesha Biota, the Devonian Hunsrück Slates and Gogo Formation, the Carboniferous Mazon Creek, the Triassic Madygen Formation, the Jurassic Posidonia Shale and Solnhofen Limestone, the Cretaceous Yixian, Santana, & Agua Nueva formations and the Tanis Fossil Site, the Eocene Fur Formation, Green River Formation, Messel Formation & Monte Bolca, the Miocene Foulden Maar and Ashfall Fossil Beds, the Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, and the Pleistocene Naracoorte Caves & La Brea Tar Pits.

Types

Palaeontologists distinguish two kinds:[1]

  1. Konzentrat-lagerstätten (concentration lagerstätten) are deposits with a particular "concentration" of disarticulated organic hard parts, such as a bone bed. These lagerstätten are less spectacular than the more famous konservat-lagerstätten. Their contents invariably display a large degree of time averaging, as the accumulation of bones in the absence of other sediment takes some time. Deposits with a high concentration of fossils that represent an in situ community, such as reefs or oyster beds, are not considered lagerstätten.
  2. Konservat-lagerstätten (conservation lagerstätten) are deposits known for the exceptional preservation of fossilized organisms or traces. The individual taphonomy of the fossils varies with the sites. Conservation lagerstätten are crucial in elucidating important moments in the history and evolution of life. For example, the Burgess Shale of British Columbia is associated with the Cambrian explosion, and the Solnhofen limestone with the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx.
Archaeopteryx specimen from Solnhofen Lagerstätte (Upper Jurassic)
Fossil specimen of Echinochimaera from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Middle Carboniferous)

Preservation

Konservat-lagerstätten preserve lightly sclerotized and soft-bodied organisms or traces of organisms that are not otherwise preserved in the usual shelly and bony fossil record; thus, they offer more complete records of ancient biodiversity and behavior and enable some reconstruction of the palaeoecology of ancient aquatic communities. In 1986, Simon Conway Morris calculated only about 14% of genera in the Burgess Shale had possessed biomineralized tissues in life. The affinities of the shelly elements of conodonts were mysterious until the associated soft tissues were discovered near Edinburgh, Scotland, in the Granton Lower Oil Shale of the Carboniferous.[2] Information from the broader range of organisms found in lagerstätten have contributed to recent phylogenetic reconstructions of some major metazoan groups. lagerstätten seem to be temporally autocorrelated, perhaps because global environmental factors such as climate might affect their deposition.[3]

A number of taphonomic pathways may produce lagerstätten. The following is an incomplete list:

Notable lagerstätten

See also: List of fossil sites

The world's major lagerstätten include:

Precambrian

More information Site(s), Age ...

Cambrian

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Ordovician

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Silurian

More information Site(s), Age ...

Devonian

More information Site(s), Age ...

Carboniferous

More information Site(s), Age ...


Permian

More information Site(s), Age ...

Triassic

More information Site(s), Age ...

Jurassic

More information Site(s), Age ...

Cretaceous

More information Site(s), Age ...

Palaeogene

More information Site(s), Age ...

Neogene

More information Site(s), Age ...

Quaternary

More information Site(s), Age ...

See also

  • List of fossil sites (with link directory)
  • Hoard, a concentration of human artifacts useful for similar reasons in archaeology

References

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