Lem_(satellite)
Lem (satellite)
Polish scientific artificial satellite
Lem (also called BRITE-PL) is the first Polish scientific artificial satellite. It was launched in November 2013 as part of the Bright-star Target Explorer (BRITE) programme. The spacecraft was launched aboard a Dnepr rocket. Named after the Polish science fiction writer Stanisław Lem, it is an optical astronomy spacecraft built by the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences and operated by Centrum Astronomiczne im. Mikołaja Kopernika PAN; one of two Polish contributions to the BRITE constellation along with the Heweliusz satellite.
| Mission type | Astronomy |
|---|---|
| Operator | Centrum Astronomiczne im. Mikołaja Kopernika PAN |
| COSPAR ID | 2013-066R[1] |
| SATCAT no. | 39431 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Bus | GNB |
| Manufacturer | Space Research Centre |
| Launch mass | 7 kilograms (15 lb) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 21 November 2013, 07:10:11 (2013-11-21UTC07:10:11Z) UTC |
| Rocket | Dnepr |
| Launch site | LC-13, Yasny |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
Lem is the first Polish scientific satellite, and the second (after PW-Sat) ever launched. Along with Heweliusz, TUGSAT-1, UniBRITE-1 and BRITE-Toronto, it is one from a constellation of six nanosatellites of the BRIght-star Target Explorer project, operated by a consortium of universities from Canada, Austria and Poland.[2]
Lem was developed and manufactured by the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 2011,[3] based around the Generic Nanosatellite Bus, and had a mass at launch of 7 kilograms or 15 pounds (plus another 7 kg for the XPOD separation system).[4] The satellite is used, along with four other operating spacecraft,[lower-alpha 1] to conduct photometric observations of stars with an apparent magnitude brighter than 4.0 as seen from Earth.[6] Lem was one of two Polish BRITE satellites launched, along with the Heweliusz spacecraft. Four more satellites—two Austrian and two Canadian—were launched at different dates.
Lem observes the stars in the blue color range, whereas Heweliusz does it in red. Due to the multicolour option, geometrical and thermal effects in the analysis of the observed phenomena are separated. None of the much larger satellites, such as MOST and CoRoT, has this colour option; this is crucial in the diagnosis of the internal structure of stars.[7] Lem photometrically measures low-level oscillations and temperature variations in stars brighter than visual magnitude (4.0), with unprecedented precision and temporal coverage not achievable through terrestrial based methods.[4]
The Lem satellite was launched from the Russian Yasny air base aboard a Dnepr through the BRITE-PL Project satellite launch programme established in 2009 by the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences and The Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences in cooperation with University of Toronto.[8] The launch was subcontracted to the Russian Ministry of Defence which launched the satellites using Dnepr rocket from the Yasny air base along with 33 other satellites. The launch took place at 07:10 (UTC) on 21 November 2013, and the rocket deployed all of its payloads successfully.[9]
- The sixth satellite, BRITE-Montreal, is possibly lost.[5]
- McDowell, Jonathan. "Launchlog". Jonathan's Space Home Page. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- "Science". First Polish Political Satellite. Space Research Centre; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center. 27 August 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- "Start satelity BRITE-PL LEM" [Start of satellite BRITE-PL LEM] (in Polish). Space Research Centre. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- "PSLV-C20/SARAL Mission" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. 25 February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- Semeniuk, Ivan (3 July 2014). "Canadian astronomy satellite lost as another looks for rescue". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- "Science Goals". BRITE–Constellation. University of Vienna. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- "Universität Wien startet ins All" [University of Vienna launches into space] (in German). University of Vienna. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- Krebs, Gunter (8 November 2013). "BRITE-PL, PL2 (CanX 3C, 3D / Lem, Heweliusz)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- "(untitled)". First Polish Scientific Satellite. Space Research Centre; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.