Early life and insurgency

Oliver was born to Grace Mafuatem in Azi in December 1968. According to relatives, he was an "obedient boy", but did not complete school due to poor grades. Oliver eventually went on to join the Cameroonian army,^[2] becoming part of the elite Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR).^[8] In contrast, his brother Chris Anu started to work as a computer engineer in the United States.^[2]

With the outbreak of the Anglophone Crisis in September 2017, Oliver deserted his position in the army and joined the separatist side,^[9] being the first militant to attack military positions in the Southwest Region.^[8] A capable commander,^[10] he eventually became the most powerful warlord in the Lebialem Division. Owing partly to the topography of Lebialem, the division became a key battleground of the war, with the Cameroon Armed Forces facing a tough fight against the separatists there. As a result, Oliver became a prominent general on the separatist side as well as a prioritized target by Cameroon.^[9] Journal du Cameroun Nana Kamsukom journalist described him as the Cameroonian army's bête noire.^[8] His brother also joined the separatists as spokesperson and political coordinator.^[2]

On December 31, 2018, Cameroon claimed to have killed Oliver. These reports were proven false when Oliver appeared in a video a week later.^[11] In August 2019, his mother and sister were arrested in Yaoundé. The authorities claimed that they had hidden away ransom money made by the Red Dragon militia from taking hostages. The lawyers claimed that they had lost contact with Oliver. The commander also stated that the government had imprisoned his best friend and his wife.^[2] Oliver's mother was released in November 20, while his sister was transferred to Kondengui Central Prison.^[12]

On October 1, 2019, having chased out the traditional rulers of Lebialem, Oliver declared himself "Paramount Ruler"^[4] or "King" of Lebialem, and even posed for a photo dressed in clothing akin to that worn by local traditional rulers.^[13] This act caused outrage both among Cameroonian loyalists as well as other rebels, with one Ambazonian spokesman, Tapang Ivo Tanku, calling it an "excessive abuse of power and the rape of culture".^[13] Oliver's self-proclamation as monarch also prompted Cameroonian raids into the area to capture or kill him. While unsuccessful in finding Oliver, the raids led to casualties on both sides.^[4] When the Ambazonian leadership crisis erupted in the same year, Oliver's militia pledged loyalty to Samuel Ikome Sako's Interim Government.^[10][14] At some point, Oliver rose to leader of the entire Ambazonia Self-Defence Council (by then better known as "Ambazonia Restoration Forces").^[14] At the peak of his power, the Red Dragon militia numbered hundreds of members. Oliver even presented his group as being the largest active separatist militia.^[8] The New Humanitarian researcher R. Maxwell Bone described him as the "main military asset" of the Sako loyalists.^[10] However, as conflicts among the rebels grew, Oliver was increasingly criticized by anti-Sako separatists such as the prominent activist Mark Bareta.^[15]

Decline of the Red Dragons, and death

In January 2022, the Ambazonia Restoration Forces began to fracture as conflicts erupted among its members. Several commanders of the umbrella group, including General No Pity and General Mad Dog, started to clash with other members of the coalition.^[16] The internal struggles further escalated in February 2022, as the Interim Government splintered when its leader Samuel Ikome Sako was impeached. General Mad Dog subsequently began attacking the forces of Oliver.^{[14][lower-alpha 3]} In the following weeks, the position of the Red Dragons greatly declined, with the group being reduced to about 30 fighters according to Bareta News^[17] or just a "few supporters" according to Journal du Cameroun.^[8] At some point, Oliver was reportedly wounded in combat, and went into hiding^[1] in Nigeria or Lebialem.^[8]

Cameroonian security forces including the BIR reportedly located Oliver in Menji, and organized a raid on 12 July 2022. According to the Cameroonian government, Oliver and one of his guards were killed during the attack, while the remaining Red Dragons fled. Photos of a corpse were subsequently published which appeared to match Oliver. News websites Cameroun Web and Cameroon Info cautioned that Oliver had been declared dead three times before this raid, making some separatists question his death.^[1][18] However, separatists later confirmed his death; according to his brother Chris Anu, Oliver was killed by an insider who had then tipped off Cameroonian forces about the location of the corpse.^[7] The Cameroonian government subsequently displayed Oliver's corpse to the public to "deter the rebels and warn youth against joining their cause".^[19]