Lauzun's_Legion

5th Hussar Regiment (France)

5th Hussar Regiment (France)

Military unit

The 5th Hussar Regiment (5e régiment de hussards or 5e RH) was a French Hussar regiment.

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Formation under the Ancien Régime

The 5th Hussar Regiment was formed under the Ancien Régime. It was the last regiment created under the monarchy. It particularly distinguished itself during the American Revolutionary War.

  • 1 September 1778: Creation of the Navy's foreign volunteer corps, mainly composed of eight mixed legions to participate in the war against Great Britain.[1] It was created by the naval minister Gabriel de Sartine, and 'propriétaire' status had been granted to Armand Louis de Gontaut, duc de Lauzun. The corps comprised three legions, each consisting of four companies of grenadiers, chasseurs and fusiliers, plus artillery, cavalry and pioneer detachments. As with other 18th century "legions" the intention was to create a miniature army which could campaign as a single entity. As indicated by the title, the corps was recruited primarily from German, Polish and Irish mercenaries.[2] As the Volontaires Etrangers de la Marine, the new corps saw active service in Senegal in December 1778 as well as in the West Indies.
  • 5 March 1780: The 2e Légion des Volontaires Étrangers de la Marine changed its name to be the 2e Légion des Volontaires Étrangers de Lauzun, or the Légion de Lauzun. This unit was present in the United States of America from July 1780 to May 1783.
  • When in early 1781 the Expédition Particulière was being organized, most of the 1778 organization had been deployed to overseas posts. What remained in France, under the duc de Lauzun, was reconstituted as the Volontaires-étrangers de Lauzun, and was part of Rochambeau's expedition.
  • 14 September 1783: The unit became known as the Régiment de Hussards de Lauzun.[3]

Lauzun's Legion

Lauzun's Legion was made up of infantry, cavalry, and artillery components and were recruited largely from foreign mercenaries. They were posted to Senegal and the West Indies, then served in the American War for Independence. The corps' principal engagements were at White Plains in 1781 and at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781.[4]

The American War of Independence

The Legion arrived in America and Rochambeau sent Brigadier General Marquis de Choisy with Lauzun's Legion in July 1780, as they marched from Rhode Island to Head of Elk, Maryland. They traveled by water to Alexandria, Virginia and marched to Glouster Courthouse.[5] They spent the winter in Lebanon, Connecticut.

The legion stayed in the United States in Hampton, Virginia, then in Charlotte Court House, Virginia; they were moved to New York in July 1782. They returned to France in May 1783.

In Connecticut

In December 1780, two dozen Hussar horsemen deserted and fled from their winter quarters in Lebanon into the woods to the south.[6] The Legion itself may have wintered in Trumbull, Connecticut, according to Huldah Hawley, who said that she cooked for the French for fear that they would kill her because her husband was a known Tory.[7] Lauzun's Legion encamped in Abraham Nichols Park in Trumbull from 28 to 30 June 1781.[8][9] An advance party was ordered to protect the exposed flank of the main army and stayed 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km) ahead of the main French army while encamped in Newtown.[10] The army was marching in the Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route south to reinforce American troops under the command of General George Washington at the Siege of Yorktown.[11] French coins have been found near the site of their camp in Abraham Nichols Park.[12]

At Yorktown

The legion was at Gloucester, Virginia during the Siege of Yorktown. On 4 October 1781 French and British cavalry skirmished at Gloucester. British cavalry commander Banastre Tarleton was unhorsed, and Lauzun's Legion drove the British within their lines before being ordered to withdraw by the Marquis de Choisy.[13][14][15] The Legion suffered three Hussars killed and two officers and eleven Hussars wounded. Fifty British were killed or wounded, including Tarleton.[16]

After the battle

Trumpeter of the Lauzun's Legion c. 1785

In December 1782, the Legion moved to Wilmington, Delaware where their cash payroll was stolen but recovered.[17] On 9 May 1783 the Legion embarked from Wilmington on la Goire, la Danaë, l"Astree, l'Active, and Le St. James, arriving at Brest, France around 11 June. On 5 October 1783 the Legion's two artillery companies left Baltimore on the Duc de Lauzun and the Pintade; they arrived in Brest on 10 November.[18]

West Indies

When the Legion transferred to America, it left behind its two fusilier companies. These companies transferred to the West Indies. In January–February 1782 they accompanied French naval Captain Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren, Comte de Kersaint, with his 32-gun flagship Iphigénie and four lesser ships to Demerara, where they met with little opposition. The detachments from the Regiment Armagnac and the Legion launched an assault against the British garrison compelling Governor Robert Kinston and his army detachment from the 28th Regiment of Foot to surrender. As a result, Essequebo and Berbice also surrendered to the French on 1 and 5 February.[19]

Return to France

The Régiment des Hussards de Lauzun, number 6 (a regular hussar regiment), was officially created on 14 September 1783 in Hennebont, when the Légion de Lauzun des États-Unis returned. Lauzun remained its proprietor until the French Revolution started.

The French Revolutionary Wars

When the revolutionary government declared war on Austria, the regiment fell completely apart as the majority of its officers deserted and handed the regiment's funds, supplies, and records over to the enemy. Subsequent restructuring included:

  • 1 January 1791: All regiments were renamed by their type and numbered by their seniority. The unit became 6th Hussar Regiment.
  • June 1793: The unit was renamed the 5th Hussar Regiment by Decree of 4 June 1793 after the majority of the soldiers moved to the 4th Hussar Regiment.

The Napoleonic Wars

5th Hussar in 1808.
  • During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars the regiment served in numerous battles, most notably: 1792: Valmy and Jemmapes.(As 6th Regiment of Hussars); 1800: Mosskirch, Biberach, Kirchberg and Hohenlinden; 1805: Austerlitz; 1806: Jena; 1807: Eylau and Konigsberg; 1809: Eckmuhl and Wagram; 1812: Borodino, Moskawa, and Berezina; 1813: Bautzen, Leipzig, and Hanau; 1814: Arcis-sur-Aube; 1815: Ligny, Waterloo, and Versailles, with Battle Honours for Jemmapes, Jena, Eckmuhl, La Moskowa, and Hanau.
  • 12 May 1814: The 5th Hussar Regiment became the Régiment des Hussards d'Angoulême
  • 22 April 1815: The regiment became again the 5th Hussar Regiment
  • 30 November 1815: The 5th Hussar Regiment was dissolved and recreated under the name of the Régiment des Hussards du Bas Rhin

The 19th Century

The Modern Age

  • 1921: Dissolved
  • 1951: Recreated in Koblenz as the 5th Hussar Regiment
  • 1976: Transformed into the 3rd Dragoon Regiment
  • 1980: Recreated as the Reserve Regiment of the 5th Hussar Regiment

See also

References

  1. [1]
    Royal order made on 1 September 1778
  2. [2]
    Mollo, John (1975). Uniforms of the American Revolution. pp. 216. ISBN 0-02-585580-8.
  3. [3]
    Royal order made on 14 September 1783
  4. [4]
    Chartrand, Rene (1992) The French Army in the American War of Independence. (Osprey). ISBN 1-85532-167-X
  5. [5]
    Robert E. Selig, The Duc de Lauzun and his Legion
  6. [6]
    Rochambeau's Cavalry: Lauzun's Legion in Connecticut 1780-1781, Robert Selig and Mary Donohue, Connecticut Historical Commission, 2000, p. 33
  7. [7]
    History of Trumbull Dodrasquicentennial 1797-1972 p. 18
  8. [8]
    The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, A.S. Barnes & Co., New York, 1880, page 32
  9. [9]
    United States Congressional Serial Set, United States Government Printing Office, December 4, 1905- June 30, 1906, Senate Documents, Washington, Vol. 32 page 396
  10. [10]
    Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, Major General in the Continental Army and Chief Judge of the Northwestern Territory 1737 — 1789, Charles S. Hall 1905, page 364
  11. [11]
    Newtown's History and Historian, Ezra Johnson, Newtown, CT, 1917, page 139
  12. [12]
    History of Trumbull Dodrasquicentennial 1797-1972 p. 18
  13. [13]
    "History of Lauzun's Legion".
  14. [14]
    Richard M. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, p. 216
  15. [15]
    The Battle of the Hook, History
  16. [16]
    Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Extracts from the Journal of Lieutenant John Bell Tilden, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, p.60
  17. [17]
    "The Robbery of the French Treasury". Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  18. [18]
    "Going Home at Last". Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  19. [19]
    Chartrand (1992), p.5.
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