The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.^[1] Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural features (consisting of physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation, or natural beauty, are defined as natural heritage.^[2] Canada accepted the convention on 23 July 1976.^[3] There are 22 World Heritage Sites in Canada, with a further 10 on the tentative list.^[3]

Rocky Mountain Parks

Dinosaur

Gros Morne

Head-Smashed-In

Old Québec

Joggins

Kluane

Tatshenshini-Alsek

Grand-Pré

L'Anse aux Meadows

Miguasha

Mistaken Point

Nahanni

Lunenburg

Pimachiowin Aki

Red Bay

Rideau Canal

SG̱ang Gwaay

Waterton-Glacier

Wood Buffalo

Writing-on-Stone

Tr’ondëk-Klondike

Anticosti

Location of World Heritage Sites in Canada

The first two sites in Canada added to the list were L'Anse aux Meadows and Nahanni National Park Reserve, both at the Second Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Washington, D.C., in 1978.^[4] The most recent sites listed were Tr’ondëk-Klondike and Anticosti, both in 2023.^[3] Two sites are shared with the United States. Ten sites are listed for their cultural significance, eleven for natural significance, and one, Pimachiowin Aki, is listed for both. Canada has served as a member of the World Heritage Committee four times: 1976–1978, 1985–1991, 1995–2001, and 2005–2009.^[3]

UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.^[5]

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World Heritage Sites

Site	Image	Location	Year listed	UNESCO data	Description
L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site		Newfoundland and Labrador	1978	4bis; iv (cultural)	L'Anse aux Meadows is an 11th-century Viking settlement at the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula, and is the earliest documented European settlement in the New World. The complex contains eight turf houses: three dwellings, one forge, and four workshops used for ship repair. The architecture and artifacts are in the same style as those from Norse Greenland and Iceland from the same period. A minor boundary modification of the site took place in 2017.[6]
Nahanni National Park		Northwest Territories	1978	24; vii, viii (natural)	The park is listed for its outstanding geomorphological features. The rivers of the park, in particular the South Nahanni River, carved deep canyons through the mountain ranges and created several waterfalls (Virginia Falls pictured). There are karst landforms, including limestone cave systems. The park is undisturbed and is home to animals of boreal forests, including grizzly bear, wolf, and caribou.[7]
Dinosaur Provincial Park		Alberta	1979	71; vii, viii (natural)	The area is a practically undisturbed semi-arid steppe with badlands topography. Fossils of more than 44 species, 34 genera, and 10 families of dinosaurs have been discovered in the park, representing every known group of Cretaceous dinosaurs. More than 150 complete skeletons have been unearthed, together with several non-dinosaur fossils. They provide insight into the life in the area 77 to 75 million years ago.[8]
SG̱ang Gwaay		British Columbia	1981	157; iii (cultural)	This site preserves a 19th-century village of the Haida people on the Haida Gwaii archipelago off the British Columbia Coast. The site comprises the remains of large cedar longhouses and several carved mortuary and memorial totem poles (some examples pictured). They illustrate the art and traditions of the Haida people.[9]
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump		Alberta	1981	158bis; vi (cultural)	Buffalo jump was a traditional way of hunting bison by the Plains Indians over nearly six millennia. Knowing the topography and bison behavior, the hunters directed bison herds into drive lanes that ended at a cliff, resulting in bison falling to their deaths. This site is one of the prominent examples of this tradition. The bison carcasses were then butchered and processed at a camp below. A minor modification of the site boundaries took place in 2021.[10]
Wood Buffalo National Park		Alberta, Northwest Territories	1983	256; vii, ix, x (natural)	The park covers large areas of grass and sedge meadows, boreal forests, lakes, rivers, and the world's largest inland delta, the Peace–Athabasca Delta. There are also salt plains and gypsum karst features. It is home to North America's largest population of wild bison, and is a breeding ground for the endangered whooping crane.[11]
Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks		Alberta, British Columbia	1984	304bis; vii, viii (natural)	Seven national parks in the Canadian Rockies, two of which were added to the site in 1990, exhibit mountain landscapes of exceptional natural beauty, with glaciers, ice fields, alpine meadows, cave systems, lakes, and waterfalls. The Burgess Shale formation, one of the world's most important fossil assemblies, is located here. It preserves the remains of soft-bodied animals dating to the Cambrian period, providing key insight into the development of major animal phyla.[12]
Historic District of Old Québec		Quebec	1985	300; iv, vi (cultural)	Founded by the French in the 17th century as the capital of New France and then developed by the British after the 1760s, the old part of Quebec illustrates different stages of European colonial settlement in North America. In addition to the well-preserved urban centre, the fortifications of the city, with bastions, ramparts, and other defensive structures, are unique north of Mexico.[13]
Gros Morne National Park		Newfoundland and Labrador	1987	419; vii, viii (natural)	With deep ocean crust and rocks of the Earth's mantle lying exposed, the park illustrates plate tectonics and continental drift. Landlocked freshwater fjords and glacier-scoured headlands in an ocean setting contribute to the natural beauty of this wilderness area.[14]
Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek*		Yukon	1992	72ter; vii, viii, ix, x (natural)	The four national parks and protected areas spanning the border between the United States and Canada contain the world's largest non-polar ice field and numerous large glaciers. The area, shaped by glacial and continuous tectonic activity, comprises different types of habitats, from high mountains above 16,000 ft (5,000 m) to ocean, coastal forests, and river valleys. Some of the important animal species include grizzly bear, caribou, Dall sheep, and mountain goat. The rivers are spawning grounds for salmon that then migrate to the ocean. Glacier Bay (US) was originally listed alone in 1979. Kluane (Canada, pictured) and Wrangell–St. Elias (US) were added to the site in 1992, and Tatshenshini-Alsek (Canada) in 1994.[15][16][17]
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park*		Alberta	1995	354rev; vii, ix (natural)	This site comprises the Waterton Lakes National Park (pictured) in Canada and the Glacier National Park in the US. Both parks are known for their outstanding scenic beauty due to mountains and glacial landforms. The park straddles the Continental Divide and includes the Triple Divide Peak. The mountains meet the prairie without intervening foothills and the geography allowed the animal and plant species typical of Pacific Northwest to spread inland. This resulted in a high number of animal and plant species present in a small area.[18]
Old Town Lunenburg		Nova Scotia	1995	741; iv, v (cultural)	Founded by the British in 1753, Lunenburg is the best surviving example of a planned British colonial settlement in North America. The grid plan from the 18th century has been preserved, as well as some of the wooden buildings from that period. The community is based on the offshore Atlantic fishery.[19]
Miguasha National Park		Quebec	1999	686rev; viii (natural)	The park encompasses parts of the Escuminac Formation, a geological formation dating to the Devonian period 370 million years ago. It is an exceptional paleontologist site, yielding large numbers of exceptionally well-preserved fossils of fish, in particular the lobe-finned fish that later gave rise to the tetrapods. Invertebrate and plant fossils have been found at the site as well.[20]
Rideau Canal		Ontario	2007	1221; i, iv (cultural)	The oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, with much of its original structure intact, connects Ottawa, on the Ottawa River, to Kingston, on Lake Ontario. It opened in 1832 as a precaution in case of war with the United States, allowing the transit of steam-powered ships. The site includes several defensive works in Kingston. The Ottawa Locks at Colonel By Valley are pictured.[21]
Joggins Fossil Cliffs		Nova Scotia	2008	1285; viii (natural)	The site at Joggins has produced one of the best fossil records from the Carboniferous period, in particular from 318 to 303 million years ago. During that time, the area was covered by rainforests, the remains of which are the main sources of today's coal. In addition to plant fossils (a lycopsid pictured), the remains of the earliest amniotes illustrate the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.[22]
Landscape of Grand Pré		Nova Scotia	2012	1404; v, vi (cultural)	The cultural landscape was shaped by the Acadians, descendants of the French settlers, in the 17th and 18th centuries. Using dyke-building techniques called aboiteau, the farmers reclaimed salt marshes from the tidal areas and repurposed them for agricultural use. The water management system remains in use in the present day. The site is also inscribed as a memorial to the Acadian way of life and their deportation, which started in 1755, known as the Grand Dérangement.[23]
Red Bay Basque Whaling Station		Newfoundland and Labrador	2013	1412; iii, iv (cultural)	The Basque whaling station was founded in the 1530s and was used for about 70 years. It provided support for hunting and processing of whales to produce whale oil for sale in Europe. With the archaeological remains illustrating different stages of the pre-industrial whaling process, Red Bay is the best preserved station from that period.[24]
Mistaken Point		Newfoundland and Labrador	2016	1497; viii (natural)	The reserve is home to the namesake Mistaken Point Formation, which contains one of the most diverse and well-preserved collections of Precambrian fossils in the world. Ediacaran fossils, dating from 580-560 million years ago, constitute the oldest known remnants of multicellular life on Earth.[25]
Pimachiowin Aki		Manitoba, Ontario	2018	1415rev; iii, vi, ix (mixed)	The cultural landscape of Pimachiowin Aki is the ancestral home of four Anishinaabe First Nations communities, the Poplar River, Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi, and Bloodvein. It comprises a network of habitation sites, ceremonial sites, trade routes, and waterways. From the natural perspective, the area represents the largest example of the North American boreal shield, with animals such as moose, wolf, wolverine, and lake sturgeon.[26]
Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi		Alberta	2019	1597; iii (cultural)	The cultural landscape consisting of prairie and coulee habitats is sacred to the Blackfoot people. For millennia, people carved rock art with spiritual meaning on the sandstone hoodoos along the Milk River, with the oldest carvings being around 3,000 years old.[27]
Tr’ondëk-Klondike		Yukon	2023	1564; iv (cultural)	The discovery of gold and the subsequent gold rush at the end of the 19th century brought tens of thousands of prospectors to Klondike (a historical photo from Chilkoot Pass in 1898 is pictured). The interactions between the newcomers and the indigenous Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in people resulted in a unique cultural landscape with camps, towns, and mining infrastructure.[28][29]
Anticosti		Quebec	2023	1686; viii (natural)	The fossil assemblies at Anticosti Island date from the late Ordovician to early Silurian periods, 450 to 435 million years ago. They offer an exceptional insight in the succession of marine life over 15 million years, including the near disappearance of marine species in the Late Ordovician mass extinction.[30][31]

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In addition to sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage List are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list.^[32] Canada lists 10 properties on its tentative list.^[3]

• List of Biosphere Reserves in Canada
• National Historic Sites of Canada