Legislative_elections_in_Taiwan
Legislative Yuan elections
Taiwanese parliamentary elections
In Taiwan, parliamentary elections are held every four years to elect the 113 members of the Legislative Yuan, the unicameral legislature of Taiwan. The current electoral system was introduced in 2008. The constitutional amendments of 2005 extended term length from three to four years, reduced seat count from 225 to 113, and abolished the National Assembly, originally another governmental organ equivalent to a chamber of parliament.
Members are elected by parallel voting:
- 73 members by first-past-the-post in single-member districts
- 6 by single non-transferable voting in multi-member districts, exclusive for persons with indigenous status
- 34 by party-list proportional representation voting
Single-member constituencies
The delimitation of the single-member constituencies within the cities and counties was initially a major political issue in the early years, with bargaining between the government and the legislature. Of the 15 cities and counties to be partitioned (the ten others have only one seat), only seven of the districting schemes proposed by the CEC were approved in a normal way. The eight other schemes were decided by drawing lots: "Taipei and Taichung cities and Miaoli and Changhua counties will adopt the version suggested by the CEC, while Kaohsiung city will follow the consensus of the legislature. Taipei county will follow the proposal offered by the opposition Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taoyuan county will adopt the ruling Democratic Progressive Party's scheme, and Pingtung county will use the scheme agreed upon by the Non-partisan Solidarity Union, People First Party, Kuomintang and Taiwan Solidarity Union."[1]
Under Articles 35 and 37 of the Civil Servants Election and Recall Act [zh], the electoral constituencies are to be revised every ten years based on population density. Demographic data is obtained by investigation of household registration and should be compiled two years and two months before the tenure of current legislators end. The Central Election Commission reviews the boundaries, then submits any proposed alterations to the Legislative Yuan 20 months before the election for final consent and announcement.
Indigenous districts
Six seats are reserved for indigenous peoples. They are elected by single non-transferable vote in two 3-member constituencies for lowland aborigines and highland aborigines respectively. This system did not fulfil the promise in the treaty-like document A New Partnership Between the Indigenous Peoples and the Government of Taiwan, where each of the 13 recognised indigenous peoples was to get at least one seat, and the distinction between highland and lowland abolished.
Party-list
Seats are allocated using the largest remainder method with the Hare quota which, with 34 seats, is 2.9412%. A party's vote share must exceed a threshold of 5% to win any seats. Votes for parties which do not pass the threshold are first excluded. The vote share for the remaining parties are calculated. A party is allocated one seat for every 2.9412% of votes. The remaining seats are allocated in succession to the party with the largest remainder.
For each party, at least half of the legislators elected under this system must be female. Therefore, with an odd number of seats, females will always outnumber males.
| LY | Year | First party | Status | Seat composition | Popular vote (Party list vote from 2008) | Parties (by seat count) | |
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| 1 | 1948 | Kuomintang | Majority (716/759) |
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| 2 | 1992 | Kuomintang | Majority (95/161) |
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| 3 | 1995 | Kuomintang |  Majority (85/161) |
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| 4 | 1998 | Kuomintang |  Majority (123/225) |
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| 5 | 2001 | Democratic Progressive | Minority (87/225) |
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| 6 | 2004 | Democratic Progressive | Minority (89/225) |
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| 7 | 2008 | Kuomintang | Majority (81/113) |
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| 8 | 2012 | Kuomintang | Majority (64/113) |
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| 9 | 2016 | Democratic Progressive | Majority (68/113) |
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| 10 | 2020 | Democratic Progressive | Majority (61/113) |
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| 11 | 2024 | Kuomintang | Minority (52/113) |
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Supplementary elections
According to the interpretation of the Judicial Yuan,[2] under the original constitution the National Assembly, Legislative Yuan, and Control Yuan were seen to constitute the Parliament in Taiwan. After 20 years of relocating the government to Taiwan, the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China amended the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion to start limited parliamentary elections. The elected members served together with existing members elected by the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election, the 1948 Chinese legislative election, and the 1947-1948 Chinese Control Yuan election in the respective chambers.
| Election | Date | Legislative Yuan[3] | National Assembly[4] | Election | Date | Control Yuan[5] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Seats | Name | Seats | Name | Seats | |||||||
| 1969 Taiwanese legislative election | 1969 | December 20 | Supp. | 11 | Supp. | 15 | 1969 Taiwanese Control Yuan election | 1969 | December 29 | Supp. | 2 | |
| 1972 Taiwanese legislative election | 1972 | December 23 | 1st supp. | 51 | 1st supp. | 53 | 1973 Taiwanese Control Yuan election | 1973 | February 15 | 1st supp. | 15 | |
| 1975 Taiwanese legislative election | 1975 | December 20 | 2nd supp. | 52 | — | — | ||||||
| 1980 Taiwanese legislative election | 1980 | December 6 | 3rd supp. | 97 | 2nd supp. | 100 | 1980 Taiwanese Control Yuan election | 1980 | December 29 | 2nd supp. | 32 | |
| 1983 Taiwanese legislative election | 1983 | December 3 | 4th supp. | 98 | — | — | ||||||
| 1986 Taiwanese legislative election | 1986 | December 6 | 5th supp. | 100 | 3rd supp. | 100 | 1987 Taiwanese Control Yuan election | 1987 | January 10 | 3rd supp. | 32 | |
| 1989 Taiwanese legislative election | 1989 | December 2 | 6th supp. | 130 | — | — | ||||||
National Assembly supplementary elections
| Term | Year | First party (Status) | Supplementary seat composition | Parties (by seat count) | |
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| 1 supp. | 1969 | Kuomintang Majority (15/15) |
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| 1 1st supp. | 1972 | Kuomintang Majority (43/53) |
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| 1 2nd supp. | 1980 | Kuomintang Majority (63/76) |
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| 1 3rd supp. | 1986 | Kuomintang Majority (68/84) |
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Legislative Yuan supplementary elections
| Term | Year | First party (Status) | Supplementary seat composition | Parties (by seat count) | |
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| 1 supp. | 1969 | Kuomintang Majority (8/11) |
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| 1 1st supp. | 1972 | Kuomintang Majority (41/51) |
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| 1 2nd supp. | 1975 | Kuomintang Majority (43/52) |
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| 1 3rd supp. | 1980 | Kuomintang Majority (81/97) |
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| 1 4th supp. | 1983 | Kuomintang Majority (83/98) |
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| 1 5th supp. | 1986 | Kuomintang Majority (79/100) |
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| 1 6th supp. | 1989 | Kuomintang Majority (94/130) |
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Control Yuan supplementary elections
Supplementary members of the Control Yuan were indirectly elected by the provincial legislatures.
| Term | Year | First party (Status) | Supplementary seat composition | Parties (by seat count) | |
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| 1 supp. | 1969 | Even |
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| 1 1st supp. | 1973 | Kuomintang Majority (13/15) |
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| 1 2nd supp. | 1980 | Kuomintang Majority (21/32) |
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| 1 3rd supp. | 1987 | Kuomintang Majority (24/32) |
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National Assembly elections
Following the constitutional reforms in the 1990s, elections for the National Assembly in its entirety was conducted. The chamber was streamlined in 2000 and became fully defunct in 2005.
| Term | Year | First party (Status) | Seat composition | Popular vote | Parties (by seat count) | |
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| 2 | 1991 | Kuomintang Majority (254/325) |
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| 3 | 1996 | Kuomintang Majority (183/334) |
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| ad hoc | 2005 | Democratic Progressive Minority (127/300) |
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- January 31, 2007.CEC Completes Legislative Constituency Redistricting Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Taiwan Headlines. Retrieved on 2008-01-12.