List_of_campaigns_of_Suleiman_the_Magnificent

List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent

List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent

List of the campaigns carried out by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I

The imperial campaigns (Ottoman Turkish: سفر همايون, romanized: sefer-i humāyūn)[Note 1] were a series of campaigns led by Suleiman, who was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.[1]

Quick Facts Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent, Date ...
Map showing Ottoman conquests
The growth of the Ottoman Empire. The map is showing Suleiman's conquests in comparison with his predecessors and successors.

In 1520, Suleiman became the Sultan at the age of 25, succeeding his father Selim I (who had himself more than doubled the size of the Empire through his own campaigns), and began a series of military conquests.[2] In addition to campaigns led by his viziers and admirals, Suleiman personally led 13 campaigns.[3][Note 2] The total duration of these campaigns was ten years and three months.[4] The details of the first eight campaigns were preserved in Suleiman's diary.[3] His main opponents were Ferdinand I from the House of Habsburg (later the Holy Roman Emperor), and Tahmasp I of Safavid Persia. Most of Suleiman's campaigns were directed to the west.[5] In 1521 the Ottomans captured Belgrade, which had been besieged unsuccessfully by Mehmed the Conqueror, and in 1526 the Battle of Mohács ended with the defeat of Louis II of Hungary.[5] But Suleiman did not annex most of Hungary till 1541. In 1529 Suleiman's conquests were checked at the siege of Vienna. Although from 1529 to 1566 the borders of the Ottoman Empire moved further west, none of the later campaigns achieved the decisive victory that would secure the new Ottoman possessions.[6] He annexed most of the Near East in his conflict with the Safavids.[4] Under Suleiman's rule, the Ottoman annexed large swathes of North Africa as far west as Algeria, while the Ottoman fleet dominated the Mediterranean Sea.[7]

In January 1566 Suleiman, who had ruled the Ottoman Empire for 46 years, went to war for the last time.[8] Although he was 72 years old and suffered gout to the extent that he was carried on a litter, he nominally commanded his thirteenth military campaign.[8] On 1 May 1566, the Sultan left Constantinople at the head of one of the largest armies he had ever commanded.[8] Nikola Šubić Zrinski's success in an attack upon an Ottoman encampment at Siklós, and as a consequence Suleiman's siege of Szigetvár, blocked Ottoman's line of advance towards Vienna.[9] Although an Ottoman victory, the battle stopped the Ottoman push for Vienna that year, since Suleiman died during the siege.[10]

Usage

The table's columns (except for Notes and Images) are sortable by pressing the arrows symbols. The following gives an overview of what is included in the table and how the sorting works.

  • #: number of the campaigns which Suleiman personally led. This does not include the campaigns led by his viziers and admirals.
  • Campaign: name of the campaigns (alternative names for some campaigns are included below the first name)

  Campaigns in continental Europe
  Campaigns in the Near East
  Amphibious campaigns in the Mediterranean

  • Campaign dates: time period of campaign with opening and terminal dates of each campaign
  • Notes: Campaign path which is in small font, describes Suleiman's exact direction in particular campaign. Suleiman's main battle/target is bolded. Below the campaign path there is a short description of the campaign, covering all major events.
  • Image: presented image is closely related with campaign, usually showing the main battle/target

Campaigns

Main article: Suleiman the Magnificent
More information #, Campaign ...


Suleiman's opponents

See also

Notes

Footnotes
  1. [N 1]
    The Ottoman Turkish name for the imperial campaigns, according to Şemseddin Sâmî (Frashëri) in his book (Kamûs-ül Â'lâm)
  2. [N 2]
    Some sources list 14 campaigns as Suleiman did made preparations for a campaign against his son Şehzade Beyazıt in 1559, but he renounced campaigning upon the latter's retreat to Persia (Encyclopaedia metropolitana: or Universal dictionary of knowledge, Volume 13. (1845) B. Fellowes).
  3. [N 3]
    The alternative name of Suleiman's sixth campaign is "Iraqain" (Turkish: Irakeyn), which refers to "The Two Iraqs": 'Irāq-i 'Ajem and 'Irāq-i 'Arab
  4. [N 4]
    Suleiman nominally commanded his thirteenth military campaign, but his Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha was the real operational commander of the Ottoman forces (Sakaoğlu (1999), pp. 140–141.).
Citations
  1. [1]
    Zürcher (1999), p. 38.
  2. [2]
    Turnbull (2003), p. 45.
  3. [3]
    Pitcher (1972), p. 111.
  4. [4]
    Pitcher (1972), p. 112.
  5. [5]
    Faroqhi (2008), p. 62.
  6. [6]
    Uyar and Erickson (2009), p. 74.
  7. [7]
    Mansel (2006), p. 61.
  8. [8]
    Turnbull (2003), p. 55.
  9. [9]
    Turnbull (2003), p. 56.
  10. [10]
    Turnbull (2003), p. 57.
  11. [11]
    Pitcher (1972), pp. 111–112.
  12. [12]
    Imber (2002), p. 49.
  13. [13]
    Kinross (1979), p. 176.
  14. [14]
    Turnbull (2003), p. 49.
  15. [15]
    Corvisier and Childs (1994), p. 289.
  16. [16]
    Turnbull (2003), pp. 55–56.
  17. [17]
    Kinross (1979), p. 187.
  18. [18]
    Turnbull (2003), pp. 49–51.
  19. [19]
    Sander (1897), p. 49.
  20. [20]
    Egemen (2002), p. 505.
  21. [21]
    Encyclopaedia Britannica, Expo 70 ed., Vol 21, p.388
  22. [22]
    Wheatcroft (2009), p. 59.
  23. [23]
    Turnbull (2003), p. 51.
  24. [24]
    Thompson (1996), p. 442.
  25. [25]
    Ágoston and Alan Masters (2009), p. 583.
  26. [26]
    Vambery, p. 298.
  27. [27]
    Akgunduz and Ozturk (2011), p. 184.
  28. [28]
    Black (1996), p. 26.
  29. [29]
    Turnbull (2003), pp. 51–52.
  30. [30]
    Cavendish (2006), p. 193.
  31. [31]
    Turnbull (2003), p. 52.
  32. [32]
    Setton (1984), pp. 432–433.
  33. [33]
    Kurat (1966), p. 49.
  34. [34]
    Shaw (1976), p. 100.
  35. [35]
    Iorga (2005), p. 356. (Vol 2)
  36. [36]
    Akgunduz and Ozturk (2011), p. 185.
  37. [37]
    Iorga (2005), pp. 26–27. (Vol 3)
  38. [38]
    Kinross (1979), p. 236.
  39. [39]
    Setton (1984), pp. 845–846.
  40. [40]
    Shelton (1867), pp. 82–83.
  41. [41]
    Elliott (2000), p. 118.

References

  • Ágoston, Gábor; Alan Masters, Bruce (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1.
  • Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011). Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. ISBN 978-90-902610-8-9.
  • Black, Jeremy (1996). Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47033-9.
  • Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.
  • Corvisier, André; Childs, John (1994). A dictionary of military history and the art of war. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-16848-5.
  • Egemen, Feridun (2002). "Sultan Süleyman Çağı ve Cihan Devleti", Türkler, Cilt 9 (in Turkish). Yeni Türkiye Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-6782-42-2.
  • Elliott, John Huxtable (2000). Europe divided, 1559–1598. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21780-0.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya (2008). The Ottoman Empire: a short history. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55876-449-1.
  • Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-61386-3.
  • Iorga, Nicolae (2005). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi, Vol 2 : 1451–1538 and Vol 3 : 1538–1640 (translated by Nilüfer Epçeli) (in Turkish). Yeditepe. ISBN 978-975-6480-17-5.
  • Kinross, Patrick (1979). The Ottoman centuries : The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet (1966). Türkiye ve İdil boyu (in Turkish). Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Mansel, Philip (2006). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6880-0.
  • Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire. Brill.
  • Sander, Oral (1987). Osmanlı diplomasi tarihi üzerine bir deneme (in Turkish). Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2001). Bu Mülkün Sultanları: 36 Osmanlı Padişahi (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık ve Reklamcılık. ISBN 978-975-329-299-3.
  • Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The Sixteenth Century. Vol. III. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-161-3.
  • Shaw, Stanford J. (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.
  • Shelton, Edward (1867). The book of battles: or, Daring deeds by land and sea. Houlston and Wright.
  • Thompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-6348-5.
  • Turnbull, Stephen R (2003). The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699. Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-415-96913-0.
  • Uyar, Mesut; J. Erickson, Edward (2009). A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0.
  • Vambery, Armin. Hungary in Ancient Mediaeval and Modern Times. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-4400-9034-9.
  • Wheatcroft, Andrew (2009). The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01374-6.
  • Zürcher, Erik Jan (1999). Arming the state: military conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775–1925. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-404-7.

Further reading

  • Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
  • Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57451-9.
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