List_of_rulers_of_Crete

List of rulers of Crete

List of rulers of Crete

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This is a list of rulers of the island of Crete throughout its history.

Antiquity

Crete was conquered for the Roman Republic by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus in 69 BC and united with the Cyrenaica in the province of Creta et Cyrenaica until 193 AD, when it became a separate province.

Roman governors of Creta et Cyrenaica

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Roman governors of Crete

After the reforms of Emperor Diocletian in the 290s, Crete's governor held the rank of consularis.

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Byzantine and Arab periods

Main articles: Byzantine Crete and Emirate of Crete

Crete became part of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire upon the partition of the Roman Empire in 395 AD. It remained in Byzantine hands until it was conquered by Andalusian exiles in the mid-820s and became an emirate, nominally under Abbasid suzerainty. The emirate became a major base for Muslim naval raids along the coasts of the Byzantine Empire, and several attempts at reconquest failed. The Byzantines finally retook the island in 961 under the leadership of Nikephoros Phokas, and held it until 1205.

First Byzantine period

Proconsul
  • Helios (539)
Archon
  • Theophanes Lardotyros (c. 764–767)
  • John (8th century)
  • Leo (8th century)
  • Basil (8th century)
  • Baasakios (8th/9th century)
  • Nicholas (8th/9th century)
  • Nicholas (8th/9th century)
  • Petronas (first years of the 9th century)
  • Constantine (first quarter of the 9th century)
Strategos

Emirs of Crete

More information #, Name ...

Second Byzantine period

Strategos
  • Michael (10th/11th century)
  • Basil (c. 1000)
  • Bracheon Philaretos (c. 1028)
  • Eumathios (1028)
Doux (katepano)
  • Michael Karantenos (1088–1089)
  • Karykes (1090–1092)
  • Nikephoros Diogenes (before 1094)
  • Michael (11th/12th century)
  • John Elladas (1118)
  • John Straboromanos (mid-12th century)
  • Alexios Kontostephanos (1167)
  • Constantine Doukas (1183)
  • Stephen Kontostephanos (1193)
  • Nikephoros Kontostephanos (1197)

Venetian period, 1212–1669

Further information: Kingdom of Candia

Genoese governors, 1204–1212

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Dukes of Crete, 1209–1669

The supreme Venetian governor of Crete bore the title of "Duke of Crete" (Italian: duca di Candia, Latin: dux Cretae).

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Ottoman period, 1646–1898

Main article: Ottoman Crete

Valis of Crete

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Modern period, 1898–today

High Commissioners of the Cretan State

Crete became an autonomous state under international protection and nominal Ottoman suzerainty following the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. A High Commissioner of the Great Powers (Ύπατος Αρμοστής) was installed to govern the island. In 1908, the Cretan Assembly unilaterally declared union with Greece, but this was not recognized by Greece until the outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912 and internationally until 1913.

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Governors-General of Crete

From unification with Greece in 1912 until 1955, Crete as a whole was administered by a government-appointed governor-general (Greek: Γενικός Διοικητής Κρήτης), who supervised the administration of the island's four prefectures (Chania, Heraklion, Lasithi and Rethymno).

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Notes: § denotes a person bearing cabinet rank as Minister General-Governor of Crete (Υπουργός Γενικός Διοικητής Κρήτης) or Vice-Minister General-Governor of Crete (Υφυπουργός Γενικός Διοικητής Κρήτης).

Regional governors of Crete

With the establishment of the region of Crete (Περιφέρεια Κρήτης) in 1986, Crete became again an administrative entity. Until 2011, the regional governors (περιφερειάρχες) were government-appointed, but in accordance to the Kallikratis reform they were replaced with elected officials.

Appointed governors

Elected governors

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Notes

  1. [1]
    Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 31 BC to AD 67 are taken from Werner Eck, "Über die prätorischen Prokonsulate in der Kaiserzeit. Eine quellenkritische Überlegung", Zephyrus, 23/24 (1972-3), pp.244-247
  2. [2]
    Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 71 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237
  3. [3]
    Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 149 to 169 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 263f
  4. [4]
    Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 191 to 235 are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (1989), pp. 297f
  5. [5]
    PLRE, Vol. I, p. 1104.
  6. [6]
    Szymon Olszaniec, Prosopographical Studies on the Court Elite in the Roman Empire (4th Century AD) (Nicolaus Copernicus University Press, 2013), p. 208.
  7. [7]
    J. C. Lamoreaux (1998), "The Provenance of Ecumenius' Commentary on the Apocalypse", Vigiliae Christianae 52(1), p. 97 n35. doi:10.2307/1584585
  8. [8]
    PLRE, Vol. 2, p. 1285.
  9. [9]
    Jacoby 2006, p. 69.
  10. [10]
    Jacoby 2006, p. 74.
  11. [11]
    Jacoby 2006, p. 70.
  12. [12]
    Jacoby 2006, p. 73.

Sources

  • Jacoby, David (2006). "The Venetian Government and Administration in Latin Constantinople, 1204–1261: A State within a State". In Gherardo Ortalli; Giorgio Ravegnani; Peter Schreiner (eds.). Quarta Crociata. Venezia - Bisanzio - Impero latino. Atti delle giornate di studio. Venezia, 4-8 maggio 2004. Venice: Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. pp. 19–79. ISBN 978-8-8881-4374-3.
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