Early development

American writer Greg Rucka and artist Michael Lark had previously collaborated on the comic series Gotham Central for DC Comics between 2002 and 2004 and various small projects for Marvel Comics in the years following.^[1] Lark wanted to work with Rucka on a creator-owned comic because he felt he was at his best drawing the kind of stories Rucka writes.^[2]

In June 2012, Rucka was in Dallas as part of a book-signing tour. He had dinner with Lark, who lived nearby, and shared an idea for a scene involving a woman who had been shot rising from the dead and pursuing her attackers. Lark liked the story and committed to drawing the comic as soon as a full script was ready.^[1][3] Although Rucka had previously published his creator-owned material through Oni Press, his friend Ed Brubaker had been pushing him to work with Image Comics.^[1] When they contacted Image's Eric Stephenson and pitched the project as "The Godfather meets Children of Men", he immediately expressed interest.^[3] The project, titled Lazarus, was officially announced at the San Diego Comic Con on July 14, 2012.^[4][5] The announcement was accompanied by promotional artwork colored by American Elizabeth Breitweiser and featured a prototype logo design and typeface.^[4]

Image Comics provided David Brothers to serve as the series' editor.^[6] Unlike traditional comic editors who focus on coordinating schedules and pushing deadlines, Brothers only reviews the work and provides responses that help the team create better work with more internal consistency.^[7] Eric Trautmann, who had previously edited two of Rucka's novels, was recruited to help with research, timelines, and design work.^[2][8] Lark wanted to work with a European colorist to provide a look distinct from traditional American comics. Rucka suggested Santi Arcas, a Spanish colorist he had worked with in the past, and Lark particularly liked Arcas' skies and textures.^[3][9]

Production

Rucka and Lark developed the setting for Lazarus by looking at the Occupy movement and the underlying economics, then asking themselves "What happens if it goes horribly wrong?"^[10] They decided how the story would end before work began on the first issue.^[11] They initially gave their lead character the name Endeavor, but Rucka changed the name to Forever to avoid a conflict with a different comic being developed at the same time about a young Inspector Morse.^[1][10] Lark based her body type on the soccer player Hope Solo.^[1]

Lark was disappointed by the first script as he felt none of the characters were likable, and the scene described to him over dinner was not included. In response, Rucka wrote a new draft restoring the missing opening scene.^[1][12] Lark began drawing the first issue in January 2013, basing the opening scene on the reconstruction sequence in 1997 film The Fifth Element.^[6][13]

When writing a new script, Rucka tries to follow the world-building model used by William Gibson in his 1984 novel Neuromancer and provide information about the environment through context instead of exposition.^[14] His biggest struggle is delivering details while maintaining a proper narrative pace.^[15] He sometimes self-censors "exceptionally dark" material because he does not want to make Lark draw it.^[2] After Lark receives a new script, the collaboration between them is "immediate and constant".^[1] Lark questions Rucka about characterization and the direction of the story, leading Rucka to rewrite scripts resulting in what he believes is a better final product.^[2] Lark refuses to read scripts in advance so he will stay focused on what is in front of him, not what he will be drawing next.^[16] Rucka says Lark intuitively knows what is happening in the story even when it isn't clearly scripted.^[2]

Rucka and Lark have an ongoing conversation about how to show the injustice in the way Forever is treated without being complicit in it themselves. For example, medics must remove Forever's clothes to treat her wounds. Lark wanted to avoid sexualizing the images, but also avoid being "coy" by simply blocking parts of her body with another character's arm.^[2] The script gives Lark no direction for aspects like architecture, clothing, or vehicle design. Designing these technical details involves research into prototype technology and takes almost as long as drawing the actual pages for the comics. The time required to create the sets is the primary reason Lark sometimes falls behind schedule.^[2][12]

Lark works on Lazarus ten or more hours per day.^[12] He uses photo references and digital tools in the early stages of his art, but the layouts and drawing are done with traditional tools. He is more involved with the coloring on Lazarus than any other comic he has illustrated.^[6] The logo design was finalized by Trautmann and Lark.^[17] Lark initially did all the lettering and inking for Lazarus, but doing so made it impossible to release new issues on a regular schedule.^[3][7] To give him more time to focus on drawing, some of the smaller tasks like logo and type design were given to other people.^[6] Brian Level assisted with inking on issues three through ten, when he was replaced by Tyler Boss.^[7][18] Beginning with issue ten, Jodi Wynne took over the lettering duties and Owen Freeman started creating the cover art.^[8][19] Fake advertisements found on the back covers and many of the computer screens and holographic images in the artwork are created by Trautmann.^[7][8] Lark and Rucka often discuss whether to use sound effects in scenes or limit their use. Lark does not want to rely on them to convey information because they may become a "crutch" in place of including important details in the art.^[9]

Issue 15 features a silent, thirteen-page fight between two characters.^[20][21] Rucka, who used to be a choreographer, filmed himself acting out the battle with a friend. Lark used the film for reference as he drew.^[15]

Following the 2016 United States presidential election, the creators' vision for the comic shifted. Rucka, who had used the letter columns in the series to discuss his concerns about then-candidate Donald Trump, told Oregon Public Broadcasting that after the election results Lazarus had changed from a dystopian science fiction story to a documentary.^[22] During a discussion panel at the 2017 Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo, Rucka described Lazarus as being "about the blood red rage that leads to a Trump administration" before joking that he had "tried to warn you three years ago!"^[23] Although the overall plan for Lazarus did not change, Rucka said he had a growing interest in writing about a brighter future instead.^[22]

Publication

Brubaker advised Rucka to create a four-page "trailer" to promote the book, a strategy Brubaker had used with The Fade Out. Rucka was not initially interested, but Lark liked the idea. The trailer debuted at the 2013 Emerald City Comic Con before appearing online and in Previews, the catalog for Diamond Distribution. The scene was not reproduced in any issue of the series.^[1][24]

Most comics sold to specialty stores in the direct market are non-returnable. To reduce the financial risk for retailers who were uncertain about its sales potential, unsold copies from qualifying orders of the first three issues of Lazarus could be returned to the publisher.^[25][26] The first issue went on sale on June 26, 2013 and sold out of its approximately 48,000 copy print run at the distributor level.^[27][28] A second printing was announced to coincide with the release of issue two. After a second sellout, it was added to the "Image Firsts" program, a line of discounted first-issue reprints continuously available for retailers to order.^[29] By the end of 2013, the first issue had sold an estimated 50,200 copies.^[30] The second issue, which also went through multiple printings, sold an estimated 30,600 copies.^[26][30] Over the next two years, sales fell steadily to about 14,500 copies.^[31]

Because of scheduling issues, Rucka and Lark were behind on the series from the start.^[12] The problems were exacerbated by illness and poor communication during the "Lift" arc, causing issue 9 to be delayed by more than a month.^[32] Further late issues led retailers to reduce their orders for new issues.^[32] In fall 2015, the team announced a four-month hiatus between issues 21 and 22 to allow Lark to get ahead of schedule.^[33] They said they would not solicit any more issues until the next story arc was completed, and the hiatus actually lasted six months, in part because of miscommunication between Image Comics and Diamond Distribution.^[12][33][34] During the hiatus, they released a sourcebook providing additional, non-essential background on the Carlyle family.^[2] The sourcebook was created with input from Robert Mackenzie and David Walker, who had been providing annotations for the series at NerdSpan.^[35] Despite the break, five months passed between the fourth and fifth chapters of the Cull arc. A second sourcebook detailing the Hock Family was released in April 2017.^[36]

In the letter column of issue 26, Rucka announced a six-issue limited series titled Lazarus: X+66 would be released monthly beginning July 2017. The series was written by Rucka and Trautmann, and each issue focused on different supporting characters from the main series. Lark was involved as a consultant, but each issue was drawn by a new artist. This decision gave Lark time to work on something unrelated to Lazarus, which had been his only project since the series began.^[37] A four-page preview of the first installment, drawn by Steve Lieber, was included with the book's solicitation in Image Plus #16.^[38] A third source book, this time covering the Vassalovka family, was released one week after the limited series ended. Lark returned to Lazarus in April 2018 with issue 27.^[39]

In the letter column of issue 27, Rucka announced the series would change to a 64-page quarterly format beginning with issue 29 in September 2018. The new format features 44 pages of comic story and the remaining 20 pages are a variety of prose material including short stories and role-playing game supplements.^[40] When the proposed issue 29 was released, it was retitled and renumbered as Lazarus: Risen #1.^[41]

When the series began, Rucka estimated it would take between 100 and 150 issues to reach the ending.^[33][42] In May 2016, he revised his estimate downward, saying Lazarus was "25–30% complete at issue 21".^[15]

Collected editions

The series has been compiled in six trade paperbacks and three hardcovers.^[43] The first paperback collection appeared on the New York Times Best Seller List for Paperback Graphic Books in eighth position for two weeks in November 2013.^[44] The second appeared in the tenth spot for one week in August 2014.^[45] The hardcovers include introductions from notable comic creators like Warren Ellis and behind-the-scenes material not otherwise available. Rucka and Lark take the extra content in them "very seriously" because hardcovers are expensive.^[14][46] In 2015, Rucka said sales of single issues "aren't great", but went on to say the series is selling better in a collected format.^[42][47] That year, the first paperback collection sold close to the same number of copies to comic specialty shops as it did in 2013, the year it was released.^[30][48] Lazarus has been translated into several European languages by Italian publisher Panini Comics and released in hardcover formats containing the same material as the English paperbacks.^[49][50]

Synopsis

Lazarus is a coming of age story for a young woman named Forever Carlyle who is questioning her identity. Its major themes are the meaning of "family" and nature versus nurture.^[14] It is set in a bleak future a number of decades from now after the current world order has broken down, possibly due to climate change. Sixteen families each control the territory, resources, and technology in their part of the world, as per mutual agreement, though each family has their own technological strengths and may govern their territory through differing methodology. The Carlyle family rules the western half of North America in a feudal system, dividing people into three tiers: "family", "serfs" (skilled laborers), and "waste" (everyone else).^[51] The families have formed alliances to protect themselves from other families, and each family has a chosen warrior, trained and modified as per the family's strengths, known as a "Lazarus" who represents them in combat. Forever is the Carlyle Lazarus.^[52] She obeys the family patriarch, Malcolm Carlyle, and has four siblings: Steven, Beth, and twins Jonah and Johanna. The original source of the Carlyle's fortune and power is from their various developments in genetic technology. Among other advancements, their modified seeds provide food for most of the world. The Carlyles have also altered their own genetics, which has allowed all of them to grow old without suffering the consequences of age, thereby engendering jealousy and fear in many of the other families.

Plot

All issues written by Greg Rucka and illustrated by Michael Lark unless otherwise stated.

Political themes

Because of its economic themes, Bezner warned that the political elements of Lazarus would not be for everyone.^[56] In The Jersey Journal, critic William Kulesa believed the "deeply considered speculation on society, technology, and the future" is what made the series high-quality science fiction.^[62] Chin-Tanner found it to be a character driven story even though it dealt with political and scientific issues,^[57] and Newsarama reviewer Vanessa Gabriel felt Lazarus "engages the reader with plausibility".^[63] Following the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States in 2016, Salon writer Mark Peters called the series "newly relevant" and compared Trump to the Carlyle family.^[64]

In an in-depth review of the series for the Los Angeles Review of Books in 2017, Evan McGarvey praised the research and thought that went into Lazarus, but expressed concern that the visual requirements of the art conflicted with the political themes. He specifically noted the ruling families and their soldiers "simply look cooler" than the waste with whom the audience is meant to identify, and concluded that this dissonance may skew the real message Rucka and Lark want to send. McGarvey went on to compare the Carlyles to the Mercer family and the lift to China's Gaokao.^[65]

Television

Legendary Television bought the rights to adapt Lazarus following a competitive bidding war in March 2015.^[53][77] Rucka and Lark will be executive producers along with David Manpearl and Matt Tolmach.^[53][78] A pilot script written by Rucka entered its final draft in late 2015 and Legendary began looking for a network willing to purchase it.^[42][77] During the hiatus between issues 21 and 22, Rucka and Lark were able to devote more time to developing the adaptation.^[12] Rucka said the development process for Lazarus has been better than any of his previous Hollywood experiences, and that he hopes the show will be able to explore characters more deeply using scenes cut from the book.^[12][42]

In September 2017, Deadline Hollywood reported the adaptation was being developed as a potential series for Amazon Studios, who made a "significant production investment" in it.^[79] In the letter column of Lazarus X+66 #4 (November 2017), Rucka said this announcement included some inaccuracies, and emphasized the show is still a long way from being released. He said the casting process had not yet begun.^[80]

Role playing

In the Spring of 2017, Green Ronin Publishing announced The World of Lazarus, a campaign setting in their Modern AGE role-playing game.^[81] Although initially planned for a November 2017 release, it was delayed until 2018 to allow more time for development.^[82] Rucka said role playing games had an important part in his development as a writer, and that having one of his ideas turned into one "might just possibly be the greatest compliment I could ever receive."^[81]