Legal_status_of_Internet_pornography

Pornography laws by region

Pornography laws by region

Legality of pornography


Pornography laws by region vary throughout the world. The production and distribution of pornographic films are both activities that are legal in some but not all countries, as long as the pornography features performers aged above a certain age, usually 18 years. Further restrictions are often placed on such material.

Laws on production, possession and distribution of pornography:
  Legal, but with certain extreme exceptions such as zoophilic pornography and child pornography
  Partially legal, under some broad restrictions
  Illegal
  Data unavailable

This page excludes child pornography and zoophilic pornography. In most cases the legality of child pornography and legality of zoophilic pornography is treated as a separate issue, and it is usually subject to its own laws.

Summary of pornography laws

Africa

More information Country, Sale ...

Asia

More information Country, Sale ...

Europe

More information Country, Sale ...

North America

More information Country, Sale ...

Oceania

More information Country, Sale ...

South America

More information Country, Sale ...

Africa

Botswana

The possession of "Indecent and obscene material such as pornographic books, magazines, films, videos, DVDs, Blu-Ray, VHS, and software" is prohibited in Botswana. Possession or import of such material is illegal and punishable by a fine or up to four years imprisonment.[20]

Egypt

In Egypt, it is illegal to distribute pornography.[21] The possession and import of pornography are offences.[22] Unlike numerous African nations which have no laws against child pornography, Egypt blocks child pornography websites and dealing in child pornography carries a minimum sentence of five years and fines of US$29,000.[23]

Eswatini

Under the Sexual Offences and Domestic Violence Act, No. 15 or 2018, the publication, viewership, and sharing of pornography is legal in Eswatini only if it passes a three-element test. Pornography is legal if it does not involve any non-consenting persons (including children or those with a significant disability), can be easily traced to its creator, and does not otherwise depict a sexual offense.[24]

Ethiopia

Distributing or selling pornographic materials is illegal in Ethiopia, and their production in the country is rare. There are no official laws regarding Internet pornography in Ethiopia, making the Internet the only available source of pornography.[25]

Morocco

In 2004, Morocco introduced severe punishments for promoting pornography.[26]

Nigeria

Nigeria has no national laws prohibiting pornography, although the public display of graphic sexual material is illegal in Lagos. The country has a small indigenous pornography industry which produces exclusively heterosexual pornography as homosexual activity in Nigeria is illegal. Some Muslim politicians in the national government have proposed a nationwide block on pornographic websites.[27] There is significant piracy of pornography in Nigeria, with pirated pornographic DVDs being sold from roadside stalls in Lagos.[28] Pornography is also sold in Nigerian sex shops and some pornographic magazines are produced in the country, often reproducing pictures from foreign magazines.

The first officially acknowledged hardcore pornographic film produced in Nigeria was Better Lover Valentine Sex Party. It was not submitted to the National Film and Video Censors Board for classification and it was immediately banned on the grounds of obscenity and immorality.[29] Internet pornography is widely viewed in Nigeria. In 2015 the monthly average for the number of searches for pornography was 135,000, and in December 2014 and 2015 the proportion of searches for pornography (relative to other searches) was higher in Nigeria than in the United States. In 2013 Nigeria ranked second globally for Internet searches for gay pornography.[30]

South Africa

Pornography rated X18 is permitted by the law only if sold to persons over the age of 18 in registered stores. It is an offense to host a pornographic web site in South Africa because of the difficulty of age-verification and the requirement that pornography only be distributed from designated, licensed physical premises. It is also unlawful to visually represent bestiality (also rated XX), but not in text descriptions. Supplying violent pornography is an offence in any form, but the law allows the production of pornography that is not prohibited.

Distribution of pornography is regulated by the Films and Publications Act of 1996,[31] which is enforced by the Films and Publications Board.[32]

Uganda

Pornographic DVDs have in the past been sold on the streets in Uganda.[33] However, an Anti-Pornography Act (popularly known as the "Anti-Miniskirt Law") was signed into law in 2014 with the stated objectives of defining what constitutes the offence of pornography and establishing a Pornography Control Committee.[34] The committee is responsible for the implementation of the law and for taking measures to detect, prohibit, collect and destroy pornographic materials.[35] The law broadly defines pornography as "any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarily sexual excitement".[33] The law says that "a person shall not produce, traffic in, publish, broadcast, procure, import, export, sell or abet any form of pornography". Breaches of the law are punishable with up to ten years in jail.[36]

Prior to the passing of the act there were a number of laws concerning aspects of pornography in Uganda, but this was the first law to create a specific offence of pornography.[37] The law repeals and replaces Section 166 of the Penal Code Act, widening the legal interpretation of pornography and prohibiting it comprehensively.[38] The law has been subject to challenge in the Constitutional Court on the basis of its vague wording and the broad powers of the committee.[39]

In July 2018, the Ugandan government directed the country's ISPs to block 27 pornographic websites.[40]

Americas

Bahamas

The Bahamian penal code prohibits the production and distribution of obscene publications.[41] Many types of pornography are prohibited in the Bahamas; however, law enforcement is relaxed and does not usually enforce the prohibition.[42][self-published source?] Pornography is available on Bahamian cable television[43] and in 2014 ZNS-TV broadcast a report on the establishment of a local pornography industry in the Bahamas.[44]

Brazil

In Brazil, pornographic film actors must be 18 or older. Pornography which does not involve bestiality is legal when sold in public places. Depiction of sex with non-human animals is legal.[45] However, magazine and DVD covers that depict genitalia must not be visible from public view, and pornography can only be sold to people 18 or older.

Canada

The laws of Canada permit the sale of hardcore pornography to anyone over the age of 18. While persons below that age may have pornography in their possession, its sale to them is prohibited. Most hardcore pornography is sold in adult stores or on adult websites.

Cuba

Pornography was illegal in Cuba during Fidel Castro's leadership of the country, but the laws were relaxed in the 2010s.[46] Currently, Cuba restricts online pornography.[47]

United States

In the United States, non-obscene pornography is generally lawful at the federal level, but is subject to the Miller test, which was developed in the 1973 case Miller v. California.[48] The Miller test was an effort to differentiate between pornography and 'obscenity'. It has three parts:

The following four forms of pornography are specifically unlawful at the federal level.

  1. Child pornography
    • The commercial production of child pornography was first made unlawful beginning in 1977, but child pornography itself was not made categorically unlawful until 1984.[49]
    • Most of the current penal statutes are codified in chapter 110 of the United States Code.[50]
  2. Animal crush fetish pornography
    • Animal crush fetish pornography was first made unlawful in 1999, but that initial law was ruled unconstitutional and had to be revised in 2010.[51]
    • The current penal statute is found at title 18, United States Code, section 48 thereof.[52]
  3. Video voyeurism pornography
  4. Revenge pornography

Asia

Bangladesh

By passing the "Pornography Control Act, 2012", the government of Bangladesh prohibited the carrying, exchanging, using, selling, marketing, distributing, preserving, filming etc. of pornography (sexually explicit materials, unless it has artistic and/or educational value). Penalties include a maximum of 10 years in prison and fines up to Tk500,000 (US$6,410).[citation needed]

China

It is illegal to sell, distribute pornography or arrange for pornographic performances in mainland China,[55] but it is not illegal to own or to watch it. Pornographic material in mainland China comes from outside mainland China, or was downloaded from the Internet.[citation needed]

Hong Kong

Pornographic films in Hong Kong are referred to as Category III films, after the territory's motion picture rating system. Prior to 1988 films with excessive nudity, violence, cursing in Chinese and drug use were not allowed to be shown in public theaters. This did not however mean that porn was banned. Porn was and still is legal and easily accessible. In the 80s and 90s before the internet was widespread, it was common to see adult videos for rent in convenience stores and elsewhere. Category III films are not similar to the R-rated films in the United States. Category III spans a wide spectrum from what would be considered "Hard R" all the way to hardcore NC-17 or X rating.

India

  • The selling and distribution of pornographic material is illegal in India under section 292.[56]
  • The distribution, sale, or circulation of obscene materials and the selling of pornographic content to any person under age 20 years are illegal under section 293 and IT Act-67B.[57]
  • Child pornography is illegal and strictly prohibited across the country under section 67B of the Information Technology Act, 2000.[58]
  • The manufacturing, publishing and distribution of pornography is illegal in India under sections 292 and 293.[59]

In July 2015 the Supreme Court of India refused to allow the blocking of pornographic websites and said that watching pornography indoors in the privacy of one's own home was not a crime.[60] In August 2015 the Government of India issued an order to Indian ISPs to block at least 857 websites that it considered to be pornographic.[61] In 2015 the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) had asked internet service providers to take down 857 websites in a bid to control cyber crime, but after receiving criticism from the authorities it partially rescinded the ban. The ban from the government came after a lawyer filed a petition in the Supreme Court arguing that online pornography encourages sex crimes and rapes.[62]

In October 2018 the government directed Internet service providers to block 827 websites that host pornographic content following an order by the Uttarakhand High Court. The court cited the rape of a 10th standard girl from Dehradun by four of her seniors. The four accused told police that they raped the girl after watching pornography on the Internet.[63]

Indonesia

A law passed in 2010 states any "pictures, sketches, photos, writing, voice, sound, moving picture, animation, cartoons, conversation, gestures, or other communications shown in public with salacious content or sexual exploitation that violate the moral values of society" will have offenders face up to a 15 year jail sentence. With the maximum penalty for downloading pornographic material is a 4 year jail sentence or a 2 billion rupiah ($219,200) fine.[64]

Japan

Pornography is legal in Japan; however, there are restrictions. Genitalia must be pixelated or censored and all participants must be 18 years of age or older, unless it is of a fictional character(s).[citation needed]

Malaysia

Pornography is illegal in Malaysia with fines of up to RM10,000 for owning or sharing pornographic materials.[65] The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) has blocked more than 2,400 pornographic websites between 2018 and 2020.[66]

Nepal

Nepali law identifies pornography as illegal. The sharing, distribution and broadcasting of pornographic content through any medium is prohibited.[67] In 2010 it was reported that the Home Ministry had banned access to a list of websites including explicitly adult websites.[68] In September 2018, concerns about violence against women led the Government of Nepal to announce its intention to ban online pornography.[69] From 24 September, the Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA) began to put a block on all websites providing pornographic content on the orders of the Nepal Government Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MOCIT). By 12 October more than 21,000 pornographic websites had been blocked.[67]

North Korea

Both domestic and imported works of pornography have been available in North Korea since recent decades.[70] Producing, distributing, importing and watching pornography is prohibited.[71]

.[72]

regardless of regulations.[73] Despite attempts to curtail circulation of imported pornography, most of the pornography watched in North Korea is currently made abroad.[72] A significant part of pornographic media in circulation consists of Chinese bootleg recordings of poor quality.[70]

There is no access to foreign pornographic websites from within North Korea.[74]

Pakistan

Pornography in Pakistan is illegal and is subject to several legal provisions. Since November 2011 the Government has placed a complete ban on Internet websites containing pornographic material. The list of banned websites is updated on an ongoing basis.[75] Despite this, child pornography is illegal and strictly forbidden in Pakistan and there are severe punishments for possessing or viewing child pornography which include a minimum of 14 years to 20 years in prison and a fine of 1 million Rupees.[76][77][78][79] Pakistan also has cyber unit to curb child pornography within the country. The unit has a team of 40 members and one director-level official, who independently investigate the issue. The unit is integrated with the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) and Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA).[80][81]

Philippines

The Philippine penal code prohibits the production and distribution of obscene publications. Despite this, enforcement is lax. Some local productions of pornography are known to exist in the country.

As of January 14, 2017, several pornography sites, mostly mainstream ones such as Pornhub and XVideos, have been blocked in the Philippines as part of a government crackdown on child pornography. The Philippine government cites Republic Act 9775 or the Anti-Child Pornography Law as legal justification for the blocks. The list of sites blocked vary depending on the internet service provider enforcing them.

Saudi Arabia

Items considered pornographic by Saudi Arabian standards are forbidden in the country. Customs authorities enforce strict regulations concerning the importation of pornographic items into Saudi Arabia. Such items may be confiscated on arrival and the owner may be subject to a fine.[82]

South Korea

Although there is no penalty for viewing or possessing pornography on the Internet in South Korea; The exception is that possession of child pornography carries a maximum sentence of one year in prison, while distributing, selling or displaying it for commercial purposes carries a maximum sentence of ten years.


Many foreign pornographic websites are blocked, and those found to be operating from within the country are shut down.[83] The Korea Internet Safety Commission is responsible for instructing Internet service providers to block access to "pornography and nudity".[84] Google Search in South Korea filters search results for around 700 terms considered by the government to be adult in nature unless the user demonstrates that they are aged over 19.[85]

Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, it is illegal to distribute pictorial or video pornography to persons under the age of 14. However, persons over 20 years of age are permitted to view pornographic30.02.2024)|url=http://www.consultant.lk/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/ad5d9196ef8584bf342b4c10c1eb39fed4ae8742/%7Carchive-url=%7Carchive-date=%7Caccess-date=%7Cwebsite=}}</ref>

Syria

Pornography is banned in the country.[47] The government has blocked access to around 160 websites.[86]

Thailand

Possession, production and distribution of pornography for the purposes of trade is illegal in Thailand under section 287 of the Thai Penal Code. The same section also criminalizes participating or assisting in the trade of pornography. A person guilty under this section can be punished with imprisonment not exceeding three years or fined not exceeding THB6,000 or both.[87]

Despite this, pornography is widely available in Thailand and the law remains usually unenforced with the exception of some high-profile cases. On November 3, 2020, The Ministry of Digital Economy and Society announced that it has banned Pornhub, along with 190 other pornographic websites.[88] The ministry stated that the ban was part of the efforts to restrict access to porn and gambling websites, which remains illegal in Thailand.[89]

Turkmenistan

A law passed on 1 January 2015 bans access to internet pornography in Turkmenistan.[90]

Vietnam

Production, distribution, broadcasting, transport, import and advertisement of pornography, is strictly illegal in Vietnam. In 1996 officials became concerned about pornographic films in the country and launched a campaign, with courts awarding fines and prison sentences. Pornography in Vietnam is classed as a "social evil".[91]

Europe

Belarus

Production, dissemination and assembly of pornography is banned, with laws strictly enforced. Breaking the law is punishable with up to four years in prison.[92]

France

In France, pornography is overall permitted, but with distinctions:

  • Hardcore pornography must not be sold to persons under the age of 18.
  • Softcore pornography must not be sold to persons under the age of 16.
  • Extremely violent or graphic pornography is considered X-rated, and so may be shown only in specific theaters, and may not be displayed to minors.
  • Some pornography has a special VAT (value-added tax): a 33% tax is levied on X-rated movies, and a 50% excise is placed on pornographic online services.

The ratings system has caused controversy. For example, in 2000 the sexually explicit and violent film Baise-moi was initially rated only as "restricted" by the French government. This classification was overturned by a Conseil d'État ruling in a lawsuit brought by associations supporting Christian and family values.

Some movies are forbidden to persons under the age of 18, without the requirement for an X rating, such as Baise-moi, Ken Park or Saw 3, so that these movies can be viewed in theaters[dubious ] and not attract VAT.

Germany

The constitution and law are very strict about hardcore pornography, especially when compared to very liberal laws about softcore pornography, prostitution and sex shops. Supplying hardcore pornography to people who are less than 18 years old is an offence, and shops selling it must keep people under the age of 18 from entering their premises. If only a part of the shop is dedicated to pornography, it must be completely closed off from the rest of the premises. Alternatively, shops may choose not to display their goods or advertise that they sell them, in which case minors may be admitted. Websites hosting pornographic material within Germany must comply with very strict rules about verifying that viewers are over 18.[93]

Soft porn is less restricted, and may even be broadcast on TV at night. The age threshold is usually FSK-16. In contrast many uncut action films or video games easily reach the FSK-18 rating.

Hungary

Hungary's parliament passed a law that bans pornography to anyone under 18 years old.[94]

Iceland

The production or sale of pornography is prohibited in Iceland. Heavy fines were applied in 2001 and ten years earlier a fine was applied to the first manager of the first private TV station (and the only case to present) in Iceland for showing the Danish "mainstream" Zodiac-films, I Tvillingernes tegn and I Tyrens tegn.[95] In early 2013 there was a draft proposal by Ögmundur Jónasson, the Minister of the Interior, to extend the ban to online pornography to protect children from violent sexual imagery.[96] The plan has been stalled since the change in government during the parliamentary election on 27 April 2013. Since then, there have been no changes to the relevant legislation, and no changes have been formally proposed.[97][98][needs update]

Italy

In Italy, it is illegal to distribute pictorial or video pornography to persons under the age of 18. However, persons over 18 years of age are permitted to view pornographic material.

Netherlands

Pornography is legal in the Netherlands.[99]

Romania

Pornography is legal in Romania since 2003. However, all pornographic sites hosted in the country must be locked with a password, and a tax per minute must be paid by the website owners.[100]

Russia

According to Russian law, consumption of pornography is allowed though the production of it is not. The illegal production, distribution, and "public demonstration" of pornography is punishable by a 2- to 6-year prison term. Roskomnadzor, the Russian government's media overseer, has the power to order the blocking of pornographic websites. In 2015 the agency required the blocking of the Russian-language version of Pornhub and 10 other pornographic sites on the basis of a court ruling.[101]

There is nevertheless some uncertainty concerning the legal status of pornography in Russia. The law criminalizes only the 'illegal' production and selling of pornography (which implies that it sometimes can be legal), but two circumstances make enforcement of the law difficult: (1) the lack of a legal definition of pornography, and (2) no law defining when production or selling is permitted.[102]

Ukraine

Pornographic production, distribution, broadcasting (both audio and video), transportation, import and advertisement is forbidden by law in Ukraine.[103] In 2023 a bill suggest to end this ban.[104]

United Kingdom

In England and Wales, the main legislation on pornographic materials is the Obscene Publications Act 1959, the Obscene Publications Act 1964, the Indecent Displays (Control) Act 1981, and the Video Recordings Act 1984. Video-oriented depictions of hardcore pornographic material (with certain exceptions for works considered primarily 'artistic' rather than pornographic) were banned until 1999, when the removal of trade barriers with other European Union member states allowed for the relatively free movement of such goods for personal use.

Under terms set out in the Video Recordings Act 1984, all forms of pornographic material released on either DVD or video formats, within the United Kingdom must, as with general works released on such formats, first be classified by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), who will generally place such works at their assigned ‘18’ or ‘R18’ categories (the latter of which requires that such material be restricted (by sale) to licensed adult cinemas or sex shops).

In addition to this, under criminal law, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (in England and Wales), the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009 (in Scotland), and the Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (in Northern Ireland) each make it a criminal offence for an adult to display pornographic material to a minor (a person under the age of 18).

The British Board of Film Classification can, as with all works, issue compulsory cuts to pornographic material (generally when such material is in breach of either the Video Recordings Act 1984, the Obscene Publications Act 1959, and the Obscene Publications Act 1964, with current interpretation of such acts being incorporated into the guidelines which the BBFC as a whole, operate under). Without such cuts issued works can be refused classification (therefore barring the sale of a work on DVD or video formats within the United Kingdom).

In 2008, the Crown Prosecution Service unsuccessfully prosecuted a man under the Obscene Publications Act (the R v Walker trial) for a textual story on a pornography website involving Girls Aloud.[105] Also that year, the Home Office introduced legislation to criminalize possession of what it has labelled extreme pornography; these laws are now contained in sections 63 to 68 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.[106]

Oceania

American Samoa

Pornography is illegal in American Samoa and is punishable by a fine of up to $USD5,000.[107]

Australia

In Australia, it is legal to possess pornographic material, except child pornography. However, it is illegal to sell, exhibit or rent X-rated pornographic material in all states (Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales, Tasmania, and Queensland) but it is legal to do so in the two territories (the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory). As the Australian constitution prohibits states from regulating interstate commerce, it is permitted to purchase pornography in either territory and then bring it interstate. As a result, the majority of Australian mail-order operations for adult material operate from the ACT.[108]

In 2007, the Northern Territory National Emergency Response introduced by the Howard government made the possession of RC and X18+ pornography an offence in some Aboriginal communities.[109]

Fiji

Pornography is not legal in Fiji.[110]

Nauru

Pornography, including online pornography, is illegal in Nauru and pornographic websites are blocked.[111]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, pornography is generally treated in a liberal manner and very little is banned by the Office of Film and Literature Classification. However, the most extreme forms of pornography (such as child pornography, rape, necrophilia, bestiality, urophilia and coprophilia) are classified as objectionable material by the Office of Film and Literature Classification, effectively banning them.[112] Indecency laws still criminalise some acts under the Crimes Act 1961. Pornographic DVDs and magazines that arrive in New Zealand need to be examined by either New Zealand Customs, Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand Police or the Office of Film and Literature Classification before being given an R18 classification. Internet pornography is also regulated but only if websites are based in New Zealand, in which case they will need consent from Department of Internal Affairs. Possession of any material that has objectionable content (which is illegal in New Zealand) is punishable by up to 10 years in jail and a $50,000 fine, or 14 years in jail for distribution of same.

Papua New Guinea

In Papua New Guinea, the possession, import, export, and sale of pornography are all offenses. Control is strict. According to the government, all websites containing pornography, nudity or depictions of sex are blocked and the government has been blocking such sites since early 2009. Under the law, persons who possess, own, import, export, sell or exhibit pornography to the public are subject to arrest and trial and can face up to six months' imprisonment and/or a fine up to 50,000 to 100,000 Papua New Guinean kina.[42] In PNG, pornography is subject to legal restraints to publication on grounds of obscenity. Laws relating to pornography in Papua New Guinea are vague. The main legislation used in dealing with cases relating to pornographic nature refer back to the Chapter 262 Criminal Code of Papua New Guinea, Lukautim Pikinini Act 2009, Classification of Publication Censorship Act 1989 and the National ICT Act, 2009. Improper Use of ICT Services.[42]

Samoa

In 2021, a court ruled that online pornography should be blocked by Samoa's two major service providers, Digicel and Vodafone.[113]

Tonga

Under the Pornography Control Act 2002, pornography is illegal and punishable by a fine of up to $10,000, three years in prison or both.[114]

Vanuatu

Production of pornography is illegal in Vanuatu.[115]

See also

Notes

  1. This only includes sovereign states
  2. This is also known as the (S)LAPS test—[Serious] Literary, Artistic, Political, Scientific.

References

  1. "Angola - Prohibited & Restricted Imports".
  2. "Penal Code of Ethiopia 1957 (Eritrean Transitional Penal Code)". Refworld. Retrieved 2024-04-14.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. Penal Code. 31 December 2014.
  4. "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 tentang Pornografi" [Republic of Indonesia Law Number 44 Year 2008 on Pornography] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Pasal 4: Setiap orang dilarang memproduksi, membuat, memperbanyak, menggandakan, menyebarluaskan, menyiarkan, mengimpor, mengekspor, menawarkan, memperjualbelikan, menyewakan, atau menyediakan pornografi... Pasal 6: Setiap orang dilarang memperdengarkan, mempertontonkan, memanfaatkan, memiliki, atau menyimpan produk pornografi... [Article 4: Everyone is prohibited from producing, making, reproducing, duplicating, distributing, broadcasting, importing, exporting, offering, selling, selling, renting or making available pornography... Article 6: Everyone is prohibited from listening to, displaying, utilizing, possessing or keeping pornographic products...]
  5. "Criminal Act", Korea Legislation Research Institute. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  6. "Crimial Act", Korea Legislation Research Institute. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  7. "司法院大法官會議第617號解釋 (J.Y. Interpretation No. 617)". Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  8. "Büntető törvénykönyv" [Hungary Criminal Code] (in Hungarian). 2012.
  9. "Almenn hegningarlög" [General Penal Code] (in Icelandic). 1940.
  10. Botswana Tourism Board, "Entry Requirements". botswanatourism.co.bw. Retrieved 15 December 2008. Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "Egyptian MP sends porn to fellow parliamentarians over WhatsApp, blames 'hackers'". International Business Times. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
  12. Shea, Paul (28 March 2012). "A Court in Egypt Declares Internet Pornography Illegal". ValueWalk. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  13. Cusack, Carmen M. (2014). Pornography and The Criminal Justice System. CRC Press. p. 248. ISBN 9781482260021.
  14. Eswatini's Sexual Offences & Domestic Violence Act: A Summary (PDF). Southern Africa Litigation Centre, COSPE Onlus and Foundation for Socio-Economic Justice. 2019. ISBN 978-0-6398323-1-9. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  15. Teferi, Amanuel (August 2007). The Influence of Exposure to Pornography among the Youth in Addis Ababa (PDF) (Thesis). Addis Ababa University. S2CID 201815896. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  16. Tatic, Sanja; Walker, Christopher (2006). Countries at the Crossroads: A Survey of Democratic Governance. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 365. ISBN 9780742558014.
  17. Eweniyi, Odunayo (18 September 2017). "Nigeria's Porn Industry Is Getting Ready To Overtake America's". Konbini. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  18. Siegel, Larry J. (2010). Criminology: The Core. Cengage Learning. p. 364. ISBN 9780495809838.
  19. Procida, Richard; Simon, Rita James (2007). Global Perspectives on Social Issues: Pornography. Lexington Books. p. 93. ISBN 9780739120927.
  20. Plumptre, Subomi (13 October 2015). "Nigeria, We've Got A Sexuality Problem!".
  21. "Government Gazette" (PDF). Republic of South Africa. 8 November 1996.
  22. "Film Classification Query Engine". Films and Publication Board. Archived from the original on 2009-01-03.
  23. Fallon, Amy (28 February 2014). "Confusion over Uganda's 'miniskirt ban' leads to public attacks on women". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  24. Chesler, Ellen; McGovern, Terry, eds. (2015). Women and Girls Rising: Progress and Resistance Around the World. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 9781317482666.
  25. "Museveni Signs Anti-Pornography Bill into Law". Red Pepper. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  26. Mpubani, Raymond (9 March 2014). "Uganda's anti-pornography law targets media more than miniskirts". Wits Journalism. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  27. "Parliament passes Anti-Pornography Law". Parliament of the Republic of Uganda. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  28. "Uganda bans miniskirts, pornography". New Vision. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  29. "Anti-Pornography Act – Human Rights Activists And Civil Society Organisations Challenge The Legality Of The Act In Constitutional Court – Uganda". Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  30. "Penal Code" (PDF). Bahamas Government. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  31. "Call For Ban On Porn". Bahamas Local. 6 January 2012.
  32. Turnquest, Ava (25 April 2014). "Christian President Speaks Out Over Porn Industry". The Tribune.
  33. Simon, Frank (7 July 2016). "Pornography in Cuba, Enemy of the State". Havana Times. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  34. "Internet Censorship 2022: A Global Map of Internet Restrictions". Comparitech. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  35. "18 U.S. Code Chapter 110 - SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND OTHER ABUSE OF CHILDREN". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  36. Liptak, Adam (20 April 2010). "Justices Reject Ban on Videos of Animal Cruelty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  37. "18 U.S. Code § 48 - Animal crushing". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  38. "18 U.S. Code § 1801 - Video voyeurism". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  39. "15 U.S. Code § 6851 - Civil action relating to disclosure of intimate images". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  40. "China's Pornography Laws Are a Backdoor for Censorship". Human Rights Watch. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
  41. Rajak, Brajesh (2011) [2011]. Pornography Laws: XXX Must not be Tolerated. In order to curb this Jio has blocked around 827 pornographic sites in Oct 2018 (Paperback ed.). Delhi: Universal Law Co. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7534-999-5.
  42. "It's legal to watch porn in the privacy of your house, says SC". Hindustan Times. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  43. "Banned: Complete list of 857 porn websites blocked in India". Deccan Chronicle. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 2018-07-11.
  44. "India lifts porn ban after widespread outrage". BBC News. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 2018-07-11.
  45. "Ban porn sites or lose license: High Court to ISPs". India Today. 28 September 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-02.
  46. "Indonesia's constitutional court defends pornography law". Reuters. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  47. Chalil, Melanie (11 June 2018). "Doing these 6 things on the Internet could get you in trouble". Malay Mail. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  48. Rastriya Samachar Samiti (12 October 2018). "NTA closes 21,000 porn websites". The Kathmandu Post.
  49. "Let's talk about porn". Nepali Times. November 2010.
  50. Shin, Junsik (13 April 2015). "Pornography in North Korea". New Focus International. Archived from the original on 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
  51. Hassig, Ralph; Oh, Kongdan (2015). The Hidden People of North Korea: Everyday Life in the Hermit Kingdom (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4422-3719-3.
  52. Moon Sung Hwee (23 December 2007). "Porno Became Widespread in '90s, Thanks to the Dear Leader". Daily NK. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  53. Schwartzman, Nathan (27 November 2009). "Is There Porn in North Korea?". Asian Correspondent. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
  54. Talmadge, Eric (1 April 2016). "North Korea now blocking Facebook, Twitter, other websites". The Big Story. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  55. "Child pornography a business in Pakistan: FIA cyber-crime chief". Geo News. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  56. "NA approves harsher punishments for child abuse". Express tribune. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  57. "Govt approves establishment of cyber patrolling unit to curb child pornography". Morning Mail. Archived from the original on 2018-10-12. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  58. Nwanna, Gladson I. (2004). Americans Traveling Abroad: What You Should Know Before You Go (3rd ed.). Frontline Publishers, Inc. p. 267. ISBN 9781890605100.
  59. Hyung-Jin Kim (10 December 2010). "South Korea's porn fight 'like shoveling in a blizzard'". NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2014-08-06. Retrieved 2014-08-01.
  60. Chung, Jongpil (September–October 2008). "Comparing Online Activities in China and South Korea: The Internet and the Political Regime". Asian Survey. 48 (5): 727–751. doi:10.1525/AS.2008.48.5.727.
  61. "Searching For An Adult Topic? You'll Have To Prove Your Age To Google Korea". Search Engine Land. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  62. "Thai Penal Code". samuiforsale.com. Archived from the original on 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  63. "#SavePornhub: Thailand's online porn ban prompts backlash". Reuters. Patpicha Tanakasempipat. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  64. "Turkmėnijoje uždrausta internete įžeidinėti prezidentą ir žiūrėti pornografiją" [In Turkmenistan, it is forbidden to insult the president and watch pornography online]. 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). 1 January 2015.
  65. "Vietnam — Coalition Against Trafficking of Women". Archived from the original on 2006-08-19. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  66. Krempl, Stefan (19 October 2007). "BGH reicht Check der Ausweisnummer als Zugangshürde für Online-Pornos nicht aus". heise.de. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  67. "Hungary passes law barring pornography, pro-LGBT content for minors". Catholic News Agency. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  68. "Hvað er klám?" (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2015-08-31.
  69. "Iceland: Key developments: June 2014 – May 2015, limits on content". freedomhouse.org. Freedom House. 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  70. Helgadóttir, Ásta Guðrún (July 2014). "The Icelandic initiative for pornography censorship". Porn Studies. 1 (3): 285–298. doi:10.1080/23268743.2014.928462.
  71. "LEGE 196 13/05/2003 - Portal Legislativ". legislatie.just.ro. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  72. "Russia Blocks Access to Popular Porn Sites". Transitions Online. 15 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
  73. "Закон України "Про захист суспільної моралі"" (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-03-11. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  74. Alexander Query (7 September 2023). "'My body, my business:' Ukrainian lawmakers move to legalize pornography". Kyiv Independent.
  75. "Man cleared over Girls Aloud blog". BBC News. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  76. "Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
  77. "American Samoa tightens anti-pornography laws". Radio New Zealand News. 21 January 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-01-21.
  78. Marks, Kathy (29 April 2000). "Canberra reborn as capital of sex". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  79. "Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and Other Legislation Amendment (Northern Territory National Emergency Response and Other Measures) Bill 2007". Bill No. 21 of 13 August 2007 (PDF).
  80. Alist Vucago (3 May 2018). "No law for online pornography". The Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30.
  81. "Nauru government denies Facebook shut down". Radio New Zealand News. 30 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30.
  82. "Online Safety Policy". www.dia.govt.nz. The Department of Internal Affairs.
  83. "Pornography Control Act 2022" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-30.
  84. "SCANDAL-RIDDEN PORN SITE TIED TO VANUATU - Sista". 30 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30.

Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Legal_status_of_Internet_pornography, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.