List_of_German_sponsored_acts_of_terrorism_during_WWI
During World War I Imperial Germany funded or inspired a number of terrorist acts in America and abroad. It was hoped that these attacks would harm the war efforts of the Allies or Entente Powers. Spy heads like the American-based German Military Attaché Franz von Papen received money to fund these terrorist activities and distributed them to local actors or German agents. In 1917 the New York Times reported that there were 10,000 German, Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian, and Ottoman agents in America.[1] While most of the terrorist attacks were amateurish and foiled by local law enforcement, some like the Black Tom explosion caused immense devastation.
State-sponsored terrorism is government support of violent non-state actors engaged in terrorism. States can sponsor terrorist groups in several ways, including but not limited to funding terrorist organizations, providing training, supplying weapons, and hosting groups within their borders. During WWI, Imperial Germany sponsored multiple terrorist attacks.
| Date | Name | Location | Status | Notes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| September 1914 | Welland Canal Plot | Welland Canal, Canada | Attack was abandoned when its main plotter saw Canadian defences. | [2] | |
| 1914–1917 | Pencil bomb attacks | Allied shipping | The incendiary device ignited cargos when ships were far at sea. It was estimated that the pencil bombs destroyed $10 million (US$ 203 million in 2024) worth of cargo on 36 ships. | [2] | |
| April 29, 1915 | 1915 Vancouver bridge arson attack | Granville Street Bridge, Vancouver | Bridge is set on fire, with zero fatalities. | [3] | |
| April–October of 1915 | Fay Bombing Plot | New York City | Spy ring arrested before implementation | [2] | |
| February 2, 1915 | Vanceboro international bridge bombing | Saint Croix–Vanceboro Railway Bridge | Railway officials inspected the bridge following the bombing and discovered the damage was relatively minor, resulting in the bridge being out of service for only several days. | [4] | |
| WWI until arrest July 3, 1915 | Muenter attacks |
|
In 1915, an agent planted a bomb that exploded in the US Capitol, shot Jack Morgan, and predicted the bombing of a steamship bound for England before committing suicide while in police custody. | [5] | |
| May 30, 1915 | Harbor Island Bombing | Harbor Island, Seattle | Imperial German agents blew up a barge carrying 15 tons of refined gunpowder just off of Harbor Island, Seattle. | [6] | |
| April–October of 1915 | German biological warfare sabotage program | American cattle industry | While the program was successful, it is unknown if any cattle were harmed. | [7] | |
| July 30, 1916 | Black Tom explosion | New York City | Killed 4 people and destroyed some $20,000,000 ($560 million in 2024) worth of military goods. | [8] | |
| January 11, 1917 | Kingsland explosion | Lyndhurst, New Jersey | In 4 hours, probably 500,000 pieces of 76 mm (3") high explosive shells were discharged. | [9] |
A lone wolf attack is a particular kind of terrorist attack, committed in a public setting by an individual or group who plans and commits an act of terrorism inspired by another organization or state, in this case, Imperial Germany. However, instead of being directed to or paid to carry out the attack the planning and the implementation for it is independent of the German Empire.
| Date | Name | Location | Status | Notes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| December 28, 1914 | Rochambeau bomb plot | SS Rochambeau | Spy ring arrested before implementation | [10] | |
| June 21, 1915 | Bomb attack of various Ontario targets by Detroit-based Charles Respa and Albert Kaltschmidt | Successful bombing of the Peabody Overall Co factory in Walkerville, Ontario. | Factory bombed, but a bomb placed at the Windsor Armoury failed to explode, saving the lives of 200 soldiers who were stationed there. On March 7, 1916, Respa was sentenced to life imprisonment. In 1917, ring leader and president of the Marine City Salt company, Albert Kaltschmidt, faced charges in America for attempting to bomb the Detroit Screw Works. Others charged were William M. Jarosh, Richard Herman, and Fritz A. Neef, general manager of the Eismann Magneto company. | [11] [12] [13] |
Notes
- The New York Times 1917, p. 7.
- von Feilitzsch 2015, p. 221.
- Gilman 2020, p. 141.
- R. R. Bowker 1916, p. 21.
References
- "Police Frustrate German Attempt To Blow Up Ship". The Birmingham Age-Herald. Birmingham, AL. December 23, 1914. pp. 1–12. ISSN 2692-6318. OCLC 12607279. Retrieved December 23, 2021 – via Library of Congress.
- Blum, Howard (2014). Dark Invasion 1915: Germany's Secret War and the Hunt for the First Terrorist Cell in America. Harper. ISBN 9780062307590.
- "Kaltschmidt and four others tried to wreck screwworks, is charge". The Detroit Times. Detroit, Wayne, Michigan: Detroit To-Day Co. May 22, 1917. pp. 1–8. ISSN 2688-9390. OCLC 9977557. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
- R. R. Bowker (1916). Information: A Digest of Currect Events - Vol II 1916. R. R. Bowker. - Total pages: 692
- King, Gilbert (November 1, 2011). "Sabotage in New York Harbor". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
- Gilman, William (January 23, 2020). The Spy Trap. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9781479447725.
- "Flames Break Out On Two Bridges; Four Germans Are Arrested; War Reports Vary". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii: P.T. Gialanella. April 29, 1915. pp. 1–16. ISSN 2326-1137. OCLC 8807359. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
- MacDonnell, Francis (September 19, 1995). Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199879915.
- Maag, Christopher (January 10, 2017). "Lyndhurst marks 100th anniversary of Kingsland explosion". The Record. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- "German Spies Active Here For Months". The New York Times. February 4, 1917. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
- "Charge Germans in Powder Plot". The Tacoma Times. Tacoma, Pierce, Washington: Tacoma Times Pub. Co. June 21, 1915. pp. 1–8. ISSN 2158-4729. OCLC 17347623. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
- Wheelis, Mark (17 September 1998). "First shots fired in biological warfare". Correspondence. Nature. 395 (6699): 213. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..213W. doi:10.1038/26089. PMID 9751039.
- von Feilitzsch, Heribert (2015). The Secret War on the United States in 1915. Henselstone Verlag LLC. ISBN 9780985031763.