List_of_massacres_in_Germany

List of massacres in Germany

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The following is an incomplete list of massacres that have occurred in present-day Germany and its predecessors:

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[1] [1]
"Wurzburg, Germany". Retrieved 21 December 2023.

[2] [2]
"The History of the Würzburg Community Before the Holocaust".

[3] [3]
Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906. .

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Haim Beinart (1981), Carta's Atlas of the Jewish people in the Middle Ages; Carta Jerusalem; ISBN 965-220-035-2

[5] [5]
Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906. Black Death.

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Gegenfrage.com: 21.03.1349: Das Massaker an den Juden in Erfurt, 21.03.2017 [in German].

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Mittelalter entdecken: Juden im Mittelalter - Teil 2: Judenverfolgungen ab 1096 [Discovering Middle Ages: Jews in the Middle Ages - Part 2: Prosecutions of Jews in and after 1096].

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Mittelalter entdecken: Juden im Mittelalter - Teil 2: Judenverfolgungen ab 1096 [Discovering Middle Ages: Jews in the Middle Ages - Part 2: Prosecutions of Jews in and after 1096].

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Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (3 August 2011). A distant mirror. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-307-29160-8. Retrieved 27 August 2011.

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Horst Grunewald: Auf den Spuren der Habsburger in der Euroregion Neiße-Nisa-Nysa, 180p. University of California, Berkeley, Oettel 2005.

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"Ueberlingen". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 22 March 2024.

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Seewald, Berthold (19 March 2018). "Revolution 1848: Als Wutbürger wirklich auf die Barrikaden gingen - WELT". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 12 February 2024.

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Jochheim, Gernot (20 November 2014). "18. März 1848: revolutionärer Aufstand in Berlin - Der 18. März in der deutschen Demokratiegeschichte - bpb.de". bpb.de (in German). Retrieved 10 January 2024.

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"Lüneburg (Massacre on 11 April 1945)". KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme. Retrieved 10 December 2023.

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Gröning, Lars (11 April 2020). "Massaker an KZ-Häftlingen zum Kriegsende in Lüneburg - NDR.de - Geschichte - Chronologie - Kriegsende". Norddeutscher Rundfunk (in German). Retrieved 31 March 2024.

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"Leipzig-Thekla". aussenlager-buchenwald.de (in German). Retrieved 10 December 2023.

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"The Abtnaundorf Massacre". Retrieved 10 December 2023.

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"Gedenkstätte Zwangsarbeit in Leipzig - ausführlicher Text". www.zwangsarbeit-in-leipzig.de (in German). 18 April 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.

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Woszczerowicz, Zuzanna (2022). "Recenzja: Zbigniew Kopociński, Krzysztof Kopociński, Horka – łużycka Golgota służby zdrowia 2. Armii Wojska Polskiego". Zeszyty Łużyckie (in Polish). 57: 257. doi:10.32798/zl.954. ISSN 0867-6364.

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"Die Waldheimer Prozesse im Frühjahr 1950 - MDR.DE". MDR.DE (in German). 21 April 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2024.

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"German Shooter's plan to encourage copycats foiled as "homemade 3D printer gun" Jams Rpeatedly". The Telegraph. 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.

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"Germany shooting: 'Far-right extremist' carried out shisha bars attacks". BBC News. 20 February 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.

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Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Blood court at Cannstatt	746	Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Suabia	several thousands	mass killing of Suabian leaders by Frankish ruler Carloman after failed uprising; many details unclear
Massacre of Verden	782	Verden, Lower Saxony	04,500	mass killing of Saxons by Frankish king Charlemagne during his campaign to conquer and Christianize their territory in today's Northern Germany
Lenzen massacre	929	Old Saxony	0Unknown	Slavic captives, taken after the Battle of Lenzen, beheaded by king Henry the Fowler in Saxony
Recknitz massacre	16 October 955	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	700700	700 Slavic prisoners beheaded by king Otto the Great. Slavic leader Stoigniew beheaded, and his counsellor's eyes and tongue gouged and torn out.

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Speyer killings (1096)	3 May 1096	Speyer	11	After the first killings had happened, the majority of the Jews were saved by the bishop of Speyer, who allowed them to enter his palace without demanding baptism. Later, he even had some prosecutors severely punished. 10 people killed plus one suicide, the names of the victims are known as are many details of the event.
Worms massacre (1096)	18 May 1096 and 25 May 1096	Worms	500–800; about 400 known by name	On May 18, the crusaders killed some Jews they had found in their houses. Probably on May 25, they killed those who had found refuge in the bishop Adalbert's castle. Thus, the majority of the Jewish community of Worms were killed or committed suicide, only a few survived by accepting baptism. Like almost all of these forced converts, they secretly continued to practice Judaism and were allowed to return to their religion some months later. Many details about the event are recorded.
Mainz massacre (1096)	27 May 1096	Mainz	up to 600, other sources say 1,014 or about 1,100	Many details recorded. The crusaders reached Mainz on 25 May and managed to enter the city the following day. The Jewish community of Mainz, informed about the Worms massacre, paid 300 pieces of silver to the bishop for his protection. He allowed them to enter his castle, but under the combined attack of crusaders and parts of the citizens of Mainz, he had to flee himself, and could not protect the Jews anymore. According to one source, under the leadership of Kalonymus ben Meshullam they offered desperate resistance against the crusaders. Finally, almost the whole community committed suicide or was killed. Several Jews who had accepted baptism to save their lives committed suicide soon later, one of them setting his house and the synagogue on fire. According to another source, Kalonymus and 53 of his comrades had been killed by the crusaders in Worms on May 27.
Cologne massacre (1096)	1 June 1096	Cologne	Estimates run from several dozen to about 300 up to 500–700	This massacre is less well documented than the events in Speyer and Mainz. Synagogue destroyed, Jewish houses looted, many Jews killed. Archbishop Hermann III. (1089-1099) tried to protect the Jews by distributing them over seven villages or fortified towns around Cologne: Neuss, Xanten, Moers, Geldern, Wevelinghoven, Kerpen and Eller. But at several of these places the refugees were rounded up and killed end of June, with many of them committing suicide or killing each other to avoid baptism. The higher estimates of victims seem to include Jews from Cologne killed at other places. - 1096 pogroms are also attested in Magdeburg (expulsion), Regensburg (forced baptism in Danube river with return to Judaism after one year) and Prague (today Czech Republic; massacre of June 30). Unclear reports refer to Andernach and Koblenz.
Trier pogrom (1096)	June 1096	Trier	10	Names of the victims are recorded, two of them were from Cologne. Most of the casualties (if not all) happened by suicide, some by parents killing their children and then themselves, some by women jumping into the river Moselle with stones in their clothes. The majority of the community survived by taking rescue in bishop Egildert's castle who forced them to accept baptism. Another source mentions the basilica of Trier as place of (first?) rescue (before the suicides?). The Jews of Trier had prevented a massacre in April by paying money and handing over provisions to a group of crusaders coming from France. The actual pogrom carried out in June by another group of crusaders coming from Mainz, a detachment of Count Emicho's troops. Precise date of the event unknown; with regard to the distances from Mainz, Metz and Neuss, a date around June 5 is plausible.
Neuss massacre (1096)	24 June 1096	Neuss	about 200(?)	Jews who had been evacuated from Cologne were killed in Neuss. According to one source, 200 Jews from Cologne had managed to escape with a ship on river Rhine to be caught and massacred by crusaders at Neuss.
Xanten massacre (1096)	27 June 1096	Xanten	about 60	Jews who had escaped from Cologne were killed in Xanten. One source indicates that killings of Jews from Cologne happened in Wevelinghoven on June 25 and in Eller (now part of Düsseldorf) on June 26, 1096. The killings at Neuss, Xanten, Wevelinghoven and Eller have been carried out by the same troupe of Crusaders who had committed the pogroms of Trier and Metz several days before.

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Würzburg massacre (1147)	1147	Würzburg	unknown	Jews murdered, motivated by the Second Crusade 1147-49.^[1]^[2]
Neuss killing (1187)	1187	Neuss	7	A Jew who had killed a Christian girl was lynched by the mob, after that six innocent Jews. Houses of the killed were looted. The victims have been buried beside the graves of the victims of the 1096 massacre.
Frankfurt massacre (1241)	24 May 1241	Frankfurt	up to 180	Violence started on Friday evening and lasted for two days with attacked Jews offering resistance. Three rabbis among the killed. Jewish community in Frankfurt destroyed until return of Jews around 1260, new community existed until destruction in the 1349 massacre.
Rintfleisch massacres	20 April 1298 – 19 October 1298	Southern Germany, Thuringia	Unknown. Estimates run from 4,000–5,000 to 20,000, one source estimates 100,000^[3] (poorly recorded)	Mass killing of Jews in 146 villages and cities, killing around 20,000 or more people,^[4] of which 3,441 victims are documented name by name. The estimate of 100,000 killed is most probably an exaggeration. The killings peaked mid/end of July, only three massacres happened between August and October. The number of victims can only be speculated, however the poorly recorded Rintfleisch massacres allegedly reached the dimensions of the 1096 Rhineland massacres.
Armleder riots	1336–1338	Rhineland, Bavaria	unknown	Riots accompanied by a series of massacres against Jews in Western and Southern Germany, including Alsace (now French).

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Stuttgart massacre (1348)	November 1348	Stuttgart	unknown	The massacres of November 1348 in Stuttgart and nearby Esslingen may have been the first of the Black Death Jewish persecutions in Germany depending on the precise date which is not recorded (before or after the Augsburg event of Nov. 22?).
Augsburg massacre (1348)	22 November 1348	Augsburg	more than 100	The partial destruction of the Jewish community of Augsburg was one of the first massacres of the Black Death Jewish persecutions in Germany, perhaps the first one.
Lindau massacre (1348)	6 December 1348	Lindau	15–18	Jews of Lindau burnt alive. Return of Jews to Lindau around 1378 only.
Speyer massacre (1349)	22 January 1349	Speyer	about 400	Complete destruction of the city's Jewish community.
Freiburg massacre (1349)	30 January 1349	Freiburg		The event is closely connected with the massacres in Basel (50-70 burnt on Jan. 16, 1349) and Straßburg (Feb. 14, up to 2000 killed), which both happened outside of today's Germany. On Jan 1, some Jews of Freiburg were arrested and accused of poisoning wells. Under torture, four of them confessed and/or told the names of "further" well poisoners. The Freiburg community was killed by burning. Only the 12 richest Jews were spared, as were pregnant women and children, the latter being forcibly baptized. The epidemic reached the city in May 1349 only.
Landshut massacre (1349)	17 February 1349	Landshut	some hundreds (?)	Like in Erfurt, the Jews have been murdered before the epidemic had reached the city. The massacre has been fully backed by Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria.
Worms massacre (1349)	1 March 1349	Worms	580	To preempt their prosecutors, many Jews of Worms committed suicide by burning their own houses.
Erfurt massacre (1349)	1349	Erfurt	100–3,000^[5]	Precise date of the massacre March 21 (a Friday) is not fully confirmed, other sources say March 2 (a Sunday). The Black Death, the murdered Jews were charged with, reached Erfurt in 1350 only.^[6]
Würzburg massacre (1349)	21 April 1349	Würzburg	Several hundreds^[7]	Mass murder of Jews during the night of 20–21 April 1349^[8]
Frankfurt massacre (1349)	14 July 1349	Frankfurt	Several hundreds (?)	About 60 slain, many more burnt in their houses. Many committed suicide by setting their own houses on fire, thus also taking revenge as the fire spread to non-Jewish neighbourhoods.
Mainz massacre (1349)	24 August 1349	Mainz	1,000 to 3,000; according to one source 6,000^[9]	The Mainz massacre was the largest among the Black Death Jewish persecutions. Furthermore, the Mainz massacre seems to be the only of these events which has not been organized (or even diligently planned in advance) but which started as a spontaneous riot (afternoon of August 23). Number of 6,000 victims is dubious, since the Mainz community at that time had about 3,000 members.
Nürnberg massacre (1349)	5 December 1349	Nürnberg	probably 562	About one third of the Nürnberg Jewish community murdered. One of the later massacres of the Black Death Jewish persecutions.
Königsberg (Neumark) massacre (1351)	February 1351	Königsberg (Neumark)	unknown	One of the latest massacres of the Black Death Jewish persecutions and one of very few of these events which happened in Brandenburg territory. Terminus ante quem is February 23, 1351.

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Kamenz massacre (1429)	12 October 1429	Kamenz, Saxony	1200	Taborite (Hussite) troops from Bohemia reached Kamenz on October 6/7 and started to besiege the city and its castle. After five days, they conquered first the castle, than the adjacent city and killed the citizens they found, about 1,200 Catholics.^[10] Many citizens of Kamenz survived the event as they had fled to Dresden before.
Lindau massacre (1430)	3 July 1430	Lindau	unknown	Jewish community of Lindau killed by burning after 1429 blood libel in the nearby city of Ravensburg. Similar events followed in Überlingen and Ravensburg itself. In Buchhorn (today: Friedrichshafen), Meersburg and Konstanz, the Jews have been arrested without being massacred (in Lindau, Überlingen and Ravensburg they have been arrested as well months before being killed). In Konstanz, the Jewish community has been arrested twice, end of 1429 and again in 1430; released end of 1430 after a high payment.
Überlingen massacre (1430)	August 1430	Überlingen	12	Jewish community forced to convert, 11 did so, 12 refused and were killed by burning. Event belongs to the 1429/30 blood libel in nearby Ravensburg.^[11]
Ravensburg massacre (1430)	August 1430	Ravensburg	unknown	Part of the Jewish community of the town killed; one source dates the event on July 3 (same day as Lindau massacre). The killings in Lindau, Überlingen and Ravensburg happened with approval of King Sigmund.

List_of_massacres_in_Germany

List of massacres in Germany

Massacres up until the year 1000

Massacres during the First Crusade of 1096

Massacres during the Years 1097 to 1347

Black Death Jewish persecutions 1348 to 1351

Massacres of the 15th Century

Massacres of the 16th to 18th Century

Massacres between 1800 and 1933

Killings and Massacres in Nazi Germany 1933–1945

Killings in Germany after 1945

References

See also

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Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Suppression of German Peasants' War	1524–1525	Southern Germany	70,000–75,000	A large number of the victims were killed during battles, thousands were massacred after the rebellion had been crushed.
Junkersdorf massacre	3 July 1586	Junkersdorf	108	Marauding soldiers in the service of Ernest of Bavaria ambush a convoy of 800 people and kill 108, injure 100 and loot their property.
Sack of Magdeburg	20 May 1631 – 24 May 1631	Magdeburg	about 25,000–30,000	Largest massacre of Thirty Years' War in Germany. Mass killing of the inhabitants of Magdeburg (Protestant since 1524 and hence a center of Reformation) following its siege by Imperial Field Marshal Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim and Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly. On May 9, 1631, the city has had about 35,000 inhabitants, only 5,000 to 10,000 of them survived. In a letter of June 24, Pope Urban VIII expressed his delight about the "annihilation of this nest of heretics". Up until 1639, the almost totally destroyed city was reduced to a small village of 450 people.

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Berliner Märzgefallene	18 March 1848	Berlin	303	Civilians shot during street fighting, part of German revolutions of 1848-49. "Märzgefallene" means "killed [in action] in March". 270 of the killed are known by name. The figure of 303 victims – 288 men, 11 women and 4 children – was published by Prussian authorities a few days after the event.^[12]^[13]
Bremen school shooting	20 June 1913	Bremen	00005	school shooting; 21 injured
Hinterkaifeck murders	31 March 1922	Waidhofen, Bavaria	00006	Five members of the family of Andreas Gruber (including his two young grandchildren) were beaten to death along with their maid, Maria Baumgartner, who had just started working for the family. The bodies of the victims were discovered four days later. Although several suspects were arrested and interrogated, no person was ever charged with the crime

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Köpenick's week of bloodshed	21 June 1933 – 26 June 1933	Köpenick	0002121	Sturmabteilung brigade kills 23 suspected opponents of Nazism
Night of the Long Knives	30 June 1934 – 2 July 1934	Germany	0008585+	Killing of political opponents of the German Nazi party and of rivals within the party. Whereas 85 kills are fully confirmed, some estimates run up to 700–1,000 persons murdered.
Kristallnacht	9 November 1938 – 10 November 1938	Germany	0009191+	Over 1,000 synagogues burned in all Germany and Austria, over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. 91 Jewish people killed during the pogrom, more than 300 further died during the next days (including suicides). About 35% of these events happened in Austria or on territory which today belongs to Poland or to Russia.
Aktion T4 at Grafeneck	18 January 1940 – 13 December 1940	Grafeneck Euthanasia Centre	1065410,654
Aktion T4 at Brandenburg an der Havel	February 1940 – 1 November 1940	Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre	099729,972
Aktion T4 at Hartheim	May 1940 – 1 September 1941	Hartheim Euthanasia Centre	1826918,269
Aktion T4 at Sonnenstein	28 June 1940 – 1 September 1941	Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre	1372013,720
Aktion T4 at Bernburg	21 November 1940 – 1 September 1941	Bernburg Euthanasia Centre	093849,384
Aktion T4 at Hadamar	13 January 1941 – 1 September 1941	Hadamar Euthanasia Centre	1007210,072	10,072 mentally ill and disabled people killed and burnt. Between 1942 and 1945 another 4,422 people with this kind of diagnosis were killed near Hadamar. In total, more than 275,000 people were killed during Aktion T4, many of them in German-controlled Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland.
Rüsselsheim massacre	26 August 1944	Rüsselsheim	00066	The townspeople of Rüsselsheim killed six American POWs who were walking through the bombed-out town while escorted by two German guards
Arnsberg Forest massacre	20 March 1945 – 23 March 1945	Arnsberg Forest	000208208	Mass killing of Polish and Soviet POWs.
Celle massacre	8 April 1945 – 10 April 1945	Celle	00170at least 170	Killing of KZ inmates by SS guards and other Nazi forces (police, Volkssturm). The traditional number of victim was 200 to 300, according to more recent research at least 170 victims are well testified. The killings started on April 8, after a train crowded with 3,800 to 4,500 KZ inmates was hit by the allied air raid against Celle during the night of April 7–8. This event killed 400 to 1000 of the KZ inmates (higher numbers being stated as well), most survivors tried to escape. Celle was captured by Allied forces on April 12, 1945.
Lüneburg massacre	11 April 1945	Lüneburg	0008060–80	Slave laborers from the Wilhelmshaven subcamp of Neuengamme massacred by German troops and an SS officer.^[14]^[15]
Gardelegen massacre	13 April 1945	Gardelegen	010161,016	1,016 slave laborers, mostly Poles, but also of various other nationalities, including French, Russian and Belgian, burned alive by Volkssturm, Hitlerjugend and firefighters
Abtnaundorf massacre	18 April 1945	Abtnaundorf	00084at least 84	An unknown number of prisoners of the Leipzig-Thekla subcamp of Buchenwald massacred by the Gestapo, SS, Volkssturm and German civilians.^[16]^[17]^[18]
Lippach massacre	22 April 1945	near Westhausen	0002424	24 Waffen-SS prisoners of war killed by the US 12th Armored Division. 20 women raped.
Treuenbrietzen massacres	23 April 1945	Treuenbrietzen	00300 estimated 300	Wehrmacht kills 127 Italian internees in a local concentration camp. The same day Soviet Army enters and kills between 30 and 168 male inhabitants of Treuenbrietzen.
Horka massacre	26 April 1945	Horka	00300Around 300	Polish POWs, mostly wounded soldiers and medical personnel of a field hospital column of the 9th Polish Armored Division massacred by German forces.^[19]
Zapel-Ausbau massacre	3 May 1945	near Zapel	0002525	25 concentration camp inmates shot by the SS
SS Cap Arcona	3 May 1945	near Lübeck	070007,000 – 7,500	Prisoners from Nazi concentration camps killed when the SS Cap Arcona was sunk in the last days of the Second World War by the Royal Air Force, incl. killing of survivors by SS.

Name	Date	Location	Deaths	Description
Executions after the Waldheim Trials	4 November 1950	Waldheim, Saxony	2323	After Stalinist style trials in then German Democratic Republic against 3,442 persons between April and June 1950, 32 death sentences were announced in July. 23 of them were executed.^[20]
Uprising of 1953 in East Germany	17 June 1953	Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, Magdeburg, Rostock and several other cities in East Germany	75about 75	34 protesters shot on June 17 and during the following days by Soviet troops and GDR police and other GDR security forces. Another 19 executed by Soviet drumhead court-martials up until June 22; 7 more executed after regular trials by East German courts, further victims perished or committed suicide in GDR jails.
Cologne school massacre	11 June 1964	Cologne	1010	school massacre; 22 injured
Munich massacre	5 September 1972 – 6 September 1972	Munich, West Germany	1717	Palestinian terrorists killed Israeli athletes.
Oktoberfest bombing	26 September 1980	Munich, West Germany	1313	211 injured
Eppstein school shooting	3 June 1983	Eppstein-Vockenhausen, West Germany	066	14 injured
Mykonos restaurant assassinations	17 September 1992	Berlin	044
1992 Mölln arson attack	22 November 1992	Mölln, Schleswig-Holstein	033	A molotov cocktail is thrown into the house of a Turkish migrant family, destroying the property and killing three occupants. Two known neo-Nazis were convicted of murder a year later
1993 Solingen arson attack	28 May 1993	Solingen	055	14 injured
National Socialist Underground murders	9 September 2000 – 25 April 2007	Various cities	1010	25 injured
Erfurt massacre	26 April 2002	Erfurt	1717	school shooting; 7 injured
Duisburg massacre	15 August 2007	Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia	066	ongoing feud between Italian mobsters.
Winnenden school shooting	11 March 2009	Winnenden	1616	9 injured
2016 Munich shooting	22 July 2016	Munich	1010	35 injured
2016 Berlin truck attack	19 December 2016	Berlin	1313	Truck-ramming attack by Islamic State supporter in a Christmas market; 55 injured
Halle synagogue shooting	9 October 2019	Halle	022	Terrorist shooting spree. Attempted attack on a nearby synagogue by neo-nazi; after failing to force entry killed two random Germans and wounded two others with homemade firearm on the street and in a Turkish restaurant; 2 killed, 5 injured^[21]
Hanau shootings	19 February 2020	Hanau	099	Terrorist shooting spree committed by far-right extremist in two shisha bars and a cafe; 9 killed, 5 injured^[22]