List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates

List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees

List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees

Add article description

Since 1949, there have been 29 Japanese laureates of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize is a Sweden-based international monetary prize. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel. It was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. An associated prize, thus far, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, also sometimes known as the Nobel Prize in Economics, has yet to be awarded to a Japanese national.

The Japanese Nobel Prize Laureate (2010) Akira Suzuki and Ei-ichi Negishi

The Nobel Prizes in the above specific sciences disciplines and the Prize in Economics, which is commonly identified with them, are widely regarded as the most prestigious award one can receive in those fields.[1][2] Of Japanese winners, twelve have been physicists, eight chemists, three for literature, five for physiology or medicine, and one for efforts towards peace.[2]

In the 21st century, in the field of natural science, the number of Japanese winners of the Nobel Prize has been second behind the U.S.

Summary

More information Category, Japanese citizens ...

Laureates

Aside from the 29 Japanese Nobel laureates, a number of Japanese individuals and Japan-based organizations were affiliated with laureate organizations to which they contributed largely and were active members at the time they were awarded:

More information Year, Image ...

Nominees

More information Image, Nominee ...

Notes

Physics
Shoichi Sakata reported the "Sakata model" - a model of hadrons in 1956, that inspired Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig's quark model. Moreover, Kazuhiko Nishijima and Tadao Nakano originally given the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula in 1953.[78] However, 1969 physics prize was only awarded to Murray Gell-Mann. Afterward, Ivar Waller, the member of Nobel Committee for Physics was sorry that Sakata had not received a physics prize.[79]
Yoji Totsuka was leading the experiment that the first definitive evidence for neutrino oscillations was measured, via a high-statistics, high-precision measurement of the atmospheric neutrino flux. His Super-K group also confirmed, along with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), the solution to the solar neutrino problem. The Nobel Prize winning physicist Masatoshi Koshiba was told that if Totsuka could extend his lifespan by eighteen months, he would receive the physics prize.[80]
Chemistry
Eiji Osawa prediction of the C60 molecule at Hokkaido University in 1970.[81][82] He noticed that the structure of a corannulene molecule was a subset of an Association football shape, and he hypothesised that a full ball shape could also exist. Japanese scientific journals reported his idea, but it did not reach Europe or the Americas.[83][84] Because of this, he was not awarded the 1996 chemistry prize.
Seiji Shinkai invented the first molecular machine in 1979,[85] but he was not awarded the 2016 chemistry prize. On the contrary, Ben Feringa, one of the 2016 Nobel laureates, made a special trip to Japan in the 1980s to ask Shinkai for advice in the research.[86]
Physiology or Medicine
Kitasato Shibasaburō and Emil von Behring working together in Berlin in 1890 announced the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin serum; Von Behring was awarded the 1901 prize because of this work, but Kitasato was not. Meanwhile, Hideyo Noguchi[87] and Sahachiro Hata,[88] those who missed out on the early Nobel Prize for many times.
Katsusaburō Yamagiwa and his student Kōichi Ichikawa successfully induced squamous cell carcinoma by painting crude coal tar on the inner surface of rabbits' ears. Yamagiwa's work has become the primary basis for research of cause of cancer.[89] However, Johannes Fibiger was awarded the 1926 medicine prize because of his incorrect Spiroptera carcinoma theory, while the Yamagiwa group was snubbed by Nobel Committee. In 1966, the former committee member Folke Henschen claimed "I was strongly advocate Dr. Yamagiwa deserve the Nobel Prize, but unfortunate it did not realize".[90] In 2010, the Encyclopædia Britannica 's guide to Nobel Prizes in cancer research mentions Yamagiwa's work as a milestone without mentioning Fibiger.[91]
Umetaro Suzuki completed the first vitamin complex was isolated in 1910.[92] When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. Because of this, he was not awarded the 1929 medicine prize.
Satoshi Mizutani[93] and Howard Martin Temin jointly discovered that the Rous sarcoma virus particle contained the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and Mizutani was solely responsible for the original conception and design of the novel experiment that confirmed Temin's provirus hypothesis.[94] However, Mizutani was not awarded the 1975 medicine prize along with Temin.
As of 2015, there have been seven Japanese who have received the Lasker Award and twelve Japanese who have received the Canada Gairdner International Award, but only three Japanese who have received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Others
A number of important Japanese native scientists were not nominated for early Nobel Prizes, such as Yasuhiko Kojima and Yasuichi Nagano (jointly discovered Interferon), Jōkichi Takamine (first isolated epinephrine),[95] Kiyoshi Shiga (discovered Shigella dysenteriae), Tomisaku Kawasaki (Kawasaki disease is named after him), and Hakaru Hashimoto. After World War II, Reiji Okazaki and his wife Tsuneko were known for describing the role of Okazaki fragments, but he died of leukemia (sequelae of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima) in 1975 at the age of 44.
Masahiko Aoki, seen as the most likely candidate to become the first Japanese to win the Nobel Prize for economics, for developing the Institutional Comparative Analysis, he taught at Kyoto University and Stanford University. He died in Palo Alto, California, in July, 2015. He was 77.

See also

Notes

  1. Japan Committee for UNICEF was founded on 1 February 1950 in Tokyo, Japan.
  2. JCBL was founded on July 1997 in Tokyo, Japan.[5]
  3. From September 2005 to September 2006, Amano served as the Chairman of the IAEA Board of Governors.[6] During this time, the IAEA and its Director General Mohamed ElBaradei received the Nobel Peace Prize. Amano represented the IAEA as the chairman at the Nobel Prize award ceremony held in December 2005.
  4. Kawasaki (born on 1968 in Tokyo, Japan) joined the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) for Peace Boat in 2010 and served as Co-chair (2012-2014), leading the campaign to be awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize.[7] When the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced the prize on October 6, Kawasaki was flying to Iceland via the United States to be present at an event to share stories of atomic bomb survivors.[8]
  5. Mrs Thurlow (born on 3 January 1932 in Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan) was a founding member and gave the keynote speech at the international launch of International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) in Canada in 2007. When the organization received the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize, she attended the Nobel Prize award ceremony, received the Nobel Medal, Nobel Diploma and delivered speeches (Nobel Lecture) on December 2017.[9][10][11]
  6. Nobel laureates of Japanese birth and origin but subsequently acquired foreign citizenship.
  7. The 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Charles J. Pedersen has a Japanese mother and his Japanese first name was Yoshio (良男). Born in Busan, Korea, Japanese protectorate, he moved to Japan with his family at the age of 8 years to attend a convent school in Nagasaki. When he was 10 years old, he moved to Yokohama and entered an international school, called Saint Joseph College in Yamate, Naka-ku.
  8. Other nominators include: Bruno Rossi (1905–1993), John C. Slater (1900–1976), Victor Weisskopf (1908–2002), Jerrold R. Zacharias (1905–1986), Philip M. Morse (1903–1985), Albert G. Hill (1910–1996), Jacques Hadamard (1865–1963) and Peter Kruger (?).
  9. The group includes Sahachiro Hata (1873–1938) who nominated G. Kato in 1928.

References

  1. [1]
    "Nobel Prize". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
  2. [2]
    "All Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
  3. [3]
    Wroe, Nicholas (19 February 2005). "Living memories". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2017. When Ishiguro was included as the youngest member of the 1983 best of young British writers, he wasn't a British citizen. He took citizenship later that year as a very practical decision.
  4. [4]
    "Kazuo Ishiguro wins 2017 Nobel Prize for literature". The Financial Times. 5 October 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2017. He became a British citizen in 1983.
  5. [5]
    "The International Campaign ICBL". Jesuit Social Center Tokyo. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  6. [6]
    "Ambassador Yukiya Amano" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. [7]
    "KAWASAKI Akira". Asia-Pacific Leadership Network. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  8. [8]
    "Japanese ICAN member congratulates hibakusha for Nobel Peace Prize". nichibei.org. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  9. [9]
    "Nobel Peace Prize speech by ICAN campaigner, Hiroshima survivor Setsuko Thurlow". Mainichi Daily News. 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  10. [10]
    "Hiroshima survivor to jointly receive Nobel Peace Prize with ICAN". Reuters. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  11. [11]
    "Toronto woman who survived Hiroshima nuclear bombing to accept Nobel Peace Prize". Toronto Star. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  12. [12]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  13. [13]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  14. [14]
    The Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 Archived 1 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  15. [15]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 Archived 25 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  16. [16]
    The Nobel Peace Prize 1974 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  17. [17]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  18. [18]
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  19. [19]
    The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 Archived 25 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  20. [20]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  21. [21]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  22. [22]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  23. [23]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  24. [24]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 Archived 25 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  25. [25]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 Archived 22 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  26. [26]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  27. [27]
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  28. [28]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 Archived 23 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  29. [29]
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  30. [30]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 Archived 14 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  31. [31]
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  32. [32]
    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  33. [33]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 Archived 29 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  34. [34]
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987 Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  35. [35]
    The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 Archived 19 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  36. [36]
    The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 Archived 20 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  37. [37]
    The (*) asterisks on the name denote the nominees were expatriates who resided or died in Japan.
  38. [38]
    Nomination archive – Kotaro Honda Archived 1 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  39. [39]
    Nomination archive – Hideki Yukawa Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  40. [40]
    Nomination archive – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  41. [41]
    Nomination archive – Kazuhiko Nishijima Archived 24 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  42. [42]
    Nomination archive – Tadao Nakano Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  43. [43]
    Nomination archive – Susumu Okubo Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  44. [44]
    Nomination archive – Y Onuki Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  45. [45]
    Nomination archive – S Miyamoto Archived 3 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  46. [46]
    Nomination archive – S Fukui Archived 5 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  47. [47]
    Nomination archive – Leo Esaki Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  48. [48]
    Nomination archive – Hiromi Umezawa Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  49. [49]
    Nomination archive – K Kondo Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  50. [50]
    Nomination archive – Ryogo Kubo Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  51. [51]
    Nomination archive – Shoichi Sakata Archived 13 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  52. [52]
    Nomination archive – Shibasaburo Kitasako Archived 20 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  53. [53]
    Nomination archive – Oskar Loew Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  54. [54]
    Nomination archive – Sachachiro Hata Archived 26 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  55. [55]
    Nomination archive – U Suzuki Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  56. [56]
    Nomination archive – Inada Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  57. [57]
    Nomination archive – Ido Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  58. [58]
    Nomination archive – Katsusaburo Yamagiwa Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  59. [59]
    Nomination archive – Genichi M Kato Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  60. [60]
    Nomination archive – Ken Kuré Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  61. [61]
    Nomination archive – Takaoki Sasaki Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  62. [62]
    Nomination archive – Toyohiko Kagawa Archived 31 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  63. [63]
    Nomination archive – Junichiro Tanizaki Archived 7 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  64. [64]
    Nomination archive – Janzaburo Nihiwaki Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  65. [65]
    Nomination archive – Junzaburo Nishiwaki Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  66. [66]
    Nomination archive – Yasunari Kawabata Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  67. [67]
    Nomination archive – Yukio Mishima Archived 1 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  68. [68]
    Nomination archive – Yasushi Inoue Archived 29 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  69. [69]
    Nomination archive – Sei Itō Archived 7 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  70. [70]
    Nomination archive – Tatsuzō Ishikawa Archived 6 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  71. [71]
    Nomination archive – Nagao Ariga Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  72. [72]
    Nomination archive – Viscount Shishaku Shibusawa Eiichi Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  73. [73]
    Nomination archive – Nobusuke Kishi Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  74. [74]
    Nomination archive – Daisetz T Suzuki Archived 4 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  75. [75]
    Nomination archive – Shigeru Yoshida Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  76. [76]
    Nomination archive – Yoshio Koya Archived 9 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  77. [77]
    Nomination archive – Kaoru Hatoyama Archived 6 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
  78. [78]
    Nakano, T; Nishijima, N (1953). "Charge Independence for V-particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 10 (5): 581. Bibcode:1953PThPh..10..581N. doi:10.1143/PTP.10.581.
  79. [79]
    Robert Marc Friedman, The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science. New York: Henry Holt & Company (October 2001)
  80. [80]
    文藝春秋2008年9月号.
  81. [81]
    Osawa, E. (1970). "Superaromaticity". Kagaku. 25: 854–863.
  82. [82]
    Halford, B. (9 October 2006). "The World According to Rick". Chemical & Engineering News. 84 (41): 13–19. doi:10.1021/cen-v084n041.p013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  83. [83]
    Kagaku 25: 854–863. 1970.
  84. [84]
    Yoshida, Z.; Osawa, E. (1971). Aromaticity. Chemical Monograph Series 22. Kyoto: Kagaku-dojin. pp. 174–8.
  85. [85]
    Shinkai S, Ogawa T, Nakajima T, Kusano Y, Manabe 0 (1979) Tetrahedron Lett 20: 4569
  86. [86]
    "九州に分子機械の先駆者 新海征治・九大特別主幹教授 今年のノーベル化学賞テーマ：ニュース：九州経済：qBiz 西日本新聞経済電子版 | 九州の経済情報サイト". Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  87. [87]
    Japanese Government Internet TV "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize," streaming video 2007/04/26
  88. [88]
    "Sachachiro Hata - Nomination Database". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  89. [89]
    "Katsusaburo Yamagiwa (1863–1930)". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 27 (3): 172–173. 1977. doi:10.3322/canjclin.27.3.172. PMID 406017. S2CID 36283426. Yamagiwa, then Director of the Department of Pathology at Tokyo Imperial University Medical School, had theorized that repetition or continuation of chronic irritation caused precancerous alterations in previously normal epithelium. If the irritant continued its action, carcinoma could result. These data, publicly presented at a special meeting of the Tokyo Medical Society and reprinted below, focused attention on chemical carcinogenesis. Further more, his experimental method provided researchers with a means of producing cancer in the laboratory and anticipated investigation of specific carcinogenic agents and the precise way in which they acted. Within a decade, Keller and associates extracted a highly potent carcinogenic hydrocarbon from coal tar. Dr. Yamagiwa had begun a new era in cancer research.
  90. [90]
    「『ガンの山極博士』たたえる」読売新聞1966年10月25日15頁。
  91. [91]
    Guide to Nobel Prize. Britannica.com. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  92. [92]
    Suzuki, U., Shimamura, T. (1911). "Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis". Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi 32: 4–7; 144–146; 335–358.
  93. [93]
    H. M. Temin and S. Mizutani (1970). "Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus" (PDF). Nature. 226 (5252): 1211–3. Bibcode:1970Natur.226.1211T. doi:10.1038/2261211a0. PMID 4316301. S2CID 4187764. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  94. [94]
    Horace Freeland Judson, The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science, 1st. Ed., 2004.
  95. [95]
    Camille Georges Wermuth (2008). The practice of medicinal chemistry (3 ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780080568775. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
Share this article:

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates, and is written by contributors. Text is available under a CC BY-SA 4.0 International License; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.