List_of_Ottoman_governors_of_Egypt

List of Ottoman governors of Egypt

List of Ottoman governors of Egypt

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The Ottoman Empire's governors of Egypt from 1517 to 1805 were at various times known by different but synonymous titles, among them beylerbey, viceroy, governor, governor-general, or, more generally, wāli. Furthermore, the Ottoman sultans very often changed positions of their governors in rapid succession, leading to complex and long lists of incumbents (this being the main reason for a political crisis in 1623, where the local Ottoman soldiers successfully sued to keep Kara Mustafa Pasha as governor after his replacement by Çeşteci Ali Pasha after only one year).

Further information: History of Ottoman Egypt

Governors ruled from the Cairo Citadel in Cairo. They ruled along with their divan (governmental council), consisting of a kadı (judge) and defterdar (treasurer). The title "beylerbey" refers to the regular governors specifically appointed to the post by the Ottoman sultan, while the title "kaymakam", when used in the context of Ottoman Egypt, refers to an acting governor who ruled over the province between the departure of the previous governor and the arrival of the next one. Although almost all governors were succeeded and preceded by a kaymakam due to the traveling distance from their old post to Egypt, only the most notable are included in this list.

Below is a list of Ottoman wālis of the Egypt Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire from 1517 (the Ottoman conquest of Egypt) to 1805 (the beginning of the Muhammad Ali dynasty; see list of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty). Governors of Egypt after 1805 are not included in this list because, although they were still nominally and officially Ottoman governors of the province, they assumed the monarchical title "Khedive" that was unrecognized by the central Ottoman government and passed the role in a hereditary fashion. Acting governors (kaymakams) are not included in the numbering.

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See also

Notes

  1. [N 1]
    This is the column for including and viewing as many independent sources on the identity and name of that particular governor, independent sources being sources that do not reference one another.
  1. [N 1]
    Sicill-i Osmani and Öztuna both say simply "Üveys Pasha," but the subject of that article by that name died much earlier than this. Only named Kara because that's what the only existing Wikipedia article on him (on the German Wikipedia) is named.
  2. [N 2]
    He was succeeded by Maktul Hacı Ibrahim Pasha; a kaymakam (acting governor) ruled between his departure from governorship in December 1603 and the arrival of Ibrahim Pasha in early 1604.
  3. [N 3]
    Öztuna refers to this governor as "Gürci Mehmed Pasha," which is technically correct because he was indeed of Georgian origins, but Gürcü Mehmed Pasha is referred to distinctly from this person and was about 30 years younger than this Hadım Mehmed Pasha.
  4. [N 4]
    According to Sicill-i Osmani, he was from Razgrad. After his governorship, he later became the governor of Rumelia (1617), Sivas (1617–19), and Budin (1624–26). He died in 1626.
  5. [N 5]
    Öztuna's Büyük Osmanlı Tarihi claims that this was Damat Halil Pasha, but it is incorrect; their lifetimes don't match up, and it was known that this was a distinct person.
  6. [N 6]
    He was the brother-in-law of Melek Ahmed Pasha. He can also be named Haydar Agazade Ahmed Pasha.
  7. [N 7]
    He was previously Kapudan Pasha (1656) and Defterdar (1656), according to Sicill-i Osmani.
  8. [N 8]
    He was the previous governor of Silistra Eyalet and Rumelia Eyalet, and he died in January 1670, according to Sicill-i Osmani.
  9. [N 9]
    He was also governor of Bosnia Eyalet (1671–72), Budin Eyalet (1672–?), and Van Eyalet (1680–?), according to Sicill-i Osmani
  10. [N 10]
    His name is also given as Defterdar Ahmed Pasha because of his long-term previous role as Defterdar (finance minister) of the Ottoman Empire from 1662 to 1675.
  11. [N 11]
    Also referred to as Kethüda Hasan Pasha or Ketkhoda Hasan Pasha (not the same as the 18th-century Kethüda Hasan Pasha) because of his being made a Kethüda early in his career, but he is mostly just referred to as Hasan Pasha. The exact month and day start of his term are disputed, according to Holt.
  12. [N 12]
    He previously served as Kapudan Pasha (1684–1685) and the Ottoman governor (wali) of Özü Eyalet (1674, 1677), Karaman Eyalet (i.e. Konya; 1674–1677), Anatolia Eyalet (1677), Eğri Eyalet (1677, again in 1677), Aleppo Eyalet (1685–1686), and Baghdad Eyalet (1687–1688), according to Sicill-i Osmani.
  13. [N 13]
    Also known as Moralı Hazinedar Ali Pasha (epithets switched)
  14. [N 14]
    He used to be a Janissary, eventually becoming the agha (head) of the Janissaries. He also served as the Ottoman governor (wali) of Rumelia Eyalet (1685–?), Sidon Eyalet (?–1689/90), Karaman Eyalet (1689/90–1691/92), Anatolia Eyalet (1691/92), Damascus Eyalet (1692/93–1693/94), Crete Eyalet (1693/94–1695), Baghdad Eyalet (1697–1699), and Van Eyalet (1699–1701). He died in November or December 1702.
  15. [N 15]
    Al-Damurdashi claims his name is Mustafa Bey Kizlar in his Chronicles, but Holt warns repeatedly to avoid taking Damurdashi's data too literally, as much of it is for literary effect, while Mehmet Süreyya Bey claims someone named Kesici Hasan Pasha was the governor during this period in Sicill-i Osmani. Holt declares a 5 month vacation of the office, which indicates the rule of a kaymakam (acting governor). Öztuna is silent, attaching the end of the term of Ismail Pasha straight to the beginning of Hüseyin Pasha's.
  16. [N 16]
    May be found at the following article names: Dizveren Sarı Hüseyin Pasha, Sarı Dizveren Hüseyin Pasha, Bosniak Sarı Hüseyin Pasha, Boşnak Sarı Hüseyin Pasha, Bosniak Firari Sarı Hüseyin Pasha, Boşnak Firari Sarı Hüseyin Pasha, Muradi Husayn Pasha, Muradi Hüseyin Pasha, or similar.
  17. [N 17]
    Damurdashi gives his name as Izmirli Ali Pasha in his Chronicles, but Holt warns that Damurdashi's accounts are largely fictional and warns to treat its data "with caution," while Mehmet Süreyya Bey gives his name as Dellak Ali Pasha (as does Öztuna). These two names seem to be distinct people, as the list of Bulgarian rulers gives their governorships of Bulgaria as distinct terms (albeit being immediately after one another), so it could go either way. However, Mehmet Süreyya Bey's encyclopedia of Ottoman statesmen says that a man named Hüseyin Pasha (who was a kethüda) was the governor of Egypt during this exact time, while his list says Dellak Ali Pasha was, BUT that he was followed the same year by someone named Kethüda Hasan Ağa. Von Hammer indicates only "Ali." He was succeeded by a kaymakam (acting governor) known as either Kethüda Hüseyin Pasha or Kethüda Hasan Agha.
  18. [N 18]
    Sicilli says "Abdi Pasha" (but does not include him in the definitions, just the order of walis), Öztuna says "Arnavudlu Abdi Pasha", everywhere else (including Damurdashi and al-Jabarti) says "Abidin Pasha" (pronounced "Abidi Pasha")
  19. [N 19]
    He previously served as the Grand Vizier from 1717 to 1718.
  20. [N 20]
    Although Öztuna says that he served again in 1733–34, and he got this from the Sicill-i Osmani order of Egypt valis, they are both wrong. Both al-Jabarti and the encyclopedia of Sicill-i Osmani only show Abdullah Pasha being governor of Egypt only once; besides, he was in Persia during this time, according to Sicill-i Osmani.
  21. [N 21]
    He previously served as Grand Vizier for a short time in 1731.
  22. [N 22]
    Al-Jabarti holds that he was succeeded by someone named Mustafa Pasha, who held the office until 1739, but no other evidence can be found of him.
  23. [N 23]
    He served as Grand Vizier before (1732–35) and after (1742–43 and 1755) his term as governor.
  24. [N 24]
    Al-Jabarti reports that he served until 1745 or 1746, not 1744.
  25. [N 25]
    He later served as Grand Vizier from 1757 to 1763.
  26. [N 26]
    He previously served as Grand Vizier from 1740 to 1742. Also referred to as Şehla Ahmed Pasha.
  27. [N 27]
    He previously served as Grand Vizier from 1747 to 1750.
  28. [N 28]
    He previously served as Grand Vizier from 1750 to 1752.
  29. [N 29]
    He also served as the Ottoman governor of Morea Eyalet (1746–47), Sanjak of Eğriboz (1747–48), Aidin Eyalet (1748), Sanjak of Candia (Heraklion, 1748–50, again in 1751 and 1752), Crete Eyalet (1750–51), and Sidon Eyalet (1756–57), according to Sicill-i Osmani. He died in 1762 in Didymoteicho. Öztuna refers to him as Baltacı Mustafa Pasha.
  30. [N 30]
    He served as Grand Vizier (1755–56) before his term as governor.
  31. [N 31]
    He served as Grand Vizier before (1752–55, 1756) and after (1763–65) his terms as governor.
  32. [N 32]
    According to Sicill-i Osmani, he previously served as Kapudan Pasha from 1761 to 1762. He also served as the Ottoman governor of Vidin Eyalet (1759–61), Karaman Eyalet (1764–66), and Kars Eyalet (1766–67). He died in April 1767 after being hit by a rock thrown by angry citizens in Kars Eyalet while he was serving as governor there.
  33. [N 33]
    He previously served as Defterdar (finance minister) of the Ottoman Empire from 1755 to 1756, from 1757 to 1758, and from 1760 to 1762. He then served as the Ottoman governor of Morea Eyalet (1762–63) and Sanjak of Eğriboz (1763–64). All according to Sicill-i Osmani.
  34. [N 34]
    He later served as Grand Vizier in 1768.
  35. [N 35]
    Al-Jabarti makes no mention of him and is vague.
  36. [N 36]
    Uzunçarşılı claims that he held power until 1773 (Kara Halil Pasha), but Sicill-i Osmani disagrees, naming 3 interceding governors. Even Al-Jabarti declares that Ali Bey gave up power in 1769 when a new governor from Istanbul was assigned (although he doesn't name him). Uzunçarşılı probably read Al-Jabarti's chronicle, but missed the part about the new pasha coming in 1769, since after that, Al-Jabarti does not name any other pasha by name or sequence until 1773 with Kara Halil Pasha.
  37. [N 37]
    Öztuna has Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha following him for a second term, but since he died soon after taking office the first time in 1753, this is impossible.
  38. [N 38]
    According to Sicill-i Osmani, he was of Georgian origins, beginning as a slave. After serving as governor of Egypt, he became the governor of Sivas Eyalet (1771), Sanjak of Tirhala (1771), Morea Eyalet (1771–72), Sanjak of Eğriboz (1772). He had a large role in keeping the Russian siege out of Varna in 1773. He died in 1774.
  39. [N 39]
    According to Sicill-i Osmani, he was originally a local bey in Egypt before going to Mecca for a short while and then becoming governor.
  40. [N 40]
    According to Sicill-i Osmani, he was from the city of Çorlu, and was thus sometimes known as Çorlulu Kara Halil Pasha or Çorlulu Halil Pasha. He was also the governor of Belgrade (1768–?) and Jeddah (1774–75). He died in 1775.
  41. [N 41]
    According to Sicill-i Osmani, he was from the town of Arapgir. He died in September 1775. Al-Jabarti claims that the governor during this time was "Mustafa Pasha al-Nablusi", and holds that an Ibrahim Pasha was briefly governor in 1779 before dying, which raises the possibility that Sicill-i is mistaken and that this Hacı Ibrahim Pasha died in November 1779, not September 1775, and was the governor then. However, Sicill-i Osmani makes no mention of him being governor of Jeddah in the past, which al-Jabarti claims he was right before becoming the governor of Egypt.
  42. [N 42]
    He served as Grand Vizier before (1774) and after (1781–82) his term as governor. Sicill-i Osman refers to him in the index governors listing as Şehrî İzzet Paşa (but not the main encyclopedia) because of his previous position as şehremini ("caretaker of the city"). An acting governor served after his removal from office in July 1778 until the arrival of Raif Ismail Pasha in January 1779, according to al-Jabarti.
  43. [N 43]
    He served as Reisülküttap from 1774 to 1776, and became the governor of Crete from 1781 to 1782. He was executed in 1785. He may also be referred to as Ismail Raif Pasha. Although Öztuna makes no mention of him, he is included in Al-Jabarti, who mentions his previous role as Reisülküttap and gives a thorough description of his personality and physical appearance, and he is included as a governor of Egypt in Sicill-i Osmani during this time. According to al-Jabarti, he took office on 23 January 1779, by arriving in Cairo.
  44. [N 44]
    Öztuna and Sicill-i Osmani make no mention of him, but al-Jabarti, whose history for this period is first hand and likely more accurate than Sicill-i (and Öztuna, who almost exclusively uses Sicill-i as his only source and is quite vague on this period), holds that he was the former governor of Jeddah Eyalet. According to al-Jabarti, in September 1779, the sultan ordered that he trade positions with Raif Ismail Pasha, with Ibrahim Pasha becoming governor of Egypt and Raif Ismail Pasha becoming governor of Jeddah in his stead. He was probably distinct from Hacı Ibrahim Pasha (died 1775), as he died in November 1779 and held office later.
  45. [N 45]
    He later served as Grand Vizier from 1792 to 1794. Öztuna says he served from 1779, but Sicill-i Osmani says he served from 1780. Al-Jabarti describes him as a "distinguished-looking man with gray hair." He arrived in Egypt in February 1781, and left office to become grand vizier in July 1782.
  46. [N 46]
    Although al-Jabarti mentions that a pasha served as governor at this time (in between Melek Mehmed Pasha and Silahdar Mehmed Pasha from July 1782 to July 1783) (see identity al-Jabarti citation), he does not mention his name. An unknown source implies that it might have been someone with the name or partial name "Sharif Pasha" ("Şerif Pasha" in Turkish).
  47. [N 47]
    He previously served as Grand Vizier from 1770 to 1771.
  48. [N 48]
    He previously served as Grand Vizier in 1782. During his term as governor after 1786, real power lay with the Kapudan Pasha Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha, who had been sent by the sultan to rid Egypt of the Mamluk emirs. After he was dismissed and replaced by his successor Abdi Pasha on 24 October 1786, Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha demanded an audit of his accounts in order to recover money to pay for the upkeep of the Ottoman army stationed in Egypt waiting to combat the Mamluk emirs. Combined with the debts owed to him by the wanted emirs and the death of his wife, Yeğen Seyyid Mehmed Pasha became very distressed. He was forced to sell his furniture and clothing to pay what he owed according to Hasan Pasha's audit. According to al-Jabarti, tension was rumored to constantly exist between Yeğen Seyyid Mehmed Pasha and Hasan Pasha since Hasan Pasha's arrival in early August 1786.
  49. [N 49]
    He was the former assistant (kethüda) and protégé of Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha. Öztuna's list of governors replaces him with Raif Ismail Pasha, but this is certainly incorrect, as Raif Ismail Pasha was executed in 1785 according to Sicill-i Osmani, which, along with Al-Jabarti (a completely independent source), defines the two men as very distinct people. Öztuna most likely confused them because of their identical names.
  50. [N 50]
    He served as Grand Vizier before (1774, 1781–82) and after (1794–98) his term as governor. He was governor from early May 1791 to September 1794.
  51. [N 51]
    Sicill-i Osmani says that he was also the governor of Anatolia Eyalet from 1794 to 1796. He "failed to conserve his position" as governor of Egypt and was dismissed in 1798, dying soon afterwards.
  52. [N 52]
    According to al-Jabarti, on 3 November 1798, a letter arrived in Egypt, making Abdullah Pasha governor.
  53. [N 53]
    He was previously fighting against the French in Egypt alongside Murad Bey. According to Sicill-i Osmani, he was appointed governor in August 1799, but according to al-Jabarti, he only arrived and took office in late February 1800.
  54. [N 54]
    He became governor on 9 August 1801. Between his dismissal on 21 September 1801 and his successor Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha's arrival on 22 January 1802, a deputy appointed by Koca Hüsrev Pasha ruled, according to Al-Jabarti volume 3, page 303. According to Sicill-i Osmani (p. 1049), he was from Gaza. After his governorship, he became the Ottoman governor of Konya (1802), Diyarbekir Eyalet (1803), and Sivas Eyalet (1803–04, 1805–06), and Jeddah (1804–05). In 1805, he was taken to Damascus with a group of soldiers. From 1806 to 1812, he lived in Aleppo, but was executed in 1812.
  55. [N 55]
    The news of his appointment came on 21 September 1801, but he only arrived in Cairo and took office on 22 January 1802.
  56. [N 56]
    Some sources refer to his name as "Thir Pasha." He was the commander of the Albanian troops sent by the Ottoman sultan in 1801 to fight against the French. He chased his predecessor and legitimate governor Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha out of Cairo and to Damietta in northern Egypt when he failed to pay the Albanian troops due to lack of funding. The local judges confirmed him as kaymakam (acting governor) on 6 May 1803, according to al-Jabarti. After Tahir Pasha in turn failed to pay the salaries of the Turkish (Janissary) troops, two of them assassinated him that same year.
  57. [N 57]
    Although Sicill-i Osmani is vague about his exact position during this time, it definitely places him as the governor of Medina at this time, and the governor of Damietta a bit earlier, both roles that al-Jabarti specifies that this "Ahmad Pasha" had, leaving little doubt that this was the same Ahmed Pasha. He held actual governorship rule in Egypt for only about 1 day.
  58. [N 58]
    His "governorship" lasted only 2 days, from 12–14 March 1804, and was a complete farce under Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who held real power. Muhammad Ali made Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha governor in name only until the brothers of the late Tahir Pasha, who had fought against Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha, demanded his exile to northern Egypt. Although his successor Hurshid Ahmed Pasha's governorship was announced 2 days before his governorship, on 10 March, Muhammad Ali still made him governor, even if only for two days.

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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. pp. 376–377. Whenever the Janissaries asked for some of their jamakiya pay, [Tahir Pasha] would tell them that they had nothing coming from him; that he would pay them only from the date he became governor [as he was only acting governor (kaymakam)] ... they rushed at him with drawn swords; one of them struck him, sent his head flying ... Tahir Pasha's body lay cast aside with no one paying it the slightest attention.
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 377. [Janissaries] entered into a plot with Ahmad Pasha, governor of Medina.
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 378.
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. pp. 380, 394. ...'by order of Ibrahim Bey, Governor of the Province, and our Master Muhammad Ali.' [Muftizade] Ahmad Pasha's governorship had lasted one day and one night. ...Ibrahim Bey convoked a diwan at his daughter's house ... and took over the duties of qa'im maqam of Egypt.
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 428.
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 394. On the 20th (July 10) news came of the arrival of 'Ali Pasha al-Tarabulusi in Alexandria, as governor of Egypt in place of Muhammad Pasha (Khusraw).
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. pp. 438–440. [On March 12] Muhammad Ali went up to the Citadel and came down with Muhammad Pasha Khusraw and his companions at his side... It became known among the people that Muhammad Pasha had returned to the governorship of Egypt... On the eve of Wednesday [March 14] Muhammad Pasha Khusraw ... [was] taken down to Bulaq and shipped off to Lower Egypt... His governorship – or, rather, his pretended governorship... he had continued to believe confidently in his return to the governorship of Cairo... such were his delusions!
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 437. At the seventh hour after sunset [on 10 March 1804] ... a firman ... arrived from Ahmad Pasha Khurshid, the governor of Alexandria, appointing the latter to the governorship of Egypt.
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    'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti; Thomas Philipp; Moshe Perlmann (1994). Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. Vol. 3. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 442. On the eve of Monday the 14th (March 26) the pasha arrived at the port of Bulaq.

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