The Sahitya Akademi Fellowship is a literary honour in India bestowed by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.^[1][2] It is the highest honour conferred by the Akademi on a living writer,^[1] the number of fellows at no time exceeding 21.^[3] Elected from among writers thought by the Akademi to be of acknowledged merit, the fellows are sometimes described as the "immortals of Indian literature."^[3][4]

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was the first writer elected to the Fellowship; Mulk Raj Anand was the first Indian English writer to be inducted in 1989 and R. K. Narayan in 1994, the second.^[5]

The appointment of Fellows to the Sahitya Akademi was based in part on models of academies of letters, and in particular, on the Académie française's model of honouring literary excellent by electing writers as Members.^[6] The initial Constitution of the Academy proposed a limited membership of twenty-one Fellows, who were to be "literary persons of outstanding merit".^[7] The first General Committee recommended an expansion in the number of fellows, by including fifty Associate Fellows, as well as five Honorary Fellows. The latter provision was to enable the Akademi to honour foreign writers as well. Despite the inclusion of this provision, the Akademi did not make appointments to the position of Associate Fellows, and in 1999 the provision for their appointment was deleted.^[7]

Soon after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the first President of the Sahitya Akademi, Mulk Raj Anand proposed that Nehru be elected as a Fellow of the Akademi posthumously. This proposal was rejected, and the Akademi took the view that Fellowships would only be conferred upon living writers.^[8] The General Council has, as a practice, refrained from electing its own members for the Fellowship, although there have been instances of members of the General Council become fellows after their term on the Council ends. A significant exception to this practice is the appointment of D. Jayakanthan as a Fellow while he was serving on the council.^[9]

The first Fellow of the Akademi, S. Radhakrishnan, was elected as Fellow in 1968, fourteen years after the Akademi was constituted. Radhakrishnan had previously served on the Council of the Sahitya Akademi, first as vice-president, and later, as president.^[9] He was appointed "in recognition of his outstanding contribution to Indian thought and to the tradition of universal humanism".^[9] The first woman to be elected Fellow was Mahadevi Varma, in 1979, ^[10] followed by three women writers in 1994 (Malayalam poet Balamani Amma, Bengali novelist and poet Ashapoorna Devi, and Urdu novelist Qurratulain Hyder). Hindi author Krishna Sobti was honoured in 1996, and English novelist Anita Desai in 2009. In 2019, the fellowship was conferred on Dogri writer Padma Sachdev and in 2021 to Malayalam writer and critic M. Leelavathy.^[11] On 19 September 2021, the Akademi announced the fellowships to Bengali writer Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Malayalam writer and critic M. Leelavathy, English writer Ruskin Bond, Hindi writer Vinod Kumar Shukla, Marathi poet and scholar Bhalchandra Nemade, Punjabi writer and professor Tejwant Singh Gill, Sanskrit scholar Rambhadracharya, Tamil playwright Indira Parthasarathy. As of 2023^[update], there are only 17 fellows of the Sahitya Akademi.^[11]

The executive board of the Akademi recommends the names of literary persons to be elected as Fellows and Honorary Fellows to the General Council. The General Council, who operates for the period of five years, holds an authority to elect a fellow based on the recommendation made by the executive board.^[12]

The fellowship was established in 1968 and is limited to twenty individuals at any given time.^[11] As of 2021^[update], the fellowship has been conferred on 105 writers.^[11][13]

In 1994, the Akademi began the practice of holding an event called 'Samvad' in which Fellows read from their work, and each reading was followed by discussions with a panel of critics and writers.^[14] The participants in the first series included Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte (Marathi scholar, writer, and critic), Harbhajan Singh (Punjabi writer and critic) and Nagarjun (Maithili and Hindi poet and novelist).^[14]

In addition to twenty-one fellowships to Indian nationals, the Sahitya Akademi has also instituted three fellowships to international writers and scholars.

• List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows
• List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows
• Jnanpith Award, annual literary award conferred by the Bharatiya Jnanpith.