List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines

List of academic databases and search engines

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This article contains a representative list of notable databases and search engines useful in an academic setting for finding and accessing articles in academic journals, institutional repositories, archives, or other collections of scientific and other articles. Databases and search engines differ substantially in terms of coverage and retrieval qualities.^[1] Users need to account for qualities and limitations of databases and search engines, especially those searching systematically for records such as in systematic reviews or meta-analyses.^[2] As the distinction between a database and a search engine is unclear for these complex document retrieval systems, see:

the general list of search engines for all-purpose search engines that can be used for academic purposes
the article about bibliographic databases for information about databases giving bibliographic information about finding books and journal articles.

The terms "free", "subscription", and "free & subscription" will refer to the availability of the website as well as the journal articles used. Furthermore, some programs are only partly free (for example, accessing abstracts or a small number of items), whereas complete access is prohibited (login or institutional subscription required).

The "Size" column denotes the number of documents (articles, publications, datasets, preprints) rather than the number of citations or references. The database itself should be the primary source of statistics, and if it is not accessible, the independent estimates released as journal papers should be. Notably, Google Scholar does not offer such detail, but the database's size has been calculated.^[2]

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Name	Discipline(s)	Size (full-texts)	Description	Access cost	Open data	Provider(s)
Internet Archive Scholar	Multidisciplinary	25,000,000	Focus on fulltext search of open access journals and conference proceedings	Free	Yes	Internet Archive
CORE^[3]	Multidisciplinary	9,800,000^[4] (207,000,000 metadata^[5])	A full text aggregator of all open access papers from repositories (institutional, subject, preprints, etc.) and journals. Around 20 million monthly active users.	Free	No^[4]	Open University
CiteSeerX^[6]	Multidisciplinary	8,401,126	Replaced CiteSeer, and ChemXSeer. Mainly Computer science, Statistics, Mathematics.	Free	Semi-free^[7]	Pennsylvania State University
Paperity^[8]	Multidisciplinary	10,500,000	Full-text aggregator of open access journals and papers (>17,000 journals) from all academic disciplines.	Free	No^[9]	Paperity Sp. z o.o.
Semantic Scholar	Multidisciplinary	8,100,000^[10] (200,000,000 metadata^[11])	Mostly computer science and biomedical publications. Powered by semantic analysis.	Free	Semi-free^[10]	Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence
Europe PMC^[12]	Biomedical	7,500,000 (39,000,000 metadata)	Abstracts & full text ( 7.5 million) biomedical and life sciences articles (Dec 2020). Includes text mining tools and links to external molecular and medical data sets.	Free	Yes	EMBL-EBI
PubMed Central (PMC)^[13]	Biomedical, life sciences	7,500,000	Free full-text archive of publications and preprints	Free	Yes	NIH, NLM
ResearchGate	Multidisciplinary	4,000,000^{[citation needed]}	Commercial social networking site for scientists and researchers. Over 19 million registered users that share their articles, datasets and other research output.	Free	No	ResearchGate GmbH
SSRN: Social Science Research Network	Social science	950,733	Research papers from more than 55 disciplines	Free & Subscription	No	Elsevier
HAL	Multidisciplinary	760,000 (2,000,000 metadata)^[14]	An open-access database for French researchers. Organized into institution and domain portals.	Free	Yes	CNRS's Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe (CCSD)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics^[15]	Economics	90,000 (3,200,000 metadata)^[16]	Working papers, journal articles, books, books chapters and software components (including 1.2 million full-text articles)	Free		IDEAS: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis EconPapers: Örebro University School of Business
PhilPapers	Philosophy	70,000^[17] (2,540,317 metadata)	Index journals, books, open access archives, and personal pages maintained by academics	Free		PhilPapers
ERIC: Educational Resource Information Center^[18]	Education	Unknown (1,500,000 metadata)	Education literature and resources dating back to 1966.	Free & Subscription		United States Department of Education (available by subscription from OCLC, CSA)
Synthical^[19]	Multidisciplinary	3,000,000^[20]	Pre-prints, mainly computer science, mathematics, statistics, chemistry, and biology.	Free	Yes	Synthical
Zendy^[21]	Multidisciplinary	Unknown (31,266,280 ^[22]	Focus on scholarly content including full-text papers, conference proceedings, indexed journals, books, and book chapters from open access sources. Content is available in 38 languages, covering various subjects and disciplines.	Free & Subscription	Yes	Knowledge E, Zendy

Name	Discipline(s)	Size	Description	Access cost	Provider(s)
AGRIS: Agricultural database^[23]	Agriculture	12,021,578	Covers agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, aquatic sciences and fisheries, human nutrition, extension literature from over 100 countries. Indexes unpublished scientific and technical reports, theses, conference papers, government publications.	Free	FAO
Arachne^[24]	Archaeology, Art history	4,485,534	2.4 million digital images from archive material, 1 million of books, 40,000 high quality scans of ancient sculptures, 300 volumes of ancient books with more than 60,000 pages	Free	DAI & University of Cologne
AMiner^[25]	Computer Science	265,034,285	Online service used to index and search academic social networks	Free	Tsinghua University
Arts & Humanities Citation Index^[26]	Arts, Humanities	4,900,000	Part of Web of Science. 1,800 journals across 28 arts & humanities disciplines. Records back from 1975 to present.	Subscription	Clarivate Analytics
Astrophysics Data System^[27]	Astrophysics, Geophysics, Physics	13,300,000	Publications in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Physics, and the arXiv e-prints	Free	Harvard University
ATLA Religion Database^[28]	Religious studies	3,000,000	Provides information on topics such as biblical studies, world religions, church history, and religion in social issues	Subscription	EBSCO Publishing
BASE: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine^[29]	Multidisciplinary	259,497,239	Metadata for 260 million documents from more than 8,000 content providers	Free	Bielefeld University
Book Review Index Online	Book reviews	5,600,000	Reviews of periodicals and books – including those on tape and electronic media	Subscription	Thomson Gale
Books in Print	Books	2,500,000	Reviews covering over 2.5 million titles	Subscription	R. R. Bowker
CAB Abstracts	Applied life sciences	10,000,000	Bibliographic information service providing access to applied life sciences literature.	Subscription	CABI
CINAHL: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health^[30]	Nursing, Allied Health	7,800,000	Journal articles about nursing, allied health, biomedicine and healthcare. Covers 5,500 journals (English and other language).	Subscription	EBSCO
CiNii^[31]	Multidisciplinary	22,000,000	Database of articles in the Japanese language from 3600 journals	Free & Subscription	National Institute of Informatics
CNKI	Multidisciplinary	160,000,000	A Chinese bibliographic database	Free & Subscription	CNKI
CORE^[3]	Multidisciplinary	207,000,000^[5]	Around 20 million monthly active users.	Free	Open University
Crossref^[32]	Multidisciplinary	111,231,936	An official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency of the International DOI Foundation. Metadata about publications, datasets, grants, preprints from 17,633 members (journals, publishers, etc.)	Free	Crossref
DeepDyve	Multidisciplinary	20,000,000	Commercial website that sells access to scientific and scholarly articles from a large range of academic publishers (over 1700 journals). Limited free access.	Free & Subscription	DeepDyve
Dimensions^[33]	Multidisciplinary	302,000,000	Publications, books and book chapters, preprints and conference proceedings (linked to data sets, funding, publications, patents, clinical trials, and policy documents). Based on CrossRef. Contains citation-based indicators and Altmetric attention scores.	Free & Subscription	Digital Science & Research Solutions Ltd
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)^[34]	Multidisciplinary	8,265,735	Articles from 18,652 open access journals (Dec 2022)	Free	Infrastructure Services for Open Access (IS4OA)
DBLP^[35]	Computer science	5,387,041	Comprehensive list of papers from major computer science conferences and journals	Free	Leibniz Center for Informatics and University of Trier
EconBiz^[36]	Economics	10,000,000	Covers journals, working papers & conferences in business studies and economics	Free	ZBW- German National Library of Economics– Leibniz Information Centre for Economics (ZBW)
EconLit^[37]	Economics	1,600,000	Covers articles and other materials dating back to 1969	Subscription	American Economic Association (available from EBSCOhost, ProQuest, OVID, and AEA)
EMBASE^[38]	Biomedicine, Pharmacology	32,000,000	Biomedical database with a focus on drug and pharmaceutical research. Rrecords from over 8,500 journals (1947–present).	Subscription	Elsevier
FSTA – Food Science and Technology Abstracts	Food science, Food technology, Nutrition	1,500,000	The database of information on food science, food technology and nutrition	Subscription	IFIS Publishing (available via EBSCOhost, IHS Inc., Ovid, Proquest Dialog, STN and Web of Science)
GeoRef^[39]	Geosciences	4,000,000	Records from 3,500 journals in 40 languages	Subscription	American Geosciences Institute
Google Scholar^[1]	Multidisciplinary	389,000,000	The biggest academic database & search engine (over 390 million records, unofficial estimate)	Free	Google
Informit	Multidisciplinary	8,000,000	Australasian aggregator of bibliographic databases and journals	Subscription	RMIT Training Pty Ltd (RMIT Training)
Inspec	Physics, Engineering, Computer Science	18,000,000	Contains records in physics, electrical engineering, electronics, communications, control engineering, information technology, manufacturing, production, and mechanical engineering.	Subscription	IET
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)^[40]	Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Energy, Medical Physics	4,600,000	A leading bibliographic and grey literature repository covering all areas of nuclear science and technology.	Free	International Atomic Energy Agency
International Philosophical Bibliography	Philosophy	1,000,000	Focus on the history of philosophy and continental philosophy.	Subscription	Université Catholique de Louvain (available from Peeters Publishers)
J-Gate^[41]	Multidisciplinary	71,692,382	J-Gate is an electronic gateway to global e-journal literature (articles from 58,000 journals)	Free & Subscription	Informatics India Ltd
The Lens^[42]	Multidisciplinary	228,108,724	Serves global patent and scholarly knowledge as a public good to inform science and technology enabled problem solving.	Free & Subscription	Cambia
MathSciNet	Mathematics	3,600,000	Records from 650 math journals (early 1800–present)	Subscription	American Mathematical Society
MEDLINE	Medicine, Healthcare	26,000,000	Easy-to-use interface to search and retrieve citations and abstracts from 5,200 journals via MeSH vocabulary	Free	NLM
MyScienceWork	Multidisciplinary	90,000,000	Database includes more than 90 million scientific publications and 12 million patents.	Free	MyScienceWork Inc
National Diet Library Collection	Multidisciplinary	44,187,016	Japanese. Catalog for the National Library of Japan.	Free	National Diet Library
OAIster^[43]	Multidisciplinary	30,000,000	Covers records contributed by over 1,500 organizations	Free	OCLC
OpenAIRE Graph	Multidisciplinary	242,000,000	Scientific Knowledge Graph aggregating, deduplicating, enriching metadata of publications, research data, research software, and other products, with citations links and links to funders and grants - core service in support of the European Open Science Cloud	Free	OpenAIRE AMKE (not-for-profit)
OpenAlex	Multidisciplinary	205,000,000^[44]	Index and metadata for all scholarly output.	Free	OurResearch
PsycINFO	Psychology	3,700,000	Focus at behavioral science and mental health. Coverage 1887–present.	Subscription	APA
PubMed^[45]	Biomedical, life sciences	30,000,000	A database primarily of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. Includes MEDLINE, PubMed Central, and Bookshelf.	Free	NIH, NLM
RSWBplus^[46]	Civil Engineering, Architecture	1,600,000	Bibliographic database for planning and building related publications, chronological coverage since 1975. Focus: German-language publications, journal articles, book chapters, conference papers, research reports.	Subscription	Fraunhofer IRB
Russian Science Citation Index	Multidisciplinary	35,409,829	A bibliographic database of scientific publications in Russian	Free	Scientific Electronic Library
ScienceOpen	Multidisciplinary	66,000,000	Natural and physical sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Incorporates arXiv, PubMed, and SciELO. Integrated with ORCID Altmetric uids. Articles from >25,000 journals.	Free	ScienceOpen Inc.
Scopus^[47]	Multidisciplinary	78,000,000	Records from over 20,500 titles from over 5,000 international publishers	Subscription	Elsevier
Web of Science^[47]	Multidisciplinary	171,000,000	Includes other products, such as Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index, Biological Abstracts & The Zoological Record	Subscription	Clarivate Analytics
Zasshi Kiji Sakuin: Japanese Periodicals Index	Multidisciplinary	6,600,000	Scholarly articles in Japanese	Free & Subscription	National Diet Library
Zentralblatt MATH	Mathematics	4,000,000	Mainly reviews and abstracts.	Free	FIZ Karlsruhe
The Zoological Record	Zoology	3,500,000	Unofficial register of scientific names & papers in zoology. Coverage 1864–present.	Subscription	Clarivate Analytics

Name	Discipline(s)	Size	Description	Access cost	Provider(s)
Academic Search^[48]	Multidisciplinary		Several versions: Complete, Elite, Premier, and Alumni Edition	Subscription	EBSCO Publishing
Aerospace & High Technology Database	Aerospace, Aeronautics, Astronautics		Provides indexing and abstracts from current serial and non-serial titles, including content from AIAA and NASA	Subscription	ProQuest
African Journals OnLine (AJOL)^[49]	Multidisciplinary	185,649	Scholarly journals published in Africa	Free & Subscription	AJOL
AgeLine^[48]	Sociology, Gerontology		Includes information on aging-related topics, including economics, public health and policy	Subscription	EBSCO Publishing
AGRICOLA: Agricultural Online Access^[50]	Agriculture		Provides public access to information on agriculture and allied fields (17th century - present)	Free & Subscription	NAL (free access NAL, subscription access ProQuest, OVID)
Airiti	Multidisciplinary		Chinese e-content provider of Chinese academic e-journals, Taiwanese academic e-journals, classical art images	Subscription	Airiti Inc.
Analytical Abstracts^[51]	Chemistry	505,481	Selection of analytical chemistry articles published by the Royal Society of Chemistry (around 100 journals)	Subscription	RSC
Anthropological Index Online^[52]	Anthropology		Indexes only (no abstracts or full-text) the anthropology journals received by The Anthropology Library at The British Museum	Free & Subscription	RAI
Anthropological Literature^[53]	Anthropology, Archaeology	670,000	An index of journals primarily from Tozzer Library, as well as other open-access journals (660 journals with more than 670,000 articles)	Free & Subscription	Harvard University (non-Harvard access provided by OCLC)
ArchiveGrid	Multidisciplinary		Directory of archival materials from American and international institutions, including over five million records	Free	WorldCat
ASCE Library	Civil Engineering	150,000	All civil engineering disciplines including structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, construction engineering, environmental engineering, engineering mechanics, sustainability, water resources, irrigation. hydraulics, hydrology, waterways, urban planning, cold regions ...	Free & Subscription	ASCE
AULIMP: Air University Library's Index to Military Periodicals	Military Science		The articles, news items, book reviews and editorials from 63 English language military and aeronautical periodicals	Free	Air University
Biological Abstracts^[54]	Biology		Biomedical research literature published from more than 4,000 journals internationally.	Subscription	Thomson Reuters
Cabells	Multidisciplinary	35,000	Database to discover, evaluate, and compare journals. Journal listings include publication info, submission guidelines, and metrics.	Subscription	Cabells
Chemical Abstracts Service	Chemistry		Approximately 8,000 journals, technical reports, dissertations, conference proceedings, and new books	Subscription	ACS
Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index^[55]	Social sciences	60,000	Covers about 500 Chinese academic journals of humanities and social sciences	Subscription	Nanjing University
CHBD: Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database^[56]	Medicine	7,900	Contains records describing publications about all aspects of human health in the circumpolar region	Free	University of Calgary
Civil engineering database	Civil engineering	270,000	A bibliographic database covering all of ASCE's publications since 1872	Free	American Society of Civil Engineers
Cochrane Library	Medicine, Healthcare		Includes reviews of research to promote evidence-based healthcare.	Subscription	Wiley Interscience
Current Contents	Multidisciplinary		Part of Web of Science. Contains 7 discipline-specific subsets.	Subscription	Clarivate Analytics
DSI: Stuttgart_Database_of_Scientific_Illustrators_1450–1950	Multidisciplinary	13,096	bio-bibliographic data about illustrators of published scientific works from c.1450 until 1950 in 100+ countries, with 20 search fields	Free	compiled by the Section for History of Science & Technology, University_of_Stuttgart
Index Copernicus^[57]	Multidisciplinary		Contains over 2,500 journals (including 700 journals from Poland).	Free	Index Copernicus Ltd
Information Bridge: Department of Energy Scientific and Technical Information	Multidisciplinary	266,000	Provides free public access to over 266,000 full-text documents and bibliographic citations of Department of Energy (DOE) research report literature. Documents are primarily from 1991 forward.	Free	DOE (OSTI)
Indian Citation Index^[58]	Multidisciplinary	860,000	Covers articles from 1100+ journals from India from scientific, technical, medical, and social sciences	Subscription	ICI
IARP^[59]	Multidisciplinary		Open-access knowledge management system incorporating grants, publications, conferences in natural and social & behavioral sciences	Free	Volunteer Collaboration
INSPIRE-HEP	Physics, (High Energy)		An open access digital library for the field of high energy physics (HEP) (operates since the 1970s)	Free	CERN, DESY, Fermilab, SLAC and IHEP
International Directory of Philosophy	Philosophy	37,000	Contains information on university philosophy departments and programs, philosophical societies, research centers, journals, and philosophy publishers in the U.S., Canada, and approximately 130 other countries.	Free & Subscription	Philosophy Documentation Center
International Medieval Bibliography^[60]	Medieval studies	440,000	A multidisciplinary bibliographic database covering Europe, North Africa and the Middle East for the entire period from AD 300 to 1500	Subscription	Leeds University (available from Brepols Publishers)
JournalSeek	Multidisciplinary		Catalogues over 39,000 journals' information (the description, aims, scope, journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN).	Free & Subscription	Genamics
Jurn	Multidisciplinary		Index property and open access journals in the arts, humanities, ecology, science, biomedical, business and economics.	Free	David Haden
L'Année philologique	Classical studies		Over 860,000 bibliographical entries, including keywords, abstracts, and links to the full text.	Subscription	Société Internationale de Bibliographie Classique (available from Brepols Publishers)
LexisNexis	Law		Electronic database for legal and public-records related information	Subscription	Reed Elsevier
Lingbuzz	Linguistics	550,000	A free archive of linguistics articles, with a focus on syntax, semantics, phonology and morphology	Free	University of Tromsø
Linguamatics	Medicine, Healthcare, Patents		Interface for searching MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA Drug Labels, PubMed Central, and Patent Abstracts.	Subscription	Linguamatics
Logeion	Classical Studies		An open-access database of Latin and Ancient Greek dictionaries	Free	University of Chicago
Mendeley^[61]	Multidisciplinary	N/A	Crowdsourced database of research documents. Over 100M documents uploaded by the researchers plus data from repositories (e.g. PubMed and arXiv)	Free & Subscription	Elsevier
National Criminal Justice Reference Service	Criminology, Sociology	225,000	Abstracts of scholarly journal articles, agency and NGO reports, audiovisual products, and conference proceedings.	Free	United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs
OpenGrey	Grey literature	700,000	Indexes European grey literature	Free	Institut de l'information scientifique et technique
ORCID^[62]	Multidisciplinary		An open and independent registry for contributor identification in research and academic publishing. List: biography, education, employment, works, grants, peer-review. Over 9.3 million profiles.	Free	ORCID Inc.
Philosophy Documentation Center eCollection	Applied ethics, Philosophy, Religious studies		Journals, series, conference proceedings, and other works from several countries online	Free & Subscription	Philosophy Documentation Center
POIESIS: Philosophy Online Serials	Philosophy, applied ethics, religious studies		Journals and series, online access for institutions with print	Free & Subscription	Philosophy Documentation Center
Publons^[63]	Multidisciplinary		Service for academics to track their peer review and editorial contributions for academic journals. Merged with ResearcherID	Free	Clarivate Analytics
PubPsych	Psychology	800,000	Datasets and offers, where available, full-text linking, links to additional information and link resolving	Free	Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature	Literature		Reference guide to articles in >470 periodical magazines and journals, organized by article subject (1890 to present)	Subscription	H. W. Wilson Company
Rock's Backpages^[64]	Music	40,000	Primary documents from the history of rock and roll. Articles, including interviews, features and reviews, which covered popular music from blues and soul	Free & Subscription	Backpages Ltd
SafetyLit	Multidisciplinary	640,000	>35 distinct professional disciplines (architecture - zoology) relevant to preventing unintentional injuries, violence, and self-harm	Free	SafetyLit Foundation
Science.gov	Multidisciplinary		A gateway to government science information and research results from over 60 databases, over 2,200 websites, and over 200 million pages.	Free	United States Government
Science Citation Index^[65]	Multidisciplinary		Part of Web of Science. 24,000+ journals across 254 subject disciplines.	Subscription	Clarivate Analytics
Scientific Information Database (SID)	Engineering & Technology, Medical Science, Basic Science, Human Sciences		An Iranian index of academic journals and access to full text or metadata	Free	Scientific Information Database
SCIndeks - Serbian Citation Index	Multidisciplinary	80,000	A bibliographic database, a national citation index, an Open Access full-text journal repository and an electronic publishing platform. Articles from >230 journals.	Free	CEON/CEES - Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science
SNAC (Social Networks and Archival Contexts)	Multidisciplinary		Directory of archival materials grouped by subject entity	Free
Social Sciences Citation Index	Social science		Part of Web of Science	Subscription	Clarivate Analytics
Socolar	Multidisciplinary		Scholarly open access resources in different language (mainly Chinese)	Free & Subscription	China Educational Publications Import and Export Corporation
Ulrich's Periodicals Directory	Multidisciplinary	336,000	Provides serials for periodicals	Subscription	ProQuest
VET-Bib	Social Science, Education	80,000	European vocational education and training (VET) literature	Free	Cedefop
WestLaw	Law		Over 40,000 databases of case law, state and federal statutes, administrative codes, newspaper and magazine articles, public records, law journals, law reviews, treatises, legal forms and other information resources	Subscription	Thomson Reuters
WorldCat^[66]	Multidisciplinary		Unified catalog of member libraries' catalogs	Free & Subscription	OCLC Inc.
WorldWideScience	Multidisciplinary		A union catalog that itemizes the collections of 17,900 libraries in 123 countries	Free & Subscription	DOE (OSTI)

Name	Discipline(s)	Size	Description	Access cost	Provider(s)
Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library	Computer Science, Engineering	2,892,573	Collection of all ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books	Subscription	Association for Computing Machinery
Analytical Sciences Digital Library^[67]	Analytical chemistry		A collection of peer-reviewed electronic resources on chemical measurements and instrumentation	Free	NSDL and ACS
Bibliographie de civilisation médiévale	Medieval studies		A bibliography of monographs on the Middle Ages. As of 2018, it contains about 65,000 fully classified bibliographic records.	Subscription	University of Poitiers (available from Brepols Publishers)
BioOne	Biology, Ecology, Environmental Science		Full-text from >180 scientific journals in Biodiversity Conservation, Biology, Ecology, Environmental Science, Entomology, Ornithology, Plant Science, and Zoology.	Free & Subscription	BioOne
IEEE Xplore	Computer Science, Engineering, Electronics	5,360,654	Over 5 million records.	Subscription	IEEE
IngentaConnect	Multidisciplinary	5,000,000	Covers articles from 13,000 journals	Free & Subscription	Ingenta
JSTOR: Journal Storage	Multidisciplinary	12,000,000	Journal articles, books, and primary sources in 75 disciplines (1870–present)	Free & Subscription	JSTOR
OpenEdition.org	Humanities, social science	60,000	Offers four international-scale publication and information platforms in the humanities and social sciences (10,661 books, 549 journals, 3793 blogs, 45,591 events).	Free	Cléo (UMS 3287) CNRS EHESS University of Avignon
Project MUSE	Humanities, social science		MUSE's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries. More than 2,500 libraries worldwide subscribe.	Subscription	Project MUSE, Johns Hopkins University Press
SciELO	Multidisciplinary	573,525	Database and a model for cooperative electronic publishing in developing countries (mostly South America and Africa). Indexes >1700 journals.	Free	FAPESP, CNPq and BIREME
ScienceDirect	Science including Medicine	18,000,000	Content from more than 4,000 academic journals and 30,000 e-books	Subscription	Elsevier
SpringerLink	Multidisciplinary	13,859,779	Journals, books, series, protocols, reference works and proceedings	Free & Subscription	Springer

Name	Discipline(s)	Description	Access cost	Provider(s)
Bioinformatic Harvester	Biology, Bioinformatics	A meta search engine for 50 major bioinformatic databases and projects. Project appears to be not available anymore.	Free	Liebel-Lab KIT from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
citeULike	Computer science	Not available. Ceased operations as of March 30, 2019	Free	Oversity Ltd.
ChemXSeer	Chemistry	The project seems abandoned in 2018	Free	Pennsylvania State University
citebase Search	Mathematics, Computer science, Physics	Semi-autonomous citation index of free online research. Not available; ceased operations in 2013	Free	University of Southampton
citeSeer	Computer Science	Replaced by citeSeerX.	Free	Pennsylvania State University
Chemisches Zentralblatt Structural Database	Science, Chemistry	Web-based retrieval application that provided language-independent access to the information contained in Chemisches Zentralblatt	Subscription	InfoChem
CogPrints: Cognitive Sciences Eprint Archive	Multidisciplinary	An electronic archive for self-archive papers in Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, Computer Science, Philosophy, Biology, and Medicine. Contains over 2000 free articles. Not updated since 2017.	Free	University of Southampton
The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies	Computer science	One of the oldest (if not the oldest) bibliography collections freely accessible on the Internet (founded 1993). Contains 4.2 million records. Not updated since 2017.	Free	Alf-Christian Achilles
Current Index to Statistics	Statistics	Limited free search. Not updated since 2017.	Subscription	American Statistical Association and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Ei Compendex	Engineering	Electronic version of Engineering Index	Subscription	Elsevier
GENESIS	Women's history	Descriptions of women's history collections from sources in the UK, as well as women's history websites.	Free	London Metropolitan University
Global Health^[68]	Public Health	Specialist abstracting and indexing database dedicated to public health research and practice. Contains scientific records from 1973 to the present.	Subscription	CABI
HCI Bibliography	Human–computer interface	An electronic bibliography for most of HCI for researchers, developers, educators, and students. Over 126,000 publications. Not updated since 2018.	Free	Gary Perlman
International Bibliography of Humanism and the Renaissance	Renaissance studies	A bibliography of academic publications on European culture and history in the 16th and 17th centuries. It seems that the database is not available and not updated since 2013.	Subscription	Brepols Publishers
Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts	Meteorology, Astrophysics, Geology	Over 508,379 records from 654 journals. It seems that the database is not available and not updated since 2009.	Subscription	American Meteorological Society (available from Dialog and CSA).
Microsoft Academic^[69]	Multidisciplinary	Covered publications from over 49,000 journals. Retired on December 31, 2021.^[70]	Free	Microsoft
Philosophy Research Index	Philosophy	Index of books, journals, dissertations, and other documents. Merged with PhilPapers.	Subscription	Philosophy Documentation Center
POPLINE	Population, Family Planning	A collection of population, family planning and related reproductive health and development literature. Retired in 2019.	Free	Knowledge for Health, Center for Communication Programs, JHSPH
Questia: Online Research Library	Multidisciplinary	Emphasis on books and journal articles in the humanities and social sciences. Closed down on December 21, 2020	Subscription	Questia
Science Accelerator	Multidisciplinary	A gateway to results of DOE research and development and major R&D accomplishments of interest to DOE. Not working from 2014	Free	DOE
Sparrho	Multidisciplinary	Research articles and patents from 45k+ journals and preprint servers. Uses content recommendation concept.	Subscription	Distylled Ltd.

List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines

List of academic databases and search engines

Operating services

Full-text aggregators

Metadata services

Smaller metadata services

Publishers

Services no longer operating

See also

References

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