Lead_azide
Lead(II) azide
Chemical compound
Lead(II) azide Pb(N3)2 is an inorganic compound. More so than other azides, it is explosive. It is used in detonators to initiate secondary explosives.[5] In a commercially usable form, it is a white to buff powder.
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Diazidolead | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) |
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| ChemSpider |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.033.206  |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID |
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 0129 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties | |
| Pb(N3)2 | |
| Molar mass | 291.2 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Density | 4.71 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 190 °C (374 °F; 463 K) decomposes,[1] explodes at 350 °C[2] |
| 2.3 g/100 mL (18 °C) 9.0 g/100 mL (70 °C)[2] | |
| Solubility | Very soluble in acetic acid Insoluble in ammonia solution,[2] NH4OH[1] |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
462.3 kJ/mol[2] |
| Explosive data | |
| Shock sensitivity | High |
| Friction sensitivity | High |
| Detonation velocity | 5180 m/s |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards |
Harmful, explosive |
| GHS labelling: | |
    [3] | |
| Danger | |
| H200, H302, H332, H360, H373, H410[3] | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) | |
| Related compounds | |
Other cations |
Potassium azide Sodium azide Copper(II) azide |
Related compounds |
Hydrazoic acid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Lead(II) azide is prepared by the reaction of sodium azide and lead(II) nitrate in aqueous solution.[6][5] Lead(II) acetate can also be used.[7][8]
Thickeners such as dextrin or polyvinyl alcohol are often added to the solution to stabilize the precipitated product. In fact, it is normally shipped in a dextrinated solution that lowers its sensitivity.[9]
Lead azide in its pure form was first prepared by Theodor Curtius in 1891. Due to sensitivity and stability concerns, the dextrinated form of lead azide (MIL-L-3055) was developed in the 1920s and 1930s with large scale production by DuPont Co beginning in 1932.[10] Detonator development during World War II resulted in the need for a form of lead azide with a more brisant output. RD-1333 lead azide (MIL-DTL-46225), a version of lead azide with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a precipitating agent, was developed to meet that need. The Vietnam War saw an accelerated need for lead azide and it was during this time that Special Purpose Lead Azide (MIL-L-14758) was developed; the US government also began stockpiling lead azide in large quantities. After the Vietnam War, the use of lead azide dramatically decreased. Due to the size of the US stockpile, the manufacture of lead azide in the US ceased completely by the early 1990s. In the 2000s, concerns about the age and stability of stockpiled lead azide led the US government to investigate methods to dispose of its stockpiled lead azide and obtain new manufacturers.[11]
Lead azide is highly sensitive and usually handled and stored under water in insulated rubber containers. It will explode after a fall of around 150 mm (6 in) or in the presence of a static discharge of 7 millijoules. Its detonation velocity is around 5,180 m/s (17,000 ft/s).[12]
Ammonium acetate and sodium dichromate are used to destroy small quantities of lead azide.[13]
Lead azide has immediate deflagration to detonation transition (DDT), meaning that even small amounts undergo full detonation (after being hit by flame or static electricity).[citation needed]
Lead azide reacts with copper, zinc, cadmium, or alloys containing these metals to form other azides. For example, copper azide is even more explosive and too sensitive to be used commercially.[14]
Lead azide was a component of the six .22 (5.6 mm) caliber Devastator rounds fired from a Röhm RG-14 revolver by John Hinckley, Jr. in his assassination attempt on U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981. The rounds consisted of lead azide centers with lacquer-sealed aluminum tips designed to explode upon impact. A strong probability exists that the bullet which struck White House press secretary James Brady in the head exploded. The remaining bullets that hit people, including the shot that hit President Reagan, did not explode.[15][16]
- Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 0-07-049439-8.
- "Safety Data Sheet of Electronic Detonators, Division 1.4" (PDF). ocsresponds.com. Owen Oil Tools LP. 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
- Keller, J.J. (1978). Hazardous Materials Guide: Suppl, Issue 4. Abel Guerrero.
- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- Jacques Boileau; Claude Fauquignon; Bernard Hueber; Hans H. Meyer (2009). "Explosives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_143.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
- "λ » LambdaSyn – Synthese von Bleiazid". www.lambdasyn.org.
- Verneker, V. R. Pai; Forsyth, Arthur C. (1968). "Mechanism for controlling the reactivity of lead azide". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 72: 111–115. doi:10.1021/j100847a021. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017.
- Fedoroff, Basil T.; Henry A. Aaronson; Earl F. Reese; Oliver E. Sheffield; George D. Clift (1960). Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items (Vol. 1). US Army Research and Development Command TACOM, ARDEC.
- Fair, Harry David; Walker, Raymond F. (1977). Energetic Materials, Technology of the Inorganic Azides. Vol. 2. Plenum Press.
- Lewis, T. (2005). "Rolling stock safety assurance [railway safety]". IEE Seminar on Safety Assurance. Vol. 2005. IEE. p. 18. doi:10.1049/ic:20050419. ISBN 0-86341-574-1.
- Thurman, James T. (2017). Practical Bomb Scene Investigation, Third Edition (3rd ed.). Milton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-85761-1. OCLC 982451395.
- "Primary (Initiating) Explosives". www.tpub.com. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
- Lazari, Gerasimi; Stamatatos, Theocharis C.; Raptopoulou, Catherine P.; Psycharis, Vassilis; Pissas, Michael; Perlepes, Spyros P.; Boudalis, Athanassios K. (2009-04-13). "A metamagnetic 2D copper(II)-azide complex with 1D ferromagnetism and a hysteretic spin-flop transition". Dalton Transactions (17): 3215–3221. doi:10.1039/B823423J. ISSN 1477-9234. PMID 19421623.
- Earley, Pete; Babcock, Charles (April 4, 1981). "The Exploding Bullets". Washington Post.
- Taubman, Philip; Times, Special To the New York (1981-04-03). "Explosive Bullet Struck Reagan, F.b.i. Discovers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
