List_of_wrongful_convictions_in_the_United_States
This list of wrongful convictions in the United States includes people who have been legally exonerated, including people whose convictions have been overturned or vacated, and who have not been retried because the charges were dismissed by the states. It also includes some historic cases of people who have not been formally exonerated (by a formal process such as has existed in the United States since the mid 20th century) but who historians believe are factually innocent. Generally, this means that research by historians has revealed original conditions of bias or extrajudicial actions that related to their convictions and/or executions.
Crime descriptions marked with an asterisk indicate that the events were later determined not to be criminal acts. People who were wrongfully accused are sometimes never released.
By February 2020, a total of 2,551 exonerations were mentioned in the National Registry of Exonerations. The total time these exonerated people spent in prison adds up to 22,540 years. Detailed data from 1989 regarding every known exoneration in the United States is listed. Data prior to 1989, however, is limited.[1] By 2020, twenty individuals had been exonerated while on death row due to DNA evidence.[2]
More information Date of crime, Defendants ...
| Date of crime | Defendants | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nov 12, 1805 | Dominic Daley and James Halligan | Murder | Wilbraham, Massachusetts[3] | Death | Executed | Yes |
| In November 1805, the body of a young farmer, Marcus Lyon, was found on the open road near the town of Wilbraham, Massachusetts. Irish immigrants Dominic Daley and James Halligan were traveling in the area, heading for New Haven, Connecticut, when they were arrested for the murder on November 12, 1805. Their captor received a reward of $500. They had a lengthy confinement, and were not granted defense attorneys until 48 hours before their trial. Once the trial began, they were convicted within minutes. One of the defense attorneys said that the evidence was so flimsy it was obvious their conviction was based on outright bigotry. They were executed the next day. On St. Patrick's Day 1984, Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts issued a proclamation exonerating Daley and Halligan.[4] | ||||||
| 1812 | Jesse Boorn and Stephen Boorn | Murder | Manchester, Vermont | Death | Less than 1 year | Yes |
| In 1812, farmer Russell Colvin disappeared from Manchester, Vermont. Colvin and his brothers-in-law, Jesse and Stephen Boorn, had a tense relationship. Many suspected the Boorn brothers of murdering Colvin, but no evidence emerged until 1819. That year, their uncle Amos claimed Colvin's ghost had appeared to him and stated he had been murdered. The ghost also told him he was buried on the Boorn farm. An excavation revealed bones, and the brothers were arrested. A jailhouse informant claimed Jesse had admitted to the crime, which Jesse later did to investigators. The brothers were convicted based on their confessions. In November, however, the New York Post published a letter by an eyewitness who claimed to have seen Colvin alive earlier that year. Colvin, now living in New Jersey, was brought back to Vermont. The court vacated the Boorns' convictions.[5] | ||||||
| Dec 31, 1843 | John Gordon | Murder | Knightsville, Rhode Island | Death | Executed | Yes |
| In 1845 Gordon was the last person executed by Rhode Island. His conviction and execution have been ascribed by researchers to anti-Roman Catholic and anti-Irish immigrant bias.[6] He was convicted for the murder of Amasa Sprague, a Cranston textile factory owner. The court justices, who included Justice Job Durfee, were involved in all three trials as both trial judges and the court of final appeal.[7] Durfee "told the jurors to give greater weight to Yankee witnesses than Irish witnesses."[6] Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee pardoned Gordon on June 29, 2011.[8] | ||||||
| 1855 | Chief Leschi | Murder | Olympia, Washington Territory | Death by hanging | Executed | No[9] |
| Leschi was a Nisqually chief when the United States government attempted to relocate the tribe to reservations. Leschi protested the move, claiming the reservation designated for the Nisqually was a rocky piece of high ground unsuited to growing food and cut off from access to the river that provided salmon, the mainstay of their livelihood.[10] Leschi traveled to the territorial capital at Olympia to protest the terms of the treaty. He became war chief, in command of around 300 men, and led a small number of raids. Early in the conflict, Territorial militiamen Abram Benton Moses and Joseph Miles (or Miller) were killed.[11] Leschi maintained his innocence. He was convicted and executed. In 2004, he was posthumously exonerated by a historical court of inquiry but this decision was not legally binding.[9] | ||||||
| 1863 | Chipita Rodriguez | Murder | San Patricio, Texas | Death by hanging | Executed | Yes |
| Rodriguez was convicted of murdering John Savage with an axe and executed. She was posthumously exonerated in 1985.[12] | ||||||
| May 5, 1872 | William Jackson Marion | Murder* | Liberty, Nebraska | Death by hanging | Executed | Yes |
| Marion was convicted of killing John Cameron, who left with him to work on the railroad in 1872. In 1891, four years after Marion's execution by hanging, Cameron turned up alive, explaining that he had vanished by his own volition. He had spent twenty years traveling across Mexico, Alaska, and Colorado. On March 25, 1987, Marion was pardoned posthumously by the State of Nebraska on the 100th anniversary of his hanging.[13] | ||||||
| May 4, 1886 | Oscar Neebe, August Spies, and Albert Parsons | Haymarket affair | Chicago, Illinois | 15 years | 7 years (Neebe), Executed (Spies and Parsons) | Yes |
| Neebe was not present at the Haymarket Square on the day of the bombing, and stated that he was not aware it had happened until he was told about it the following day. He was arrested because of his association with the defendants. At trial, the evidence against Neebe was particularly weak, mostly based on his political views, his having attended socialist meetings, being associated with the newspaper, Arbeiter-Zeitung, and the fact that a shotgun, a pistol and red flag were found in his home. On June 26, 1893, Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld pardoned Neebe and two of his co-defendants, having concluded that they were innocent.[14] | ||||||
| 1887 | Charles Hudspeth | Murder of George Watkins* | Marion County, Arkansas | Death by hanging | Executed | |
| Hudspeth and George Watkins' wife Rebecca were arrested. After lengthy interrogation, Rebecca allegedly made a statement accusing Hudspeth of murdering Watkins to get him out of the way so they could be married. Based on Rebecca's testimony, Hudspeth was convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Harrison, Arkansas, on December 30, 1892. In 1893, Hudspeth's lawyer located the alleged victim, George Watkins, alive and well in Kansas. | ||||||
| Aug 9, 1894 | George Washington Davis | Sabotage of Locomotive 213 | Lincoln, Nebraska | 10 years | Yes | |
| Davis was convicted of causing the 1894 Rock Island railroad wreck, which killed eleven of thirty-three people on a passenger train traveling from Fairbury, Nebraska, to Lincoln. Some survivors claimed to have seen him holding a lantern at the site of the crash; however, there was no evidence that Davis had anything to do with the incident. In 1905, Davis was paroled by Nebraska governor John Mickey, citing "grave doubts" as to his involvement in the crash.[15][16][17] | ||||||
| 1896 | Jack Davis | Murder | Silver City, Idaho | Death by hanging | 6 years | Yes |
| Davis was convicted of the Deep Creek murders of Daniel Cummings and John Wilson. He was later pardoned following confessions by James Bower and Jeff Gray.[18][19][20] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | Caleb Powers | Murder of William Goebel | Frankfort, Kentucky | 8 years | Yes | |
| Powers was convicted of complicity in the assassination of Governor William Goebel in 1900.[21] The prosecution charged that Powers was the mastermind, having a political opponent killed so that his boss, Governor William S. Taylor, could stay in office. He was sentenced to prison. An appeals court overturned Powers' conviction, though Powers was tried three more times, resulting in two convictions and a hung jury. Governor Augustus E. Willson pardoned Powers in 1908. Powers had served eight years in prison. While in prison, Powers wrote a memoir, My Own Story (1905). | ||||||
| Feb 11, 1906 | Ed Johnson | Rape of Nevada Taylor | Chattanooga, Tennessee | Hanging | Lynched prior to execution | Yes |
| Ed Johnson, a black man, was convicted in Chattanooga, TN of the rape of Nevada Taylor, a white woman, and sentenced to death. Taylor's initial description of her assailant was very vague. She told police she did not get a good look at him, and was unsure if he was black or white. After the reward was increased to $375, another man in town told police he saw Johnson at the scene. Taylor subsequently identified Johnson as her rapist. Johnson was beaten by sheriff Joseph Shipp to extract a confession, but maintained his innocence. On March 3, 1906, Johnson appealed the conviction, alleging that his constitutional rights had been violated. Specifically, he said that all blacks had been excluded from the jury considering his case, and that he should have been granted a change of venue, and a continuance. He was granted a stay of execution and an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.
When Sheriff Shipp learned of the court's decision, he moved most prisoners to other floors of the jail and sent home all but one deputy. Johnson was pulled from his cell by a mob of white men and hanged at the Walnut Street Bridge. Following the lynching, Shipp publicly blamed the Supreme Court's interference with local courts for Johnson's death. The Supreme Court charged Shipp, his chief jailer, and several members of the lynch mob with contempt of court on the basis that Sheriff Shipp, with full knowledge of the court's ruling, willfully ignored his duties to protect a prisoner in his care and allowed Johnson to be lynched. United States v. Shipp is the only criminal trial of the Supreme Court in its entire history. It is considered an important decision in that it affirmed the right of the US Supreme Court to intervene in state criminal cases. Shipp and several of his co-defendants were convicted and sentenced to terms from 2–3 months in federal prison.[22] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912 | Bill Wilson | Murder* | Blount County, Alabama | Life in prison | 6 years | Yes |
| Wilson was convicted of murdering his wife, Jenny Willson, and their 19-month-old daughter. Bones presented by the prosecution in court were later discovered to be those of at least four or five people and likely of indigenous ethnicity. Wilson received a formal pardon from the Alabama governor after his wife and daughter were discovered to be living in Vincennes, Indiana. | ||||||
| 1913 | Thomas and Meeks Griffin | Murder | Chester County, South Carolina | Death | Executed | Yes |
| The Griffins were prominent black farmers in Chester County, South Carolina, believed to be the wealthiest blacks in the area. They were convicted and executed via the electric chair in 1915 for the murder in 1913 of 74-year-old John Q. Lewis. The Griffin brothers were convicted based on the accusations of another black man, John "Monk" Stevenson, who was known to be a small-time thief. Stevenson, who was found in possession of the victim's pistol, was sentenced to life in prison in exchange for testifying against the brothers. Two other African Americans, Nelson Brice and John Crosby, were executed with the brothers for the same crime. Some in the community believed that Lewis may have been murdered because of his suspected consensual sexual relationship with 22-year-old Anna Davis, a black married woman. Davis and her husband were never tried for the murder of Lewis, possibly for fear of a "mixed race relationship" scandal.
Over 100 people petitioned Gov. Richard Manning to commute the brothers' sentence. The signatories included prominent white people, including Blackstock's mayor, a sheriff, two trial jurors, and the grand jury foreman. But the governor allowed the brothers to be executed.[23] In October 2009, the governor of South Carolina pardoned Thomas and Meeks Griffin. Their great-nephew Tom Joyner had achieved the pardons after investigating the case and presenting evidence to the state of the injustice, after learning about his relatives' executions.[24] | ||||||
| 1913 | Leo Frank | Murder | Marietta, Georgia | Death, later commuted | 2 years; killed by lynch mob | No |
| Frank was a factory superintendent who was convicted in 1913 of the murder of 13-year-old Mary Phagan, a female employee. Originally sentenced to death, Georgia's outgoing governor commuted Frank's sentence to life in prison. Frank was subsequently abducted from prison and lynched. In 1986, the Georgia State Board of Pardson and Paroles issued a pardon in recognition of the state's failure to protect Frank from being lynched and the state's failure to prosecute the lynchers. The pardon explicitly declined to address Frank's guilt or innocence, but the consensus of historians is that he was innocent.[25][26][27] | ||||||
| 1916 | Thomas Mooney | Preparedness Day Bombing | San Francisco, California | Death | 22 years | Yes |
| After being convicted and imprisoned for a 1916 bombing in San Francisco, Mooney appealed his case. He filed a writ of habeas corpus that was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1937. Although he presented evidence that his conviction was obtained through the use of perjured testimony and that the prosecution had suppressed favorable evidence, his writ was denied because he had not first filed a writ in state court. His case was important for helping to establish that a conviction based upon false evidence violates due process. Mooney was pardoned in 1939 by Governor Culbert Olson. | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1920 | Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti | Murders of Alessandro Berardelli and Frederick Parmenter during an armed robbery | Braintree, Massachusetts | Death | Executed | Yes[28] |
| In 1977, as the 50th anniversary of the executions approached, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis asked the Office of the Governor's Legal Counsel to report on "whether there are substantial grounds for believing—at least in the light of the legal standards of today—that Sacco and Vanzetti were unfairly convicted and executed" and to recommend appropriate action.[29] The resulting "Report to the Governor in the Matter of Sacco and Vanzetti" detailed grounds for doubting that the trial was conducted fairly in the first instance, and argued as well that such doubts were reinforced by "later-discovered or later-disclosed evidence."[30] The report questioned prejudicial cross-examination that the trial judge allowed, the judge's hostility, the fragmentary nature of the evidence, and eyewitness testimony that came to light after the trial. It found the judge's charge to the jury troubling because it emphasized the defendants' behavior at the time of their arrest and highlighted certain physical evidence that was later called into question.[31]
The report dismissed the argument that the trial had been subject to judicial review, noting, "the system for reviewing murder cases at the time ... failed to provide the safeguards now present."[32] Based on recommendations of the Office of Legal Counsel, Dukakis declared August 23, 1977, the 50th anniversary of their execution, as Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti Memorial Day.[33] His proclamation, issued in English and Italian, stated that Sacco and Vanzetti had been unfairly tried and convicted, and that "any disgrace should be forever removed from their names."[34][35][36][37][38] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oct 3, 1930 | Alexander McClay Williams | Murder | Delaware County, Pennsylvania | Death by electrocution | Executed | Yes |
| Williams, a 16-year-old black teenager, confessed to the murder and attempted rape of Vida Robare, a white matron at his reform school. At his racially-charged trial, he protested that he only confessed because he was promised that his confession would help him to avoid the death penalty. He was executed on June 8, 1931, becoming the youngest person ever executed by the state of Pennsylvania. In 2015, his attorney's great-grandson, Samuel Lemon, spearheaded efforts to renew interest in Williams' case. In 2022, following a posthumous review of Williams' case, his conviction was overturned, and all charges against him were dismissed, effectively exonerating him. | ||||||
| Mar 24, 1931 | Scottsboro Boys | Rape | Paint Rock, Alabama | Varied, 8 were sentenced to death | Varied | Yes |
| Following an altercation with a group of white teens, nine black teenagers were accused of rape by two women, Ruby Bates and Victoria Price. The Scottsboro case is considered a landmark case, prohibiting racial discrimination in the jury selection process, as no blacks were allowed to be considered to serve on the jury before which the teenagers would be tried. | ||||||
| Dec 9, 1932 | Joseph Majczek and Theodore Marcinkiewicz | Murder | Chicago, Illinois | 99 years (both) | 11 years | Yes |
| Majczek and Marcinkiewicz were arrested and convicted of the murder of 57-year-old Chicago police officer William D. Lundy[39] on December 9, 1932.[40] Initially, officials held 10 youths in custody on suspicion of killing the officer.[41] Some 11+1⁄2 years later in 1944, following the intervention of Chicago Times reporters John McPhaul[42] and James McGuire, both men were exonerated of the crime.[43] The real killers have never been identified. | ||||||
| Aug 26, 1936 | Joe Arridy | Murder | Pueblo, Colorado | Death by gas chamber | Executed | Yes |
| Arridy was convicted and executed for the 1936 killing of 15-year-old Dorothy Drain with a hatchet. In 2011, Gov. Bill Ritter posthumously pardoned Arridy. Ritter said an overwhelming amount of evidence suggests Arridy did not commit the crime and was likely not in Pueblo at the time of the crime.[44] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mar 23, 1944 | George Stinney Jr. | Murder | Alcolu, South Carolina | Death by electrocution | Executed | Yes |
| Stinney, a 14-year-old African-American, was convicted of the first-degree murder of two pre-teen white girls: Betty June Binnicker (11) and Mary Emma Thames (8). No physical evidence existed in the case, and the sole evidence against Stinney was the circumstantial fact that the girls had spoken with Stinney and his sister shortly before their murder. Three police officers claimed that Stinney had confessed to the murders, though Stinney claimed that the officers starved him into confessing. Stinney's trial lasted only two and a half hours, where all African-Americans including Stinney's family were denied entry, the all-white jury found him guilty after ten minutes of deliberation, and Judge Philip H. Stoll sentenced him to death.[45][46] Governor Olin D. Johnston denied several requests for clemency in the two months following and Stinney became the second youngest person to be sentenced to death and executed in the United States, behind Hannah Ocuish.[47][48] Seventy years after his death on December 17, 2014, Stinney's conviction was vacated by circuit court judge Carmen Mullen, effectively clearing his name,[49] and in January 2022 state representative Cezar McKnight introduced a bill titled the George Stinney Fund, which would make the state of South Carolina pay $10 million to the families of the wrongfully executed if their conviction is posthumously overturned.[50] | ||||||
| April 30, 1944 | Lena Baker | Murder | Cuthbert, Georgia | Death by electrocution | Executed | Yes |
| Baker, a black woman, was convicted of first-degree murder in the killing of Ernest B. Knight, her white employer. Baker contended that she killed Knight in self-defense; locals in Cuthbert and Randolph County, Georgia, confirmed that Knight would hold Baker as a "slave woman" in his gristmill and physically and sexually abuse her.[51] Baker claimed that on the night of the murder, Knight threatened to kill her with an iron bar, after which they fought over his pistol and he was shot dead. She was convicted by an all-white, all-male jury on August 14, 1944, executed by electric chair on March 5, 1945, and buried in an unmarked grave behind her church. In 1998, locals raised money for a proper headstone for Baker, generating renewed interest in her case; Cuthbert locals, alongside Baker's surviving relatives, then began campaigning to have her conviction posthumously overturned. In 2005, the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles granted Baker a full and unconditional pardon.[52][53] | ||||||
| July 16, 1949 | Groveland Four | Rape and Assault | Lake County, Florida | Varied | Varied | Yes |
| The Groveland Four (Ernest Thomas, Charles Greenlee, Samuel Shepherd, and Walter Irvin) were falsely accused of raping 17-year-old Norma Padgett and assaulting her husband on July 16, 1949, in Lake County, Florida. Thomas fled and was killed on July 26, 1949, by a sheriff's posse of 1,000 white men. Greenlee, Shepherd and Irvin were arrested and beaten to coerce confessions. The three survivors were convicted at trial by an all-white jury. Greenlee was sentenced to life because he was only 16; the other two were sentenced to death. In 1949, the Florida NAACP organized a campaign against the wrongful conviction and in 1951, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the convictions and remanded the case to the lower court for a new trial. In November 1951, Sheriff Willis V. McCall of Lake County, Florida shot Irvin and Shepherd while they were in his custody and claimed they had tried to escape while being transported for the new trial. Shepherd died on the spot; Irvin survived and told Federal Bureau of Investigation investigators that McCall had shot them in cold blood and that his deputy had also shot him in an attempt to kill him. At the second trial, Irvin was represented by Thurgood Marshall and again convicted by an all-white jury and sentenced to death. In 1955, his death sentence was commuted to life in prison by recently elected Governor LeRoy Collins. He was paroled in 1968 and died the next year. Greenlee was paroled in 1962 and lived with his family until he died in 2012. On November 22, 2021, Judge Heidi Davis granted the state's motion to posthumously exonerate the men. | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 3, 1957 | Jack McCullough | Murder of Maria Ridulph | Sycamore, Illinois | Life in prison | 5 years | Yes |
| After investigation of a cold case, in 2012 Jack McCullough was exonerated of murder, as it was decided his prosecution had been based on hearsay evidence and concealment of exculpatory evidence. FBI files proving he was nowhere near the scene at the time were excluded by the prosecution from evidence.[54] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 3, 1961 | Clarence Earl Gideon | Breaking and entering, petty theft | Panama City, Florida | 5 years | 2 years | Yes |
| Gideon had been denied an attorney at the time of his first trial. At the time, the state of Florida did not have public defenders in all judicial circuits and the law did not require the court to appoint an attorney to the indigent. After conviction, he handwrote a petition for writ of certiorari to the U.S. Supreme Court. The justices considered the matter as Gideon v. Wainwright and ruled unanimously that Gideon's rights had been violated. When he was retried with a defense attorney, it was determined that the primary prosecution witness had committed the crime. The case inspired the book Gideon's Trumpet and a film adaptation by the same name. | ||||||
| Apr 16, 1963 | James Dean Walker | Murder | Little Rock, Arkansas | Death (later life in prison) | 12 years (originally), 6 years (following escape and recapture) | Yes |
| After getting into a bar fight, police shot Walker five times, during which Officer Jerrell Vaughan was killed. Despite Walker's gun not having been fired, he was convicted of murder. He spend several years in prison before escaping during a furlough, remaining free for four years in Nevada. Although he fought extradition back to Arkansas due to its poor prison conditions, he was sent back. In 1985 he was exonerated by evidence showing he did not fire at the officer, and he returned to Lake Tahoe before eventually moving to Boise, Idaho.[55] | ||||||
| Feb 21, 1965 | Muhammad Aziz and Khalil Islam | Assassination of Malcolm X | Manhattan, New York | Life in prison | 55 years | Yes |
| Aziz and Islam were convicted of the murder of Malcolm X based on mistaken witness ID and official misconduct, despite Thomas Hagan, one of Malcolm X's actual killers, testifying that Aziz and Islam had nothing to do with the murder.[56][57][58] | ||||||
| Jun 17, 1966 | Rubin Carter | Murder | Paterson, New Jersey | Life in prison | 19 years | No |
| Carter was a professional boxer who was twice convicted of the murders of James Oliver, Fred Nauyoks, and Hazel Tanis, along with his friend and fellow defendant John Artis. Carter's second conviction was overturned in 1985. Carter inspired the 1975 Bob Dylan song "Hurricane", and the film The Hurricane (1999) was based on his case. | ||||||
| Oct 25, 1967 | James Joseph Richardson | Murder | Arcadia, Florida | Death | 21 years | Yes |
| James Richardson was convicted of poisoning his seven children with pesticides and received the death penalty.[59] Authorities believe that it is likely that a neighbor, Bessie Reece, committed the murders. After she developed Alzheimer's disease, she confessed more than 100 times to the murders of these children to her caregivers at the nursing home.[59][60] At the time of the crime, Reece was on parole after being convicted of the poisoning death of her late husband.[60] Reece was not investigated thoroughly at the time, although she was the last known person to see the children alive, and the last to feed them. She had at first denied going into their apartment.[59][60] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Richard Phillips | Murder | Detroit, Michigan | Life without parole | 45.7 years | Yes |
| Richard Phillips was 25 years old when he was imprisoned for a fatal shooting in Detroit in 1971—a case prosecutors now say was "based entirely" on false testimony from one witness. He was sentenced to life without parole. He was released in 2017 and exonerated in 2018 after the University of Michigan's innocence project took up his case, declaring him the longest-serving innocent man in the United States.[61] although his record has since been broken.[62]
In prison Phillips taught himself to paint watercolors. He painted custom greeting cards for other inmates to send to their families, and used the proceeds to buy more art supplies. Phillips painted and saved hundreds of original watercolors, now on display in his gallery. As the gallery describes, "He painted to stave off the loneliness. He painted to break up the monotony. He painted to fill the long days. He painted to keep his heart soft and hope alive."[63] | ||||||
| 1972 | Anthony Mazza | Murder | Boston, Massachusetts | Life without parole | 47.3 years | Yes |
| A Massachusetts jury found Mazza guilty of first-degree murder and robbery based on his answers often contradicting his statements to police and to the grand jury due to Mazza having a developmental disability and that he was functionally illiterate and had been in special-education classes for most of his time in school which was not revealed to the jury at his trial. He is now the second-longest-serving innocent man in the United States.[64][65][62][66] | ||||||
| 1972 | Wilbert Jones | Sexual assault | Baton Rouge, Louisiana | Life in prison | 44.7 years | Yes |
| A Louisiana jury found Jones guilty of aggravated rape based solely on the victim's testimony. The victim expressed some uncertainty about her identification of Jones in a lineup, e.g., "[the victim] described her attacker variously as 5 feet 8 inches tall, 5 five feet 9 inches tall, and 6 feet 3 inches tall. She said he had a single gap between his front teeth and a smooth, soft voice. ... [After identifying Jones as the perpetrator] she expressed concern because Jones' voice was "rougher" than her attacker's, and because Jones was only 5 feet 3 inches tall ...." The prosecution did not tell the defense about a serial rapist who had been arrested recently and fit the victim's [in Wilbert Jones' case] description. Louisiana incarcerated Jones for nearly 45 years before Innocence Project New Orleans helped him petition for a new trial. A district judge vacated Jones' conviction and ordered a new trial. The prosecution appealed to the Louisiana Supreme Court, but the state's highest court rejected the appeal. The prosecution dismissed the charges on October 11, 2018. Jones' nearly 45 years in prison was the second longest time spent incarcerated after a known wrongful conviction in U.S. history at the time.[67] | ||||||
| June 3, 1973 | Chol Soo Lee | Murder | San Francisco, California | Life in prison | 9.8 years | Yes |
| Lee was convicted of the shooting death of Chinatown gang leader Yip Yee Tak and sentenced to life in prison. While behind bars, Lee was also convicted of killing Morrison Needham in a prison yard, which he claimed was self-defence. In 1982 Lee was retried and acquitted of Tak's murder and Lee's death sentence was nullified. He was released on March 28, 1983. He was not given an apology nor compensation from the state. | ||||||
| 1974 | Gregory Bright | Murder | New Orleans, Louisiana | Life in prison | 27.5 years | |
| Bright was convicted of second-degree murder in 1974 at the age of 20.[68] After several years of appeals, Bright was granted a new trial in 2001 on the grounds that the prosecution had withheld evidence from the defense in his previous trial. On June 24, 2003, after 27+1⁄2 years in prison for a crime they did not commit, Bright and Earl Truvia were both released after the Orleans Parish district attorney dismissed all charges.
Bright speaks around the country about his wrongful incarceration and life since prison. In 2010, Bright joined Innocence Project New Orleans as Assistant Education and Outreach Director.[69] | ||||||
| Feb 3, 1974 | Delbert Tibbs | Rape, murder | Fort Myers, Florida | Death | 3 years | No |
| Teenager Cynthia Nadeau was raped and her boyfriend, Terry Milroy, was murdered by a man who picked them up while hitchhiking. Despite an alibi, Tibbs was convicted on the basis of a false eyewitness identification and an alleged confession to a fellow inmate.[70] In 2011, Tibbs was instrumental in the decision of Governor Pat Quinn to repeal the death penalty in Illinois.[71][72][73] | ||||||
| May 15, 1974 | Michael Lloyd Self | Murder | Galveston, Texas | Life in prison | Life (died in prison) | No |
| Teenagers Rhonda Johnson and Sharon Shaw disappeared while at a beach in Galveston, Texas, on August 4, 1971; their remains were found in a marsh in January 1972. Though Michael Lloyd Self, a local sex offender, wrote a confession, he contended that police officers forced him to do so at gunpoint. Self was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975. In 1976, two of the officers who took his confession were arrested for numerous bank robberies and sentenced to 30–50 years. In 1998, Edward Harold Bell, a convicted serial killer, admitted to the murders of Johnson and Shaw, though no direct connection could be made. Self died in prison in 2000 of cancer. Numerous investigators, a Galveston police officer, and a former Harris County prosecutor all protested Self's conviction.[74] | ||||||
| December 30, 1974 | Glynn Simmons | Murder | Edmond, Oklahoma | Death, later reduced to Life in prison | 48 years | Yes |
| Mistaken Witness ID, Perjury or False Accusation, Official Misconduct, and Inadequate Legal Defense caused him to be found guilty. Exonerated in December 2023. He is now the longest-serving innocent man in the United States.[75] | ||||||
| Mar 29, 1975 | David Bryant | Murder | Bronx, New York | 25 years to life | 40 years, 9 months | Yes |
| In March 1975 8-year old Karen Smith was found dead in a stairwell of her apartment building. Previously charged twice for sexual misconduct, David Bryant was taken in as a suspect the same day and was convicted to serve 25 years to life a year later in October 1976. Bryant was briefly released in 2013 but was taken back to prison in 2014, until finally being released in 2018 and having his charges dismissed in 2019.[76] | ||||||
| Sep 6– Oct 21, 1975 |
Ledura Watkins | Murder | Detroit and Highland Park, Michigan | Life without parole | 41 years, 3 months | Yes |
| Ledura Watkins was convicted of the murder of 25-year-old public school teacher, Evette Ingram, who was also a drug dealer, based on testimony by Travis Herndon who gave conflicting stories about who had committed the crime. Herndon initially said Ledura Watkins committed the crime; later adding it was at the request of crooked Highland Park police officer Gary Vazana who was known for dealing drugs, and wanted Herndon and Watkins to kill Ingram and take any drugs they found so the drugs could be sold and the three of them could split the proceeds. Vazana was found murdered the same day Herndon began telling his stories to police. The Cooley Law School Innocence Project at Western Michigan University began investigating the case in 2012. In January 2017, they filed a petition for post-conviction relief citing the undisclosed police and laboratory reports, Herndon's recantation, the failure of the prosecution and police to disclose favorable treatment of Herndon in exchange for his testimony, and unreliable hair analysis. On June 15, 2017 the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office joined in supporting the motion which led to the judge vacating Watkins's conviction and the charges being dismissed due to insufficient evidence for a retrial. Watkins filed a federal civil rights lawsuit that was settled in 2021 for $2,350,000.[77] | ||||||
| 1975 | Ricky Jackson, Ronnie Bridgeman, and Wiley Bridgeman | Murder | Cleveland, Ohio | Death | Varied | Yes |
| Jackson and both the Bridgeman brothers were convicted and sentenced to death for the killing of Harold Franks, a money order salesman, based on the evidence of a 12-year-old boy, Eddie Vernon, who claimed to have seen them attack Franks. There were no other witnesses nor evidence linking the accused to the crime. In a signed affidavit in 2014, Vernon recanted, saying he had been coerced by the police. Jackson had escaped the death sentence because of a paperwork error. The sentences of the Bridgemans had been commuted to life. Jackson and Wiley Bridgeman were held in prison longer than any other persons who had been exonerated. Ronnie Bridgeman had been paroled after serving 28 years.[78] All three men received compensation and settlements from the state for their wrongful convictions and imprisonment. | ||||||
| May 2, 1976 | Clifford Williams Jr. | Murder, attempted murder | Jacksonville, Florida | Death | 42 years, 7 months | Yes |
| [79] | ||||||
| Jul 1976 | Charles Ray Finch | Murder | Wilson, North Carolina | Death | 42 years, 11 months | Yes |
| [80] | ||||||
| Jul 1976 | Lewis Fogle | Rape, murder | Indiana County, Pennsylvania | Life without parole | 34 years | No |
| Fogle was convicted in 1982 of raping and killing 15-year-old Deann Katherine Long, who had died in 1976. DNA tests on the semen in the girl's body proved he was not the rapist. In August 2015, a senior judge vacated his conviction. The local district attorney joined in the motion to vacate his conviction, and Fogle was released.[81] | ||||||
| Nov 27, 1976 | Randall Dale Adams | Murder | Dallas, Texas | Death | 12 years | No |
| Adams was convicted of killing Dallas police officer Robert W. Wood. In 1988, the film The Thin Blue Line, which was based on the case, was released. Public outcry over the film prompted officials to re-examine the case. Adams was released in 1989.[82] | ||||||
| 1977 | Dewey Bozella | Murder | Poughkeepsie, New York | 20 years to life | 26 years | No |
| Bozella was accused of killing 92-year-old Emma Kapser. He was convicted on the basis of testimony from two jailhouse informants. DNA testing was not available because evidence from the crime had been destroyed post-conviction.[83] Bozella's first conviction was overturned because the prosecutor removed all African Americans from the jury. He was tried again in December 1990. At the second trial, one witness recanted his prior statements, but Bozella was convicted a second time. The other witness later recanted. In addition, the defense later learned that the prosecution failed to turn over exculpatory evidence to the defense, including a fingerprint recovered from the scene that was linked to a felon. In 2009, Bozella's conviction was overturned and all charges were dropped.[84] | ||||||
| Mar 14, 1977 | Brian Baldwin | Murder | Monroe County, Alabama | Death | Executed | No |
| Naomi Rolin was a white girl of 16 who was raped and murdered. Ed Horsely confessed to the murder, which he said he alone had committed, and was executed. But the police charged Baldwin with the murder based on his confession, which Baldwin said was extracted under beatings and an electric cattle prod. No forensic evidence connected Baldwin with the crime. The murder was committed by a left-handed person whereas Baldwin was right-handed.[85] All evidence was lost or destroyed after the execution. | ||||||
| Jul 9, 1977 | Gary Dotson | Rape | Chicago, Illinois | 25–50 years | 6 years (approximately) | Yes |
| Sixteen-year-old Cathleen Crowell Webb made up a rape allegation to explain her pregnancy concerns to her foster parents after having had consensual sex with her boyfriend the previous day. After a religious conversion, Webb confessed to her pastor that she had wrongly accused Dotson and began efforts to get him released. The prosecution refused to take any action, so they went to the media. The resulting public sympathy led the authorities to review the case. Eventually Dotson was cleared via DNA testing and released. | ||||||
| May 11, 1978 | The Ford Heights Four: Verneal Jimerson, Dennis Williams, Kenneth Adams, and Willie Rainge | Rape, murder | Ford Heights, Illinois | Death (Jimerson, Williams), 75 years (Adams), life (Rainge) | 18 years (Williams, Adams, Rainge), 11 years (Jimerson) | Yes |
| The Ford Heights Four were convicted of the rape of Carol Schmal and murder of Schmal and Lawrence Lionberg based on false forensic testimony, coercion of a prosecution witness, perjury by another witness who had an incentive to lie, and prosecution and police misconduct. Witness and DNA evidence uncovered in an investigation by three journalism students at Northwestern University cleared the Ford Heights Four and led to the arrest and conviction of the real killers.[86] | ||||||
| May 11, 1978 | Paula Gray | Rape, murder, perjury | Ford Heights, Illinois | 50 years | 9 years | Yes |
| Paula Gray was an additional suspect in the Ford Heights Four case. Gray, an intellectually-disabled teenager, was interrogated for two days before confessing to her involvement in the crime. However, Gray soon recanted her confession, stating that she had been drugged and coached by the police. Upon her recantation, Gray was charged with rape and murder and with perjury. She was ultimately found guilty and sentenced to 50 years in prison. In 1982, after two of the Ford Heights Four won new trials, prosecutors offered to release Gray in exchange for her testimony against the two men. Gray accepted the offer and was released in 1987. Following the exoneration of the Ford Heights Four, Gray's conviction was overturned, and in 2002, the Governor issued her a pardon.[87] | ||||||
| Aug 31, 1978 | Joseph Sledge | Murder | Elizabethtown, North Carolina | Two consecutive life sentences | 36 years | Yes |
| Sledge escaped from prison during a four-year sentence for misdemeanor larceny and was recaptured days later. During this time, Josephine and Aileen Davis were killed in their home in Elizabethtown, North Carolina. Sledge was convicted of murdering the two women based on the testimony of two inmates who claimed that Sledge had admitted to the crime while in prison the next year. One of the informants later recanted his testimony, saying that he had lied due to police coercion and a reward of early parole and $3,000 prize money. The other informant received similar special treatment. Mitochondrial DNA testing of hairs found at the crime scene believed to be from the killer did not match Sledge, and he was declared innocent in January 2015. He had served more than 36 years for the crime.[88] | ||||||
| Aug 31, 1978 | Bobby Joe Maxwell | Murder | Los Angeles, California | Life without parole | 39 years | Yes |
| Maxwell was falsely believed to be the Skid Row Stabber, and was convicted of two stabbings.[89] | ||||||
| Nov 11, 1978 | Craig Coley | Murder | Simi Valley, California | Life without parole | 39 years | Yes |
| Coley was convicted of the murder of 24-year-old Rhonda Wicht and her 4-year-old son Donald Wicht in 1978. DNA tests not available at the time of his trial later showed Coley could not have done the murders, and DNA from others was present. Police officers testified that the original investigating officer had mishandled the investigation. Coley was pardoned in 2017 after serving 39 years.[90] | ||||||
| Nov 23, 1979 | Cornelius Dupree | Aggravated robbery | Dallas, Texas | 75 years | 30 years | Yes |
| Dupree was convicted of aggravated robbery on the basis of eyewitness identification after allegedly robbing and raping a 26-year-old woman during a carjacking. He was later exonerated by the Innocence Project via DNA testing of pubic hair from the rape. | ||||||
| 1979 | Kevin Strickland | Triple murder | Kansas City, Missouri | Life without parole for 50 years[91] | 42 years, 4 months | Yes[92] |
| Strickland was exonerated for three murders and released in 2021 on November 23. His wrongful incarceration of 42 years and 4 months was the longest in Missouri[93][94][64][91] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 6, 1980 | Joyce Ann Brown | Murder, aggravated robbery | Dallas, Texas | Life in prison | 9 years, 5 months, 24 days | Yes |
| Brown was convicted of robbery in 1980,[95] although the rental car used in the crime had been leased to a different Joyce Ann Brown, who lived in Denver, Colorado. The defendant had a strong alibi, as she was at work at the time of the crime. The conviction was based on eyewitness identification and on testimony of a cellmate that she had confessed. Following investigations by 60 Minutes, The Dallas Morning News, and Centurion Ministries, an appeal was filed. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals set aside Brown's conviction because of prosecutorial misconduct: they had not revealed that the prosecution witness had been convicted of perjury, and it was not revealed that she received a reduced sentence after testifying. Her record was expunged in 1994. | ||||||
| May 21, 1980 | Kenneth Waters | Murder | Ayer, Massachusetts | Life in Prison | 18 years | Yes |
| Kenneth Waters was convicted on May 11, 1983, for the 1980 murder of Katherina Reitz Brow and was sentenced to life in prison until he was exonerated, with the help of his sister Betty Anne, on March 15, 2001, when DNA test results proved he was not the perpetrator. Waters died in an accident six months later on September 19, 2001. His case became the subject of a 2010 film titled Conviction.[96] | ||||||
| Oct 12, 1980 | Steve Titus | Rape | Seattle, Washington | N/A | N/A | Yes |
| Titus was convicted of the 1980 rape of Nancy Von Roper, a hitchhiking teenager. Seattle Times reporter Paul Henderson began investigating the case after a similar rape was committed a few months after Titus' conviction. His investigation of the case led to Titus' conviction being overturned, and the charges were dropped before he was sentenced. Henderson won the Pulitzer Prize for his articles on the case. Titus lost his job as a result of the case and died of a heart attack in 1985, shortly before being awarded compensation. | ||||||
| Aug 23, 1980 | Clarence Brandley | Murder | Conroe, Texas | Death | 9 years | No |
| Brandley was working as a janitor at Conroe High School[97] when 16-year-old Cheryl Dee Fergeson was raped and murdered in the loft above the auditorium following a volleyball game. A foreign blood sample was found on Fergeson's shirt that did not match either Fergeson's or Brandley's blood type. Following conviction, Brandley's defense team discovered that several pieces of exculpatory evidence were not disclosed by the prosecution. Semen had been found at the scene, but was destroyed without being tested. A Caucasian pubic hair was found on the body; Brandley is African American. Also missing were photographs taken of Brandley on the day of the crime showing that he was not wearing the belt that the prosecution claimed had been the murder weapon. The prosecution received statements implicating two other men in the crime, but failed to disclose them. One of the janitors went to police following Brandley's arrest. He told police he saw another janitor leading the victim up the stairs. He alleged that he was threatened with arrest if he didn't implicate Brandley at trial. | ||||||
| 1980s | At least 36 people | Child sexual abuse | Kern County, California | Varied | Varied | Some |
| The Kern County child abuse cases are a notable example of day-care sex-abuse hysteria of the 1980s.[98] The cases involved claims that a pedophile sex ring performed Satanic ritual abuse: as many as 60 young children testified they had been abused. At least 36 people were convicted and most of them spent years imprisoned. 34 convictions were overturned on appeal. Two convicts died in prison.[99][100][101] A documentary titled Witch Hunt was produced and released in 2007. MSNBC also did a documentary on John Stoll and the Kern County cases. In 2009, John Stoll sued Kern County and was awarded $5 million in compensation.[102]
Prior to the start of the Kern County child abuse cases, several local social workers had attended a training seminar that foregrounded satanic ritual abuse as a major element in child sexual abuse, and had used the now-debunked memoir Michelle Remembers as training material.[103] | ||||||
| 1980s | Cathy Woods | Murder | Reno, Nevada | Life without parole | 35 years | Yes |
| [104] | ||||||
| Dec 21, 1980 | Claus von Bülow | Attempted murder | Newport, Rhode Island | 30 years | 3 years | No |
| Claus von Bülow was convicted of attempted murder of his wife, Sunny von Bülow, on the theory that he injected his wife with insulin, sending her into a coma. She was comatose for 28 years until her death in 2008. His conviction was overturned and he was retried. His defense team hired a number of world-class experts who argued that Sunny's coma was caused by a combination of oral medications, alcohol, and chronic health conditions. Also entered into evidence was a hospital admission only three weeks prior to her irreversible coma where she ingested at least 73 aspirin tablets. The defense argued that this act demonstrated Sunny's mental state was such that she once again ingested an overdose of drugs. They also argued that the presence of insulin on the tip of the needle found near Sunny suggested that it had been dipped in the insulin, but not injected, as injecting it would've wiped the needle clean. He was acquitted.[105] | ||||||
| Summer 1981 | Thomas Martin Thompson | Rape, murder | Laguna Beach, California | Death | Executed | No |
| Thompson was convicted and executed for the rape and murder of Ginger Fleischli, a crime for which he is widely believed to be innocent.[106][107][108] He was mainly convicted on the evidence of two notorious informants who claimed Thompson had admitted committing the crime in jail. The prosecution did not inform the judge or the defense that they had also charged and later convicted another person of the crime.[106] | ||||||
| Sep 7, 1981 | Grover Thompson | Stabbing | Mount Vernon, Illinois | 40 years | Died in prison in 1996 | Yes |
| Serial killer Timothy Krajcir broke into the apartment of 72-year-old Ida White and stabbed her in her shower. Thompson, who was sleeping in a post office across the street from White's apartment building, was arrested for the crime; the victim misidentified Krajcir as a black man, as did a man who witnessed the culprit fleeing. Thompson's possession of a pocket knife with a speck of dried blood was used as evidence against him.
While confessing to other crimes in return for avoiding the death penalty, Krajcir said he attacked a woman in Mount Vernon and that a "black guy" had been arrested for the crime. Reporter Carly O'Keefe linked the crime to White's stabbing; after work from the Illinois Innocence Project and unsuccessful appeals, Governor Bruce Rauner granted Thompson posthumous executive clemency based on actual innocence.[109] | ||||||
| Sep 18, 1981 | Raymond Towler | Assault, rape | Cleveland, Ohio | 12 years to life, 7–25 years, and 5–25 years | 27 years | Yes |
| Towler was convicted for the assault of a 12-year-old boy and rape of 11-year-old girl in a wooded area. Towler was exonerated by DNA testing. | ||||||
| Dec 1981 | Gloria Killian | Murder, attempted murder, burglary, robbery, conspiracy | Rosemont, California | 32 years to life | 20 years | Yes |
| In December 1981, Gary Masse and Stephen DeSantis, disguised as telephone repairmen, entered the home of an elderly couple in Rosemont, California, shot both occupants and stole six suitcases of silver. Masse's wife told the police that a woman named Gloria masterminded the robbery, prompting the police to arrest 35-year-old Gloria Killian, a former law student with no criminal record. After a preliminary hearing, the charges against Killian were dismissed. Masse was sentenced to life in prison without parole. However, after striking a deal with the Sacramento Sheriff's Department to reduce his sentence in exchange for testimony against others involved, Masse implicated Killian. Killian was re-arrested, and based solely on Masse's testimony, a jury convicted her of first-degree murder, attempted murder, burglary, robbery and conspiracy and sentenced her to 32-years-to-life in prison. Masse's sentence was reduced to 25 years. Ten years later, defense investigators discovered the deal struck between Masse and prosecutors, including a letter where Masse wrote to the prosecutors, "I lied my ass off for you people." Masse later admitted that his testimony against Killian was false. In March 2002, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Killian's conviction, and in August 2002, Killian was released. The prosecutor, Christopher Cleland, was admonished by the California State Bar for his conduct in the case.[110] | ||||||
| Aug 14, 1981 | Arthur Lee Whitfield | Rape | Norfolk, Virginia | 63 years | 22 years | Yes |
| In less than one hour on the night of August 14, 1981, two women in Norfolk, Virginia were raped. Both victims eventually identified Arthur Whitfield as the assailant. In 1982, he was convicted of one of the crimes and pled guilty to the second in order to receive a lighter sentence and have some of the charges dropped. DNA testing in 2004 proved that he was innocent of both crimes. The first victim was accosted as she got out of her car. The assailant threatened her with a knife, stole her money, and ordered her to undress. The perpetrator raped her and left her there. She then drove to a friend's house and reported the rape. At trial, she testified that she had several opportunities to view the perpetrator by the light of a streetlight and a spotlight on a nearby house. At the police station, she picked out seven photographs. One of the pictures was Whitfield's. She subsequently identified him from a live lineup. The second victim was attacked not long after the first. She had exited her car and was accosted, threatened with a knife, and raped. At trial, the defense argued that Whitfield had been misidentified. Both victims described their attacker as having no facial hair, but Whitfield wore a beard at the time. Whitfield's family testified that he was with them the entire evening. The jury convicted and Whitfield was sentenced to 45 years. He pled guilty to the second crime and received 18 years, to run consecutively to the first sentence, a total of 63 years. In October 2003, Whitfield filed pro-se under the Virginia statute that governs postconviction DNA testing (passed in 2001). It appeared that the evidence had been destroyed. In December 2003, however, the state crime laboratory found pieces of evidence taped inside a notebook of the serologist who had originally tested the evidence. Mary Jane Burton had, against laboratory protocol, saved samples from some of the cases she had worked on. In 2001, evidence located in a similar manner exonerated Marvin Anderson. In 2003, the evidence Burton saved in Julius Ruffin's case was tested and exonerated him. In 2004, the evidence in Whitfield's case was subjected to DNA testing. Whitfield was excluded from the rape kit samples of both victims. The profile obtained from testing indicated that another inmate, already serving life for another sexual assault, was the true perpetrator.[111] | ||||||
| Dec 6, 1981 | Julius Ruffin | Rape, sodomy, robbery | Norfolk, Virginia | Life | 21 years | Yes |
| On December 6, 1981, Julius Ruffin was accused of raping, sodomizing, and robbing a woman in her home. The victim looked for a black male and identified Ruffin as her attacker, though the description did not match up. Ruffin is 6'1" (187 cm), with light skin, and two distinguishable gold teeth and facial hair. She identified her attacker as 5'8" (174 cm) with dark skin. On October 1, 1982, he was sentenced to life in prison.[112] Although the real criminal has been convicted, only one of the 'convicts' has had his name totally cleared. Julius Ruffin received $1.5 million in compensation and has had his name completely erased from the registered sex offender list and his record has been cleared of the crimes. Aaron Doxie III, the real perpetrator, was convicted for unrelated rapes, and will not be tried for the Virginia rapes because the cases are too cold and much of the evidence has been destroyed. | ||||||
| 1982 | Anthony Porter | Murder | Chicago, Illinois | Death | 17 years | Yes |
| In 1998, students in a journalism course taught by Northwestern University professor David Protess investigated the murders of Marilyn Green and her fiancé Jerry Hillard as part of a class assignment for the Medill Innocence Project. The students gathered evidence exposing serious flaws in the prosecution. A witness recanted, saying that Chicago police had "threatened, harassed, and intimidated" him into accusing Porter. Another student noted that the shot had been fired by a left-handed shooter; Porter was right-handed. Inez Jackson, the estranged wife of Alstory Simon, came forward and said that she had been with Simon when he killed Hilliard in retaliation for "skimming money from drug deals". Four days later, Simon himself confessed to the crime on videotape. Protess and the students came forward with the information. Porter was released. Simon and his wife later recanted.
In October 2014, Illinois State's Attorney Anita Alvarez decided to release Simon, stating that David Protess, a former Northwestern University journalism professor whose students initially investigated the murders and private investigator Paul Ciolino had used coercive tactics that were "unacceptable by law enforcement standards". Among the charges that Alvarez made was that Ciolino used an actor to falsely implicate Simon. She also criticized Simon's attorney, Jack Rimland, who represented Simon at the suggestion of Ciolino.[113] | ||||||
| 1982 | Ron Williamson and Dennis Fritz | Murder | Ada, Oklahoma | Death (Williamson), life in prison (Fritz) | 11 years | Yes |
| Debra Carter was murdered in her apartment following a night out with friends at a local bar. Evidence against the men included expert testimony in hair analysis, which is now regarded as unreliable. Ada resident Glen Gore testified against both Williamson and Fritz that Carter had complained to a friend that Williamson "made her nervous". Gore was later connected to the murder by DNA testing and convicted.[114] He is serving life without parole.[115][116] The case served as the inspiration for John Grisham's The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town. | ||||||
| Jan 11, 1982 | Alton Logan | Murder | Chicago, Illinois | Life | 26 years | Yes |
| Two African-American men shot and killed Lloyd Wickliffe and wounded Alvin Thompson on January 11, 1982, in an attempted armed robbery of a McDonald’s restaurant on the far south side of Chicago where the victims were security guards. Andrew Wilson, having been arrested and charged with the unrelated murders of two Chicago police officers, confided to his lawyers that he had indeed committed the crime of which Logan had been convicted. However, his lawyers were bound by attorney–client privilege, during Wilson’s lifetime, not to reveal what he had told them in confidence.
Wilson died of natural causes in prison on November 19, 2007, and his attorneys were then able to release a notarized affidavit describing Wilson’s confession to them. Logan was released in September 2008, more than 26 years after he was arrested for a murder he did not commit. He subsequently received a certificate of innocence, and was awarded $199,000 in state compensation. In January 2013, the City of Chicago agreed to pay Logan $10.25 million to settle a federal wrongful conviction lawsuit. | ||||||
| Mar 5, 1982 | Victor Rosario | Murder, arson | Lowell, Massachusetts | Life | 35 Years | Yes |
| A building fire killed eight people, including three adults and five children. Although evidence suggested the fire was accidental, prosecutors believed Rosario and his brothers set the building on fire with Molotov cocktails as revenge for a drug deal. Rosario's Attorney stated he was trying to rescue people from the fire. Rosario's brothers were not tried because he refused to testify against them. Rosario signed a confession believing it would let him go, not fully understanding it due to English not being his first language. In 2014 a court vacated his conviction and in 2019 Rosario filed a lawsuit against the city.[117] | ||||||
| Jun 1982 | Earl Washington Jr. | Murder | Culpeper, Virginia | Death | 17 Years | Yes |
| Washington was convicted of the murder of Rebecca Lynn Williams solely on the basis of coerced confessions during which he seemed to have little knowledge of the crime, the victim's appearance, or the location of the crime. Washington, a farmworker who has an intellectual disability, was exonerated in 2000 by DNA tests.[118] | ||||||
| Jul 12, 1982 | Walter Forbes[119] | Murder, arson | Jackson, Michigan | Life in prison | 37 years | Yes |
| On July 12, 1982, a man died in a fire that was set in Jackson, Michigan. Dennis Hall was killed in an apparent arson at his apartment. Prior to his death, he was involved in an altercation at a bar which was broken up by college student Walter Forbes. The day after the bar fight, Hall shot Forbes requiring a few months to recover. As Hall and Forbes had been involved in two recent altercations, police arrested Forbes for Hall's death. Forbes would be convicted in court for the murder and arson in May 1983 and he was sentenced to life in prison for first degree murder.
In 2017, a witness who had claimed she had seen Forbes and two others burn down the apartment recanted her statement. She claimed to a judge in 2020 that she had been threatened to do so by two men from her neighborhood who warned they would harm her and her family if she failed to testify against the three. Of them, only Forbes had been convicted due to discrepancies in her testimony. In addition to other evidence being uncovered, Forbes' conviction was overturned and he was freed in November 2020. It is now believed that the owner of the apartment, David Jones, was behind the arson as part of an insurance fraud scheme. Jones received a significant payout for the arson that damaged the building and killed Hall. Eight years later, Jones would be convicted of a different insurance fraud scheme involving arson where another person died. Two people confessed to conspiracy in that arson and testified against Jones in court. | ||||||
| Jul 17, 1982 | Marvin Anderson | Rape | Hanover County, Virginia | Life in prison | 15 years | Yes |
| A woman who stopped to help an injured bicyclist was instead attacked and dragged into the woods. During the rape, the black perpetrator told the victim that she reminded him of his white girlfriend. Based on this, Anderson, a local black man with a white girlfriend, was arrested. He was sentenced to life in prison, and despite a man named John Otis Lincoln confessing to the rape in 1988, his conviction was not vacated. He was released on parole in 1997. In 2001, it was discovered that the criminalist who worked on the case had saved the cotton swab used, against agency policy. When tested, it confirmed that Anderson was not the rapist. Governor Mark Warner pardoned him in 2002.[120] | ||||||
| Oct 21, 1982 | Johnny Briscoe | Rape, robbery | St. Louis, Missouri | 45 years | 23 years | Yes |
| Briscoe was tried for a 1983 rape and robbery. After the rape, the perpetrator smoked a cigarette, leaving the butt behind. While at the crime scene, the victim asked the perpetrator for his name. He told her his name was John Briscoe. Briscoe's photo was shown to the victim. A week later, she picked him out of a lineup in which he was the only one wearing a prison jumpsuit; the other men were wearing civilian clothing. Briscoe was convicted on the basis of a cross-racial eyewitness identification and hair analysis of hairs found at the crime scene, both of which are known to have a high degree of unreliability. In 2004, the cigarette butt was found from the crime scene matching another man named Larry Smith. Prior to the identification of Smith via DNA, Briscoe and Smith were serving time together in the same prison. Briscoe had heard rumors that Smith was the perpetrator and confronted him about it. Smith denied that he was involved. It is unknown why Smith used Briscoe's name during the crime, although he may have done it in order to frame Briscoe.[121] | ||||||
| Aug 1983 | Willie Earl Green | Murder | Los Angeles, California | 33 years to life | 25 years | No |
| Denise Walker was killed during a robbery at the home of her boyfriend, Willie Finley. One burglar struck Finley on the head as he was returning from a store, and then brought him into the house where he ordered Walker to let in a second burglar. Walker's mother told police that Willie Green had robbed Denise a year earlier. Finley identified Green in a lineup and he was convicted. Green sought help from Centurion Ministries, a New Jersey-based wrongful conviction advocacy group. In 2004, during their reinvestigation, Finley recanted his testimony. He said that he was high on crack at the time of the attack and that his eyesight had been impaired by the blow to the head. He told investigators that he did not identify Green until police suggested Green as the attacker and told him of the earlier robbery. Based on Finley's recantation, his conviction was vacated in March 2008, and prosecutors decided not to retry him.[122] | ||||||
| Sep 13, 1983 | Juan Roberto Melendez-Colon | Murder | Auburndale, Florida | Death | 17 years | No |
| Melendez had an alibi and was convicted of the murder of Delbert Baker largely on testimony of David Falcon, who had a longstanding grudge against Melendez. Witnesses said Falcon had threatened to kill Melendez at some point prior to Melendez allegedly confessing to him. His appeal was denied three times when defense lawyers discovered a taped confession made by Vernon James. In light of the new evidence, Justice Barbara Fleischer determined that Melendez was entitled to a new trial. The state of Florida declined to prosecute a second time since the key witness at the original trial, David Falcon, was now dead and another witness for the prosecution had since recanted his testimony. | ||||||
| Nov 1983 | John Gordon Purvis | Murder | Fort Lauderdale, Florida | Life in prison | 10 years | |
| Police received a tip that a man named Robert Wayne Beckett Sr. may have been involved in the murder of Susan Hamwi. Eventually a new set of detectives investigated Beckett, who admitted to the murder for hire on the instruction of Paul Hamwi, her ex-husband. He named Paul Serio as an accomplice.[123] | ||||||
| Nov 1983 | Glenn Ford | Murder | Shreveport, Louisiana | Death by electrocution | 30 years | Yes |
| An all-white jury delivered a guilty verdict in the case of the murder of Isadore Rozeman without any physical evidence directly linking Ford to the crime, with the inexperienced public defenders unable to secure any witnesses. Evidentiary hearings in 2004 and 2005 found the state failed to disclose exculpatory evidence. The state actively suppressed evidence from before the trial that showed two confidential witnesses corroborating Ford's story that he became involved in the crime after the murders, and that another man was in possession of the murder weapon after the crime. In 2013, the state notified Ford's counsel that a confidential informant for the Caddo Parish Sheriff's Office stated that another man confessed to the murder. Ford was exonerated and released in 2014.[124] | ||||||
| 1983 | Mary Ann and Joe Elizondo | Child sexual abuse | Jefferson, Texas | 35 years | 7–13 years | Yes |
| In 1983, 10-year-old Robert Bienvenue and 8-year-old Richard told police that they had been sexually abused by their mother, Mary Ann Elizondo, and stepfather, Joe Elizondo. At the time, the boys were in the custody of their father and only spent weekends with their mother. Both Mary Ann and Joe were arrested and charged with sexual abuse, and in 1984, Joe was sentenced to life in prison, while Mary Ann was sentenced to 35 years in prison. After Mary Ann was released on parole in 1991, she was jailed for another six months for refusing to admit to sexually abusing her sons. All the while, Robert's father told him that Mary Ann simply abandoned him. But on his 17th birthday, Robert discovered a letter from his mother and learned for the first time that she and Joe were in prison, prompting him to reveal to the authorities that his father forced him to falsely accuse his mother of sexual abuse in retaliation for Mary Ann marrying Joe. A court granted Joe a new trial, and in 1997, prosecutors dismissed the case. In 2005, an appeals court vacated Mary Ann's conviction.[125] | ||||||
| 1983 | Maurice Hastings | Murder, rape | Inglewood, California | Life in prison | 38 years | Yes |
| Hastings was charged with the rape and murder of Roberta Wydermyer. Despite DNA evidence being recovered from semen, the DA's office denied the request to have it DNA tested. In 2022 it was tested and identified as belonging to Kenneth Packnett, who died in prison in 2020 after having been convicted of armed kidnapping and rape. Hastings was released in October 2022, and he was declared "factually innocent" by a judge in March 2023.[126] | ||||||
| 1983–1984 | Anthony Capozzi | Rape, sodomy, sexual abuse | Buffalo, New York | 11–35 years | 21 years | Yes |
| Capozzi spent 21 years in prison maintaining his innocence when in 2006, a woman was killed along a bike path in a Buffalo suburb. Investigators noticed similarities to a number of other rapes and murders in the area and believed they were committed by one individual. DNA testing implicated Altemio Sanchez, who would eventually plead guilty to the 2006 murder and two others. At least eight crimes were eventually linked to Sanchez via DNA analysis. During the investigation, a detective noticed that one of Capozzi's alleged victims testified that she saw her rapist driving several days later and she copied down his license plate information. When the police initially investigated the tip, they found the owner of the vehicle, but he had an alibi. He was reinterviewed in 2006 and admitted that he had lent the car to his nephew, Altemio Sanchez, that day.
Authorities subpoenaed the hospital where the rape victims were initially treated for evidence from the rape kits. It was believed that the evidence had been lost or destroyed, but eventually it was found and tested, excluding Capozzi and implicating Sanchez.[127] | ||||||
| 1984 | Bernard Baran | Child sexual abuse | Pittsfield, Massachusetts | Three life sentences | 21 years | No |
| Baran's conviction is cited as an example of the day-care sex-abuse hysteria of the 1980s and 1990s as well as a case of homophobia. The Baran case is the subject of the documentary film Freeing Bernie Baran. | ||||||
| 1984 | Alfred Chestnut, Ransom Watkins, and Andrew Stewart Jr. | Murder, robbery, illegal use of a weapon | Baltimore, Maryland | Life in prison | 36 years | Yes |
| [128] | ||||||
| 1984 | Leroy Orange | Murder | Chicago, Illinois | Death | 19 years | Yes |
| Leroy Orange was arrested along with his half-brother Leonard Kidd. He was convicted of killing Ricardo Pedro, Michelle Jointer, his ex-girlfriend Renee Coleman, and her 10-year-old son, Tony, on the basis of a confession allegedly obtained through torture methods such as beating, suffocation, and electroshock. He was pardoned in 2006. Kidd's death sentence was commuted to life in prison. He maintains his innocence and contends that his confession was elicited through torture as well.[129] | ||||||
| 1984 | Kirk Bloodsworth | Murder | Baltimore, Maryland | Death | 8 years | Yes |
| On July 25, 1984, 9-year-old Dawn Hamilton was found dead in a wooded area. She had been beaten with a rock, sexually assaulted, and strangled. Kirk Bloodsworth was convicted on March 8, 1985, of sexual assault, rape, and first-degree premeditated murder. A Baltimore County judge sentenced Bloodsworth to death. He was exonerated almost nine years later after DNA testing excluded him.[130] Bloodsworth became the first person in the U.S. exonerated with DNA evidence.[131] The Innocence Project established the Kirk Bloodsworth Post-Conviction DNA Testing Program, a program that helps states defray the costs of post-conviction DNA testing.[132] | ||||||
| 1984 | Darryl Hunt | Murder | Winston-Salem, North Carolina | Life in prison | 19.5 years | |
| Hunt was convicted of the murder of Deborah Sykes on the basis of eyewitness testimony. He was later cleared by DNA testing. | ||||||
| Jan 3, 1984 | Thomas Haynesworth | Rape | Richmond, Virginia | 84 years | 27 years | Yes |
| Haynesworth was arrested at the age of 18 in 1984 after a woman identified him as her attacker. He was convicted of a series of violent rapes in Richmond, Virginia, now believed to have been committed by a neighbor who resembled Haynesworth. In 2009, new state laws and procedures allowed for DNA testing, which was not available in the 1980s, and semen collected from the first attack implicated the neighbor.
The case, which The Washington Post called "one of the state's most extraordinary legal cases",[133] utilized DNA testing and new state laws that allowed possibly innocent convicts to present new evidence. | ||||||
| Sep 23, 1983 | Henry McCollum and Leon Brown | Murder, rape | Red Springs, North Carolina | Death (McCollum); death, commuted to life (Brown) | 31 years | Yes |
| McCollum and Brown were 19 and 15-year-old half-brothers, respectively, when they were arrested for the rape and murder of 11-year-old Sabrina Buie. Both half-brothers had intellectual disabilities, which made them susceptible to manipulation during their police interrogations. Red Springs and Robeson County police and interrogators convinced McCollum and Brown to waive their Miranda rights and sign inconsistent and contradictory confessions that implicated them in the murder, despite the evidence suggesting that Roscoe Artis, a serial rapist and possible serial killer in the area, had committed Buie's murder as he had committed several other similar crimes against at least two other women. In addition, Brown signed his confession in block letters rather than a signature because he was nearly illiterate and could not read his confession. In October 1984, both McCollum and Brown were sentenced to death, with Brown becoming the youngest person on North Carolina's death row. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia used McCollum's case to justify the existence of the death penalty.[134]
After appealing, both death sentences were overturned in 1988, and the two had retrials in 1991. McCollum was again convicted of rape and murder and re-sentenced to death, while Brown was only convicted of rape and sentenced to life imprisonment. The two remained in prison/on death row for a total of 31 years before DNA testing confirmed that neither McCollum's DNA nor Brown's were found at the crime scene. However, because technology could not provide a positive match at the time, the two were held in prison until the North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission looked into their case and concluded that the physical evidence matched Roscoe Artis. McCollum and Brown were exonerated in September 2014, with McCollum being the longest-serving death row inmate in North Carolina history. The two were formally pardoned in 2015, enabling them to pursue compensation for their wrongful imprisonment. After multiple state and federal lawsuits, a federal court cumulatively awarded McCollum and Brown with $75 million, the largest award for a wrongful conviction in United States history.[134] Artis died in prison in 2020 while serving a life sentence for a separate murder. | ||||||
| Dec 6, 1984 | John Thompson | Murder, carjacking | New Orleans, Louisiana | Life plus 49 years | 18 years | Yes |
| Feb 5, 1985 | Beatrice Six: Thomas Winslow, Joseph White, Ada JoAnn Taylor, Kathy Gonzalez, James Dean, and Debra Shelden | Murder | Beatrice, Nebraska | Varies | Varies | Yes |
| Thomas Winslow, Joseph White, Ada JoAnn Taylor, Kathy Gonzalez, James Dean, and Debra Shelden were found guilty of the 1985 rape and murder of Helen Wilson. They were pardoned in 2008 after DNA evidence from the crime scene identified Bruce Allen Smith as the true culprit. Smith died in 1992.[135] | ||||||
| Feb 25, 1985 | Anthony Ray Hinton | Murder, armed robbery | Birmingham, Alabama | Death | 29 years | Yes |
| Hinton was sentenced to death in 1985 for armed robbery and the murders of John Davidson and Thomas Wayne Vason, two fast food managers in Birmingham. The US Supreme Court ruled in 2014 that his defense lawyer had been deficient. Prosecutors admitted that the bullets found at the scene did not match Hinton's gun; Hinton's conviction was thrown out by a circuit court judge in April 2015 and he was freed.[136] | ||||||
| Mar 1985 | Dennis Perry | Murder | Camden County, Georgia | Two life sentences | 19 years | Yes |
| Harold and Thelma Swain were killed after an invasion at their church during a bible study session. Perry was convicted based on witness testimony by an ex-girlfriend's mother who later received a Crimestoppers reward. Perry was also believed to resemble a composite sketch made based on the information of several women who were at the church that night. Perry took a post-conviction deal to avoid the death penalty which restricted his ability to appeal.[137]
After coverage by the podcast Undisclosed and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution a potential alternate suspect was identified and DNA testing was pursued by the Georgia Innocence Project. DNA evidence from hairs on glasses left at the scene were tested, and did not match Perry, but were consistent with the alternate suspect. | ||||||
| Mar 1985 | Margaret Earle | Murder | Plymouth, Massachusetts | Life in prison | 5 years | Yes |
| In March 1985, Margaret Earle left her 21-month-old daughter Rachelle in the care of her boyfriend, Michael Burnham, to celebrate her 21st birthday with a friend. The next morning, Margaret found her daughter ill but was unable to reach her doctor. While Margaret went to a pharmacy, the paramedics rushed Rachelle to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. Rachelle's autopsy revealed significant injuries, including fractured ribs and internal bleeding. However, both Margaret and Michael denied any wrongdoing, and the case went cold. Years later, Michael called 911 and confessed to murdering Rachelle in anger over having to babysit a child. Police accused Margaret of failing to promptly seek medical treatment for Rachelle, and both Michael and Margaret were charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. But after Margaret's appellate lawyer uncovered evidence of Margaret's phone calls to the doctor, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court reversed Margaret's conviction. Prosecutors subsequently dismissed the case.[138] | ||||||
| Jul 29, 1985 | Steven Avery | Rape | Two Rivers, Wisconsin | 32 years | 18 years | Yes |
| 36-year-old Penny Ann Beerntsen was jogging along Lake Michigan when she was grabbed from behind, dragged into a wooded area and raped. Despite having alibis, Avery was convicted on the basis of a visual identification by the victim and visual hair analysis. In April 2002, DNA testing of 13 pubic hairs recovered from Beerntsen excluded Avery. The DNA matched a man named Gregory Allen, who bore a striking resemblance to Avery. Avery was exonerated and released. As a result of the case, Wisconsin made changes to their eyewitness protocol. Avery also filed a civil suit for wrongful conviction against Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, and some county officials, seeking $36 million in damages.[139][140] Avery settled the lawsuit for $400,000, used for his defense of the 2005 murder of Teresa Halbach, for which he and nephew Brendan Dassey were convicted.
On December 18, 2015, Netflix released a documentary that covers both of Avery's convictions. This 10-episode documentary titled Making a Murderer was filmed over 10 years.[141] Allen was never charged in the Beerntsen case because the statute of limitations has expired. | ||||||
| Dec 1, 1985 | Ralph "Ricky" Birch and Shawn Henning | Murder | New Milford, Connecticut | 55 years | 30 years | Yes |
| Birch and Henning were charged with killing 65-year-old Everett Carr, who was stabbed 27 times at his home. There was no forensic evidence directly linking the two to the crime, but they were convicted based on the testimony of forensics expert Henry Lee, who said a towel had tested positive for blood. However, tests conducted after the trial found the substance was not blood, and a judge found there was no evidence Lee had actually conducted any testing on the towel. The murder convictions were vacated in 2020.[142] | ||||||
| 1985 | Tim Cole | Rape | Lubbock, Texas | 25 years | 14 years (died in prison) | Yes |
| Cole was convicted of rape on basis of a visual identification by the victim, Michele Mallin, his classmate.[143] Among other things, Mallin told police that the rapist smoked during the rape. However, Cole never smoked because of his severe asthma. He died in prison on December 2, 1999, from an asthma attack. Another man, Jerry Wayne Johnson, confessed to the rape in 2007. DNA evidence later confirmed that the rape was committed by Johnson.[144] Cole was posthumously exonerated; it was the first posthumous DNA exoneration in the history of the state of Texas.[145]
Johnson confirmed in court that he was the rapist and asked the victim and Cole's family to forgive him. "It's been on my heart to express my sincerest sorrow and regret and ask to be forgiven," said Johnson, who is serving life in prison for two other 1985 rapes. However, Johnson cannot be charged in the Mallin case because the statute of limitations has expired.[146][147] | ||||||
| Apr 13, 1986 | Johnny Lee Wilson | Murder | Aurora, Missouri | Life in prison | 8 years | Yes |
| In 1995, Wilson was pardoned by the governor of Missouri, Mel Carnahan. He had been sentenced to life in prison without parole for the 1986 murder of an elderly woman, seventy-nine-year-old Pauline Martz. Wilson confessed to the crime, but Carnahan concluded in his investigation that Wilson, an intellectually disabled twenty-year-old, was coerced by the authorities. Carnahan also concluded that there was no evidence linking Wilson to the murder.[148] | ||||||
| Aug 13, 1986 | Michael Morton | Murder | Williamson County, Texas | Life in prison | 25 years | Yes |
| Morton was convicted of his wife Christine Morton's murder in 1987. He was exonerated in 2011 after DNA tests linked another man, Mark Alan Norwood, to the murder. Norwood was subsequently convicted of Christine's murder. He also is a suspect in the 1988 murder of Debra Baker in her Austin home. Both women were beaten to death in their beds.[149] The prosecutor in the case was charged with contempt after it was discovered that he withheld evidence from the defense team. He gave up his law license and served five days in jail as part of a plea bargain.[150][151][152] | ||||||
| Jul 14, 1986 | Santiago Ventura Morales | Murder | Sandy, Oregon | 10 years to life | 5 years | No |
| Morales was convicted of the murder of Ramiro Lopez Fidel in 1986. At trial, he was provided a Spanish interpreter, though his native language is Mixtec. He maintained his innocence and several jurors later had second thoughts about the conviction and began advocating that he be released from prison. The lack of an appropriate interpreter and other deficiencies in his trial led to his conviction being overturned as well as evidence that pointed to another person.[153] In 1995, the state of Oregon passed a law that requires testing and certification of court interpreters as a result of the Morales case.[154] | ||||||
| Jun 30, 1986 | Kenny Richey | Murder* | Columbus Grove, Ohio | Death | 21 years | No |
| Two-year-old Cynthia Collins perished in an apartment fire while her mother was away. Her mother told police that Richey was babysitting. After partying with Cynthia's mother, Richey agreed to keep an eye on the girl in exchange for a place to sleep for the night. Richey was able to escape when the fire broke out, but Cynthia died from smoke inhalation. He was convicted on a number of charges related to starting the fire. The scientific evidence presented at trial to prove this was not accidental was highly disputed, and his conviction was eventually overturned. In lieu of taking the case to trial again, prosecutors had offered to accept a "no contest" plea to attempted involuntary manslaughter, child endangerment, and breaking and entering in exchange for release. Although his conviction still stands, the case gained widespread attention across Europe. The European Parliament approved a resolution urging that Richey's life be spared, and Pope John Paul II made an appeal on his behalf. Amnesty International described his case as "the most compelling case of innocence we have come across on death row."[155][156] | ||||||
| Jan 22 and Feb 16, 1987 | Glen Woodall | Sexual assault, sexual abuse, kidnapping, robbery | Barboursville, West Virginia | 2 life terms without parole plus 203–335 years | 5 years | Yes |
| Two victims in two separate incidents were abducted, raped, and robbed. The assailant wore a ski mask, but both victims noted a few characteristics, such as the perpetrator was uncircumcised. Woodall was convicted on circumstantial evidence, including testimony that he shared the same blood type, similar body and beard hair, voice identification, and a partial visual identification by victim two, and the fact that Woodall was uncircumcised.
Woodall was granted DNA testing in 1988 on semen samples recovered from the victims—the first ever admitted as evidence at the state level in the United States—which excluded Woodall, and the conviction was thrown out. Woodall was the first person to be exonerated after being convicted due to testimony by lab technician Fred Zain. Woodall's defense team conducted its own tests on the evidence, which determined that Zain had used flawed blood-typing methods in tying the semen to Woodall. It further appeared that Zain had initially determined a piece of hair was unidentifiable pubic hair, but later changed his identification to hair from Woodall's beard.[157][158] Woodall subsequently sued the state for false imprisonment and won a $1 million settlement.[159] At the request of the state police, Kanawha County Prosecutor William Forbes began a criminal investigation. Forbes was so disturbed by what he found that he asked the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia to appoint a special judge and a panel of lawyers and scientists to investigate the serology department.[158] On November 4, 1993, Senior Circuit Court Judge James Holliday issued a report finding that Zain had engaged in a staggering litany of misconduct and outright fraud. According to the report, Zain had misstated evidence, falsified lab results and reported scientifically implausible results that may have resulted in as many as 134 people being wrongfully convicted. Holliday found that Zain's misconduct was so egregious that any testimony offered by Zain should be presumed as prima facie "invalid, unreliable, and inadmissible". It also found serious deficiencies in the serology division's quality-control procedures. The Supreme Court unanimously accepted Holliday's report on November 12, calling Zain's actions "egregious violations of the right of a defendant to a fair trial" and a "corruption of our legal system".[158][159][160] West Virginia paid out a total of $6.5 million to settle lawsuits by people who had been wrongfully convicted due to Zain.[161][162][163] | ||||||
| Feb 11, 1987 | Tim Masters | Murder | Fort Collins, Colorado | Life in prison | 9 years | Yes |
| Peggy Hettrick was murdered in 1987. Masters was a sophomore in high school at the time of the murder. He was convicted largely on the basis of graphic drawings by Masters portraying violent scenes. He was later eliminated via DNA testing. In 2008, special prosecutors assigned to the case agreed that critical information was not turned over to the original defense team.[164][165] Rather, the DNA results pointed to Hettrick's sometime boyfriend.[166] In 2008 a Colorado judge vacated Masters' conviction and ordered him released immediately. | ||||||
| Sep 1987 | Susie Mowbray | Murder | Cameron, Texas | Life in prison | 9 years | Yes |
| In September 1987, car dealer Bill Mowbray shot himself in his bed, while his wife, Susie Mowbray, was lying next to him. Despite the fact that Bill had been threatening to commit suicide for months over financial troubles, the police zeroed in on Susie as the culprit and charged her with first-degree murder. At her trial, detectives claimed that the blood spatter indicated that Susie shot her husband, and in June 1988, Susie was convicted and sentenced to life in prison. In 1996, Susie was granted a new trial after it was revealed that the prosecution suppressed a report from blood spatter expert Herbert MacDonnell, who concluded that the police's luminol staining procedure was unreliable and that no blood spatter was found on Susie's nightgown. The police even admitted at a hearing that there was no scientific support for their case. In January 1998, a jury acquitted Susie of the charges.[167] | ||||||
| Oct 24, 1987 | Willie Grimes | Rape, kidnapping | Hickory, North Carolina | Life in prison and 9 years | 24 years, 9 months, 23 days | Yes |
| On October 24, 1987, around 9 p.m., a black man forced his way into the home of a white 69-year old widow in Hickory, North Carolina, brandishing a knife. He raped her on her couch, dragged her to her bedroom and raped her again before leaving through the back door, stealing some fruit from a bowl in the kitchen on his way out. Linda McDowell, a neighbor of the victim and sister of Grimes' ex-girlfriend, pointed the police to Willie Grimes, knowing of a $1,000 reward. During his trial, microscopic hair analysis was used to indicate him and the victim identified him as the perpetrator - after pointing to his attorney first. Eight friends who spent the evening with Grimes gave him an alibi and four other witnesses spoke to his "calm" character with no violent tendencies. Grimes himself pointed out that the victim never mentioned a significant scar on his chest and two missing fingertips. Grimes was convicted by a mostly white jury to life in prison for the rapes and 9 years for the kidnapping. In 2001, when post-conviction DNA testing was established in North Carolina, Grimes sought testing of the hair and was told the evidence was destroyed - although his lawyer had requested it to be preserved immediately after the conviction. In 2003, finger prints taken from fruit in the kitchen were matched to Albert Lindsey Turner who had been a suspect before the informant's call. In 2010, a petition was filed with the North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission and the case and new evidence were given to a tribunal of judges in 2012. The tribunal decided within 30 minutes to vacate Grimes convictions. In the retrial the DA apologized to Grimes instead of a closing argument and he was exonerated. He was awarded $6.2 million in damages in settlements with the city and state.[168] | ||||||
| 1987 | Levon Jones | Murder | Duplin County, North Carolina | Death | 14 years | No |
| Jones was sentenced to death in 1993 for the murder of Leamon Grady. Lovely Lorden, the sole witness against Jones, admitted in an affidavit that she "was certain that Bo did not have anything to do with Mr. Grady's murder" and that she did not know what happened the night Grady was murdered. His conviction was overturned in 2006 and he was released.[169] | ||||||
| Jan 22, 1988 | James Calvin Tillman | Rape | Hartford, Connecticut | 45 years | 16 years | Yes |
| Accused and found guilty of rape, Tillman was released after DNA tests proved he was not the culprit. | ||||||
| Sep 7, 1988 | Martin Tankleff | Murder | Long Island, New York | Two terms of 25 years to life | 17 years | Yes |
| Martin Tankleff's parents, Seymour and Arlene Tankleff, were murdered while the 17-year-old Tankleff was sleeping in the home. He was convicted on the basis of a false confession given during an extended interrogation. His convictions were overturned in 2007 after his defense attorney presented an alternative scenario involving Seymour's business partner, to whom he owed money, and three former convicts, one of whom confessed to being the getaway driver. | ||||||
| Sep 1988 | Virginia LeFever | Murder | Newark, Ohio | Life in prison | 21 years | Yes |
| In September 1988, William LeFever, while in the middle of a divorce, died of an acute drug overdose. His wife, Virginia, found an empty bottle of antidepressants in their home and subsequently told police that he had committed suicide. However, the police accused Virginia of poisoning her husband and charged her with murder. In February 1990, Virginia was convicted and sentenced to life in prison. 20 years later, Virginia's lawyer discovered that the prosecution's key witness, toxicologist James Ferguson, lied about his credentials, prompting a court to reverse Virginia's conviction. In April 2011, the prosecution dismissed the case.[170] | ||||||
| Oct 24, 1988 | Chris Ochoa and Richard Danzinger | Murder | Austin, Texas | Life in prison (both) | 13 years | Yes |
| In 1988, Nancy DePriest was raped and murdered at the Pizza Hut where she worked in Austin, Texas. A coworker, Chris Ochoa, pleaded guilty to the murder. His friend and coworker, Richard Danziger, was convicted of the rape. Ochoa confessed to the murder, as well as implicating Danziger in the rape. The only forensic evidence linking Danziger to the crime scene was a single pubic hair found in the restaurant, which was said to be consistent with his pubic hair type. Although semen evidence had been collected, a DNA analysis of only one gene was performed at the time; even though Ochoa had this gene, it was known also to be present in 10–16% of individuals.[171] Both men received life sentences with no possibility of parole.[171]
Years later a man named Achim Marino (who was in prison serving his three-life sentences for robbery, rape and murder respectively) began writing letters from prison claiming he was the actual murderer in the Pizza Hut case and that Ocha and Danziger were innocent. He said that he had converted to Christianity while in prison and wanted to tell the truth to free Ochoa and Danziger from prison. The DNA from the crime scene was tested, and it matched that of Marino.[when?] The DNA of Ochoa and Danziger was excluded from matching that evidence. Ochoa later said that he was coerced by the police to confess and implicate his friend in the rape and murder. In 2001 Ochoa and Danziger were exonerated and released from prison after 12 years of incarceration. While in prison, Danziger had been severely beaten by other inmates in 1991 and suffered permanent brain damage. He requires all day medical care for the rest of his life.[172] Marino was later convicted of the murder (he couldn't be charged with the rape due to the statute of limitations.) and was given an additional life sentence. | ||||||
| Nov 8, 1988 | Joseph Burrows | Murder | Kankakee, Illinois | Death | 6 years | |
| William Dulan, an 88-year-old retired farmer, was found dead November 8, 1988. Several hours after the murder, a man named Chuck Gullion attempted to cash one of Dulan's checks at a local bank. Gullion was arrested along with 32-year-old Gayle Potter. Potter admitted to the killing, but implicated two others: Burrows and Ralph Frye, 22, an intellectually disabled friend of Burrows.
No physical evidence linked either Burrows or Frye to the crime, and the two men had alibis. After a lengthy interrogation, Frye agreed to a plea deal in exchange for testifying against Burrows. Following Burrows' conviction, Frye recanted his testimony to news reporter Peter Rooney, claiming that police had coerced him in exchange for a lesser sentence. Burrows' lawyers discovered a letter written by Potter asking a friend to lie and say that she had seen Burrows drive her to the crime scene. Confronted with the letter, Potter admitted that she had falsely accused the men in part because she mistakenly believed that Burrows had burglarized her trailer. | ||||||
| Jan 1989 | Employees at the Little Rascals day care facility | Child sexual abuse | Edenton, North Carolina | Varied, 7 years to life | Varied | No |
| Day-care sex-abuse hysteria: In January, 1989, allegations were made that Bob Kelly had sexually abused a child. A total of 90 children, after many therapy sessions (in some cases up to ten months' worth), also made allegations leading to accusations against dozens besides Kelly and charges against seven adults (Bob and Betsy Kelly, three workers at the day care, a worker at a local Head Start center and the son of a judge). The charges ultimately involved rape, sodomy, and fellatio, while other bizarre allegations were also made, including the murder of babies, torture, and being thrown into a school of sharks.
During the trial, children were asked to testify about events that had occurred three years previously, with memories "refreshed" in therapy sessions, meetings with the prosecution and repeated discussions with their parents. While the alleged abuse was occurring, no parents noticed anything unusual about their children's behavior to indicate abuse or torture. The eight-month trial against Bob Kelly was the most expensive in North Carolina history, ending in conviction on 99 of 100 charges and twelve consecutive life sentences, though on May 2, 1995, all convictions were reversed in the Court of Appeals.[173][174] | ||||||
| Apr 19, 1989 | Central Park Five: Yusef Salaam, Antron McCray, Raymond Santana, Kevin Richardson, and Korey Wise | Assault, rape | Manhattan, New York | Varied | Varied | Yes |
| The five boys, who were between the ages of 14 and 16 at the time, were convicted of the assault and rape of Trisha Ellen Meili, who was jogging in Central Park. They were convicted and their convictions were upheld on appeal, though they asserted that their convictions were based on allegedly coerced confessions and allegedly faulty scientific evidence. The convictions were vacated in 2002 when Matias Reyes, a convicted rapist and murderer serving a life sentence for other crimes and whose DNA evidence confirmed his involvement in the rape, claimed after the statute of limitations had run that he had committed the crimes alone, a claim the Armstrong Report disagreed with. | ||||||
| Apr 11, 1989 | Sabrina Butler | Murder* | Mississippi | Death | 5 years | |
| Butler was convicted of murder and child abuse after her unresponsive nine-month-old son, Walter Dean Butler, was rushed to the hospital. At retrial, one of Sabrina's neighbors corroborated her account of events and the medical examiner changed his opinion about Walter's cause of death, which he now believed occurred due to a renal condition. Sabrina was acquitted. | ||||||
| Aug 1989 | Jeffrey Scott Hornoff | Murder | Warwick, Rhode Island | Life in prison | 6 years | Yes |
| Victoria Cushman was killed in 1989. Hornoff was a police detective who had an affair with the victim. He was arrested in 1994, and convicted by a jury of first-degree murder in June 1996, despite what seemed a rock-solid alibi and no physical evidence linking him to the crime.
In November 2002, Todd Barry confessed to the murder and in 2003, Barry was sentenced to 30 years in prison.[175] | ||||||
| Dec 2, 1989 | Debra Milke | Murder | Phoenix, Arizona | Death | 23 years | |
| Milke was convicted of the murder of her four-year-old son, Christopher Milke, on the basis of testimony by police officer Armando Saldate that she had freely confessed to him, orally, in private and without a recording. Saldate had a long record of misconduct, including a suspension for taking "liberties" with a female motorist and then lying about it to his supervisors; four court cases where judges tossed out confessions or indictments because Saldate lied under oath; and four cases where judges suppressed confessions or vacated convictions because Saldate had violated the Fifth Amendment or the Fourth Amendment in the course of interrogations. | ||||||
| Jan 4, 1989 | Debbie Tucker Loveless and John Harvey Miller | Murder | Emory, Texas | Life in prison | 4 years | Yes |
| Loveless and Miller were convicted of murdering Loveless' 4-year-old daughter, April Renee Tucker, who died on the operating table after sustaining multiple lacerations, including a severed femoral artery. Loveless and Miller claimed that April had told them she had been attacked and mauled by dogs, but investigators rejected their theory, in large part because April's wound was a clean cut, lacking the jagged edges one would expect in a dog attack. On November 5, 1989, they were convicted and sentenced to life in prison. While working on their appeal, lawyers for Miller and Loveless found that April's emergency room and autopsy photos, which had not been turned over the defense prior to the trial, strongly supported the theory that April was attacked by dogs. Furthermore, a key piece of prosecution evidence was found to be flawed: while trying to save April's life, doctors had cut away some of the damaged skin with scalpels, causing the clean cuts that had been mistakenly attributed to abuse. Based on the prosecution's failure to disclose potentially exculpatory evidence, Loveless and Miller's convictions were overturned and they were granted a new trial. Loveless and Miller were released from prison on December 23, 1993; prosecutors elected not to re-try Loveless and Miller for the crime, and formally dismissed the charges against them on May 2, 1994.[176] | ||||||
| Jul 1989 | Patricia Stallings | Murder | Jefferson City, Missouri | Life in prison | 8 months | Yes |
| In July 1989, Patricia Stallings took her sick newborn son Ryan to the hospital for treatment, where tests revealed ethylene glycol, the main ingredient in antifreeze, in his blood. Patricia was accused of poisoning Ryan and was quickly arrested. While in jail, she gave birth to a second child, who began exhibiting the same symptoms as Ryan despite having no contact with Patricia. He was diagnosed with Methylamalonic Acidemia (MMA), a rare genetic disorder that may have explained Ryan's symptoms. However, Patricia's lawyer decided to argue that Ryan simply died of natural causes, and in January 1991, Patricia was convicted of first-degree murder and assault and sentenced to life in prison. But additional blood tests by biochemist William Sly revealed that Ryan did in fact die of MMA. Based on the new evidence, Patricia was granted a new trial, and in September 1991, the prosecution dismissed the case.[177] | ||||||
| Jul 29, 1989 | Han Tak Lee | Murder, arson | Monroe County, Pennsylvania | Life in prison | 24 years | Yes |
| In July 1989 a fire erupted at a building at a Christian retreat camp, killing 20-year-old Ji Yun Lee. Her father, Han Tak Lee, was arrested and charged with starting the fire. He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison. In 2014, a judge ruled that his conviction was based on since-discredited fire evidence, and the conviction was thrown out.[178] | ||||||
| 1989 | Mark Denny | Sexual assault, robbery, other violent felony | Manhattan, New York | 19–57 years | 28 years | Yes[179] |
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Jeffrey Mark Deskovic | Murder | Peekskill, New York | 15 years to life | 16 years | Yes |
| Deskovic was convicted of the murder of Angela Correa on the basis of a coerced confession. He claims that during a 7-hour intensive interrogation, detectives fed him details and promised him he wouldn't go to prison if he confessed. Hair and semen samples collected did not match Deskovic, but prosecutors argued that they were from earlier consensual sex and were not related to the murder.[180] The DNA was later matched to a man who is serving time for another Westchester murder.[181] | ||||||
| Nov 17, 1990 | Jeff Titus | Murder | Kalamazoo, Michigan | Two life sentences | 21 years | Yes |
| Two hunters, Doug Estes and Jim Bennett, were fatally shot near Titus' property. Twelve years later, Titus was charged with their murders. Prosecutors accused Titus of killing the two because he didn't like trespassers, despite there being no physical evidence pointing to Titus being the killer. An appeal was filed in 2018, with the Innocence Clinic stating that Titus' lawyer was never informed that an investigator believed there could have been two shooters. Two years later, a file from the investigation was recovered that referred to a different suspect—serial killer Thomas Dillon, who killed five men in southeastern Ohio from 1989 to 1992. The evidence against Dillon included witnesses who identified Dillon at the scene and a car that resembled Dillon's wife's, as well as a cellmate of Dillon who told the FBI that Dillon had bragged about killing two people in the woods. Titus' lawyer had also not been informed of that file. Dillon died in 2011. In 2023, a judge threw out Titus' murder convictions and ordered his release.[182] | ||||||
| Jan 18, 1991 | Francisco "Franky" Carrillo | Murder | Los Angeles, California | Life in prison | 20 years | No |
| Carrillo was convicted of the murder of Donald Sarpy on the basis of testimony of six teenage boys who witnessed the murder. He was released after five of the six witnesses recanted; the sixth refused to testify.[183] | ||||||
| May 23, 1991 | Roy Brown | Murder | Cayuga, New York | 25 years to life | 16 years | Yes |
| Brown was convicted of the murder of Sabrina Kulakowski on January 23, 1992. Bite marks were left on Sabrina's shirt that did not match with Brown's, as Brown was missing teeth and the bite marks did not match with his missing teeth. Nonetheless, due to improper analysis, refusal of analyzing various DNA samples, and arguable incompetence, Brown was wrongly convicted of Sabrina's murder. In January 2005, correspondence between Brown and The Innocence Project began, where they requested additional DNA testing of additional saliva spots left on Sabrina's shirt. These samples did not match Brown's DNA, and were attributed to a deceased Barry Bench. Brown was not immediately released despite this, and Barry Bench's body was exhumed and compared to a DNA sample of Bench's daughter. On January 23, 2007, Brown was released from prison. On March 7, 2007, prosecution dismissed Brown's charges. Brown was awarded $2.6 million in compensation.[184] | ||||||
| Aug 14, 1991 | John Bunn | Murder | Brooklyn, New York | 7 years to life | 16 years | Yes |
| Bunn was convicted of the murder of Rolando Neischer in 1992. Bunn was one of 15 individuals whose convictions were overturned during 2013–2019 after long prison terms, in Brooklyn homicide cases involving the retired New York City Police Department detective Louis N. Scarcella.[185] | ||||||
| Nov 1991 | Dixmoor 5: Robert Taylor, Jonathan Barr, James Harden, Robert Lee Veal, and Shainne Sharp | Murder | Dixmoor, Illinois | varied | varied | Yes |
| Robert Taylor, Jonathan Barr, James Harden, Robert Lee Veal, and Shainne Sharp were convicted of the murder of Cateresa Matthews. They were between the ages of 14 and 16 at the time. Three of them confessed after high-pressure police interrogations, and all five were arrested and charged with the crime. Two pleaded guilty and testified against the others in exchange for shorter sentences. Both men have since recanted their testimony. Each received at least 80 years in prison. DNA testing on semen excluded the suspects.[186][187] A convicted sex offender has been identified as the source of the DNA, but his name has yet to be released and he has not been charged. A suit filed by the men alleges police withheld exculpatory evidence, including the DNA, from their defense teams.[188] In 2014, they reached a wrongful conviction settlement with the state of Illinois for $40 million US dollars, the largest wrongful conviction settlement in state history.[189] | ||||||
| Dec 23, 1991 | Cameron Todd Willingham | Murder, arson* | Corsicana, Texas | Death penalty | Executed | No |
| Willingham was convicted and executed for the death of his three children who died in a house fire. The prosecution charged that the fire was caused by arson. He has not been posthumously exonerated, but the case has gained widespread attention as a possible case of wrongful execution. A number of arson experts have decried the results of the original investigation as faulty. In June 2009, five years after Willingham's execution, the State of Texas ordered a re-examination of the case. Dr. Craig Beyler found "a finding of arson could not be sustained". Beyler said that key testimony from a fire marshal at Willingham's trial was "hardly consistent with a scientific mind-set and is more characteristic of mystics or psychics".[190][191] The Texas Forensic Science Commission was scheduled to discuss the report by Beyler at a meeting on October 2, 2009, but two days before the meeting Texas Governor Rick Perry replaced the chair of the commission and two other members. The new chair canceled the meeting, sparking accusations that Perry was interfering with the investigation and using it for his own political advantage.[192][193] In 2010, a four-person panel of the Texas Forensic Science Commission acknowledged that state and local arson investigators used "flawed science" in determining the blaze had been deliberately set.[194]
In 2011, a documentary film titled Incendiary: The Willingham Case was released.[195] | ||||||
| Dec 29, 1991 | Ray Krone | Murder | Maricopa County, Arizona | Death penalty, life in prison | 11 years | Yes |
| Krone was twice convicted of the murder of Kim Ancona largely on the basis of bitemark analysis, a science that would later come into question. He was eventually cleared via DNA testing. | ||||||
| Jan 31, 1992 | Mark Mason Jones, Kenneth Eric Gardiner, and Dominic Brian Lucci | Malice murder, firearm possession | Savannah, Georgia | Life in prison plus 5 years | 25 years | Yes |
| Three white servicemen stationed at Fort Stewart, Jones, Gardiner, and Lucci, were convicted of the drive-by slaying of Stanley Jackson. The sole witness, James White, who is black, admitted to lying decades later, which helped start a review of the case. Prosecutors said the crime was racially motivated. The state's Supreme Court ruled that the government prosecutors improperly withheld evidence.[196][197] The Georgia legislature approved financial compensation to each of the three men.[198] | ||||||
| Apr 6, 1992 | Robert Jones | Armed robbery, rape, murder | New Orleans, Louisiana | Life in prison | 23 years | Yes |
| Jones was convicted largely on eyewitness identification, even though another man was also found guilty of the crimes and the prosecution withheld exculpatory evidence. Jones' conviction was eventually overturned by the Louisiana Supreme Court, and all charges against him were subsequently dropped. | ||||||
| Aug 17, 1992 | Juan Rivera | Murder | Waukegan, Illinois | Life in prison | 20 years | Yes |
| Rivera was wrongfully convicted three times for the murder of 11-year-old Holly Staker, who was babysitting at a neighbor's house when she was raped and murdered by an intruder. Swabs were taken of a semen sample, but DNA testing was not performed at the time. Rivera was convicted on the basis of a confession that he claims was given under duress and which contained many factual inconsistencies. He was convicted twice before DNA testing was performed on the swabs taken from the crime scene. DNA testing excluded Rivera from being the source of the semen. Prosecutors decided to try him again despite the results of the DNA test, arguing that the semen sample was from consensual sex prior to the murder. He was convicted a third time.
His case was overturned a third and final time with the appellate court heavily criticizing prosecutors for arguing that Holly was sexually active without evidence and for putting so much weight on a confession obtained while Rivera, who suffered from mental illness, was in an "acute psychotic state" and which contained so many inaccuracies. Following his exoneration, his defense team sought to do further testing on shoes that the state had once sought to enter into evidence. Holly's blood was found on shoes worn by Juan. The evidence had been dropped once it was discovered that the shoes were not for sale anywhere in the US until after the murder. Genetic testing performed in 2014 found not only Holly's blood, but genetic material that matches the semen found at the crime scene. His defense team argued that the reasonable interpretation is that in an effort to plant blood on Juan's shoes, the state also planted DNA from Holly's real killer. Following this revelation, the state agreed to settle with Rivera, giving him a US$20 million settlement, which at the time was the largest wrongful conviction settlement in US history. The source of the DNA has never been identified, but it has been linked to evidence found at another murder scene. The man convicted of that murder insists this is proof that he himself has been wrongfully convicted. | ||||||
| Oct 14, 1992 | Maleek Jones | Murder | New Haven, Connecticut | 65 years in prison | 31 years | Yes |
| Eddie Harp was shot and killed as he drove past a hospital in the Dwight neighborhood. Eight hours after the shooting, Gene John confessed that he and another man, Tyrone Spears, had killed Harp, but police suppressed the confession. John was killed six months later. Police pressured Spears to confess that there was a third shooter, Jones, despite physical evidence ruling that possibility out. In addition, the only witness to Harp's murder was never called to testify. The case was reopened in 2015 and his conviction was overturned in 2023.[199] | ||||||
| Jan 1993 | Mary Weaver | Murder | Marshall County, Iowa | Life without parole | 3 years | Yes |
| In January 1993, babysitter Mary Weaver called 911 to report that 11-month-old Melissa Mathes was unresponsive. The child was rushed to the hospital and died the next day. While the autopsy revealed that Melissa sustained significant head injuries sometime before her death, the medical examiners concluded that the cause of death was Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), caused by Mary violently shaking the baby. Mary was charged with first-degree murder, but when the jury could not reach a verdict, the case ended in a mistrial. Mary opted for a bench trial for her second trial, and the judge ultimately found Mary guilty and sentenced her to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The Iowa Court of Appeals upheld her conviction, but the Iowa Supreme Court granted a hearing for a new trial. At the hearing, multiple witnesses testified that Melissa had hit her head on the coffee table and was knocked unconscious. Mary's motion for a new trial was granted, and in February 1997, the jury acquitted her of the charges.[200] | ||||||
| Apr 8, 1993 | Gary Gauger | Murder | McHenry County, Illinois | Death penalty | 3 years | Yes |
| Gary Gauger's parents, Morris and Ruth Gauger, were murdered in 1993. Following the murder, police interrogated Gauger for 21 hours. Detectives lied to Gauger, claiming they had found blood-soaked clothes in Gauger's bedroom and that he had failed a polygraph test. Gauger was instructed to discuss a hypothetical situation and describe how he would have killed his parents during a possible alcohol-induced blackout. The interrogation was not tape-recorded and Gauger did not sign a confession. His hypothetical statements were later used in court in support of a claim that Gauger confessed to the crime. In 1996, he was granted an appeal and his alleged confession was thrown out. Without that evidence they were forced to drop the charges. James Schneider and Randall E. Miller, members of the Outlaws Motorcycle Club, were later convicted of the murders. Gauger was pardoned in 2002.[201] | ||||||
| Feb 13, 1993 | Lynn DeJac | Murder* | Buffalo, New York | 25 years | 14 years | Yes |
| Lynn DeJac summoned police to her home on February 13, 1993, after finding her daughter, Crystallyn Girard, dead in her bed. DeJac told police that she spent the evening out with her boyfriend, Dennis Donohue, with whom she had had an argument that evening. The coroner ruled that she died from strangulation. Donohue became a suspect for a brief time after DeJac told police he may have returned to her house while she was out. He was arrested, but was later granted full immunity in return for testimony regarding DeJac's use of cocaine that evening. Wayne Hudson, a childhood friend of DeJac, claimed that DeJac confessed to him that she had killed her daughter. She was convicted on the basis of the testimony from the two men. At the time he came forward, Hudson was facing forgery charges and a possible life sentence in prison as a repeat offender. In 2008, a new autopsy determined that Crystallyn died of a cocaine overdose, not strangulation.[202] | ||||||
| Aug 29, 1993 | Mark Maxson | Murder | Chicago, Illinois | Life plus 40 years | 23 years | Yes |
| Police subjected Maxson to torture and beatings until he made a confession to the murder of six-year-old Lindsay Murdoch. In spite of withdrawing his confession and lack of physical evidence against him, Maxson was convicted and sentenced to life plus 40 years. In 2015 the Cook County Conviction Integrity Unit got DNA testing done which proved another man, Osborne Wade, had committed the murder. Wade confessed to the murder.[203] | ||||||
| 1994 | Dontae Sharpe | Murder | Greenville, North Carolina | Life | 24 years | Yes |
| On April 7, 1994, Sharpe was arrested for the murder of a 33-year-old white man, George Radcliffe. He was convicted despite a lack of testimony and the existence of another potential suspect.[204] Immediately after he was convicted and sentenced to life in prison, a leading witness recanted her testimony. Nevertheless, Sharpe remained in prison until his exonoration and release in August 2019. He received a pardon of innocence from Governor Roy Cooper on 12 November 12, 2021.[205] | ||||||
| Jan 1994 | Freddie Joe Lawrence and Paul Jenkins | Kidnapping, murder | Montana City, Montana | Life | 23 years | Yes |
| Lawrence and Jenkins were convicted of murdering Donna Meagher, who was kidnapped as she closed her family's casino and murdered near Helena. In 2018, a man serving a life sentence for a double homicide confessed to the murder, and DNA confirmed the man was at the scene. Lawrence and Jenkins' convictions were subsequently overturned.[206] | ||||||
| Feb 3, 1994 | Adam Carmon | Murder | New Haven, Connecticut | 85 years | 28 years | Yes |
| In February 1994, a gunman fired through an apartment window, killing 7-month-old Danielle Taft and paralyzing her grandmother. A man went to the police station and implicated himself and a second man, but the prosecution did not disclose this to the defense. Police also stopped investigating after determining Carmon's gun was the murder weapon. In December 2022 a judge ruled that prosecutors withheld information from the defense, and Carmon's charges were dismissed.[207] | ||||||
| Apr 30, 1994 | Ken Wyniemko | Criminal sexual conduct, armed robbery, breaking and entering | Clinton Township, Michigan | 40–60 years | 8 years | Yes |
| Wyniemko was convicted on the basis of his resemblance to the composite sketch and identification of Wyniemko in a lineup by the victim. He was later cleared by DNA testing.[208] | ||||||
| Sep 1994 | Michelle Murphy | Murder | Tulsa, Oklahoma | Life without parole | 19 years | Yes |
| In September 1994, 17-year-old Michelle Murphy awoke to find her infant son Travis stabbed to death in her kitchen. Police quickly set their sights on Michelle, and in violation of Oklahoma law, interrogated the teenager alone for eight hours. Despite the fact that Murphy's blood was not found on the scene, both the prosecutor and crime scene analyst suggested that her blood was present as proof of her guilt. In November 1995, Michelle was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without parole. In 2011, Michelle's appellate lawyers discovered that the prosecution lied about the lab's blood analysis. After DNA testing discovered DNA of an unknown male at the crime scene, Murphy's conviction was vacated, and in September 2014, the charges were dismissed.[209] | ||||||
| Oct 30, 1994 | Lamar Johnson | Murder | St. Louis, Missouri | Life | 28 years | Yes |
| Two men entered the home of Marcus Boyd and shot him, with prosecutors saying it was a dispute over drug money. Johnson and another man, Phil Campbell, were arrested and charged with the murder, with Campbell pleading guilty, while Johnson was convicted in 1995. Johnson testified that he was at his girlfriend's home the whole night aside from a five-minute period where he made a drug sale. A witness who said Johnson was involved later recanted his testimony, while another inmate later stated it was him, not Johnson, who had accompanied Campbell. His conviction was vacated in 2023, with a judge citing "actual innocence".[210][211] | ||||||
| Mar 2, 1995 | Shareef Cousin | Murder | New Orleans, Louisiana | Death | 4 years | No |
| Cousin was convicted of Michael Gerardi's murder on the basis of an eyewitness identification by Gerardi's date. It was later discovered that she had made statements to police indicating that she wasn't wearing her glasses and didn't get a good look at the assailant. This statement was not disclosed to the defense. Another witness testified that he was coerced to testify against Cousin in exchange for a reduced sentence on his own charges.[212] After his release, Cousin alleged that the prosecutor's office had illegally detained witnesses whom Cousin had planned to call to testify in his defense, making it impossible for them to testify.[213] | ||||||
| Apr 14, 1995 (discovered) | Alan Gell | Murder of Allen Ray Jenkins | Aulander, North Carolina | Death | 9 years | No |
| Allen Ray Jenkins, age 56, was found dead on April 14, 1995, in his home in Aulander, North Carolina. He had been shot twice in the chest with a shotgun. In the days and weeks after the murder, the police talked to several disinterested witnesses who said they had seen Jenkins alive as late as April 10.[214] Two teenage girls testified that they were involved in a conspiracy involving Gell in exchange for a lower sentence. Gell was in prison or otherwise out of town for all but one day in April. Although the date of death is unknown, prosecutors hitched their timeline to that date. Gell's conviction was overturned after it was later discovered that prosecutors had withheld exculpatory evidence, including the testimony of 17 witnesses who said they had seen Jenkins alive after that date as well as a tape recording of one of the girls saying that she had to make up a story to tell the police. Gell was retried and acquitted of all charges.[215] | ||||||
| Jul 1995 | Rosalynd Collier-Hammond | Child sexual abuse | Cuyahoga County, Ohio | Two life sentences | 18 years | Yes |
| In July 1995, Rosalynd Collier-Hammond was released from prison for robbery and sought to rekindle her relationship with her daughter, A.Y. However, A.Y. was angry at her mother, having been told by her father that Rosalynd abandoned her. A.Y. went on to claim that her mother and stepfather, Reynard Hammond, sexually abused her while under their care. Rosalynd and Reynard were charged with rape, and in April 1999, Rosalynd was convicted and sentenced to two concurrent life sentences, while Reynard was acquitted of all charges. 15 years later, A.Y., now 32, revealed to her aunt that her father forced her to falsely accuse Rosalynd of sexual abuse. At a hearing for a new trial, A.Y. testified, "She never did anything that I said she's done to me. All that came about because that's what my father told me to say." Rosalynd was granted a new trial, and in April 2017, after multiple unsuccessful appeals, prosecutors dismissed the case.[216] | ||||||
| November 26, 1995 | Vincent Ellerbe, James Irons, and Thomas Malik | Murder | New York City, NY | 25 years to life | 25 Years | Yes |
| Around 1 a.m. on Nov. 26, 1995, two men approached a subway token booth in Brooklyn, poured gas through the slot and lit a book of matches. The resulting explosion leveled the structure and sent the clerk inside flying, his body in flames. He died two weeks later. Three teenagers, Vincent Ellerbe, James Irons and Thomas Malik, subsequently confessed to the crime, were convicted of second-degree murder and were sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. On July 15, 2022, a state court judge cleared the three at the request of the Brooklyn district attorney, who said his office had determined the confessions were false and had been coerced by detectives whose work in dozens of other cases has come under scrutiny.[217] | ||||||
| 1996 | Kristine Bunch | Arson, murder | Decatur County, Indiana | 110 years | 17 years | Yes |
| Bunch was convicted of deliberately setting a fire in her mobile home that took the life of her 3-year-old son, Anthony. The conviction was largely based on the testimonies of Fire Marshall investigators Brian Frank and James Skaggs, who claimed that the fire was caused by the presence of liquid accelerants that had been poured across the floor. Their testimony was corroborated by forensic analyst William Kinard, who found traces of liquid accelerants in wood samples taken from the home. During the trial, Bunch had become pregnant. At Bunch's sentencing hearing, Judge John Westhafer accused her of orchestrating the pregnancy to gain an advantage in court and declared that she will "have nothing to do with that child." Bunch maintained her innocence. Years later, lawyers found that Kinard's original report found no traces of liquid accelerants anywhere in the home and that Frank and Skaggs conspired with Kinard to alter the report to score a conviction. In 2008, in light of the fabricated evidence against Bunch, her legal team filed a petition for a new trial, which was rejected by Judge Westhafter. The defense appealed, and in March 2012, the Court of Appeals of Indiana reversed the conviction and held that Bunch was entitled to a new trial. In August 2012, the Indiana Supreme Court declined to disturb the Court of Appeals decision. 24 days later, Bunch was released on her own recognizance, and in December 2012, the prosecution dropped the remaining charges against her.[218] | ||||||
| Jun 13, 1996 | Christopher Tapp | Rape, murder | Idaho Falls, Idaho | 30 years to life | 20 years | Yes |
| On June 13, 1996, Angie Dodge was found raped and murdered in her Idaho Falls apartment. Months later in 1997, 20-year-old Tapp, a high school dropout, was arrested. Police interrogated him for 60 hours. He was subjected to sham polygraph tests and was told information that only the murderer would know. Then the police falsely said he had described the information himself.[219] He confessed to police that he had been involved although he later retracted his confession. Tapp's DNA did not match samples taken at the crime scene, and no other physical evidence linked him to the crime. But at trial, that inconsistency was explained away by a theory that multiple people had participated in the killing. It was also outweighed by Tapp's confession. In 1998, Tapp was convicted by a jury of rape and murder and sentenced to 30 years to life. The Idaho Innocence Project took up Tapp's case in 2007. At the same time, more than a decade after her daughter's murder, Carol Dodge was still searching for answers. While Tapp had been convicted, authorities had failed to match the crime scene DNA to any suspect, though they believed the crime had more than one perpetrator. In 2017, in the face of mounting evidence of his innocence, Tapp's rape charge was vacated and his murder sentence was reduced to time served, allowing him to leave prison. But authorities still hadn't connected the DNA evidence with an alternate suspect. Then, in late 2018, police partnered with Parabon NanoLabs, a Virginia company that specializes in DNA analysis, to analyze crime scene evidence using genetic genealogy via GEDmatch which Eventually, narrowed down her results to a new suspect: Brian Leigh Dripps Sr who had lived across the street from Angie Dodge in 1996. Dripps admitted to the crimes and said had never met Tapp and had acted alone.[219] Tapp was exonerated on July 17, 2019, which makes him the first man to be exonerated with use of genetic genealogy.[220][221] | ||||||
| 1996 | Richard Alexander | Rape | South Bend, Indiana | 20 years | 5 years | Yes |
| Alexander was convicted of a series of rapes in South Bend, Indiana, and was dubbed the "River Park Rapist". He was convicted largely on the basis of eyewitness testimony. In 2001, with Alexander already having served five years in prison, an alleged burglar and child molester named Michael Murphy confessed to one of the two rapes of which Alexander had been convicted, knowing details only the true assailant would know.[222] With this revelation, a judge ordered a new round of DNA testing in Alexander's case. Hairs found at the scene of the rape were submitted to mitochondrial DNA testing.[223] At the time of Alexander's original conviction, such testing was not available in the state of Indiana. The tests proved that the DNA did not match Alexander's profile, but did match Murphy's.[222] Alexander was released from prison on December 12, 2001.[224] It is now believed that the River Park Rapist was actually two separate perpetrators. | ||||||
| Oct 18, 1996 | Darrell Lee Clark and Cain Joshua Storey | Murder | Rome, Georgia | Life in prison | 25 years | Yes |
| On October 18, 1996, 15-year-old Brian Bowling was shot in the head at his family's mobile home moments after telling his girlfriend over the phone that he was playing Russian roulette with a gun brought by Storey. Although evidence suggested Bowling shot himself, Storey and Clark, who was at his own home when Bowling died, were charged with his death. Both were 17 at the time of the incident. In 2021, a podcast investigated the death and interviewed a witness who had claimed Storey and Clark plotted the murder of Bowling to cover up a theft the two had committed. The witness told the podcast that police had coerced her into giving false statements, threatening to take her children if she did not comply. Another witness, who had identified Clark as the person running through the yard, had actually based his testimony on an unrelated yet similar shooting, and he had never identified Clark as being in the yard, nor did he witness anyone in the yard. In December 2022, the District Attorney's office and a Superior Court judge agreed to dismiss the charges against them. Storey took a plea deal for involuntary manslaughter for bringing the gun, but was released due to time served.[225] | ||||||
| Jan 14, 1997 | Jonathan Irons | Assault, burglary | O'Fallon, Missouri | 50 years | 23 years | Yes |
| A man arriving home heard a noise from his bedroom closet, encountering a burglar. When the man went to call 911, the burglar shot him and fled. Police arrested Irons, 16, after witnesses identified him and said he had a gun. He was tried as an adult and convicted. In 2007 lawyers reported that fingerprints belonging to neither the homeowner nor Irons were found, but tests conducted in 2014 were inconclusive. In 2018, a petition noted that a detective involved in the case had "bragged about his illegal and unconstitutional police misconduct during his tenure on the force." In 2020 Irons' conviction was dropped by a judge, who noted that his defense failed to call a witness who would have placed Irons in a different location from the crime scene. Irons' case was supported by professional basketball player Maya Moore. The two married a few months after his release.[226][227] | ||||||
| Mar 1997 | Fancy Figueroa | Filing a false report | Queens, New York | Community service | Yes | |
| In March 1997, 16-year-old Fancy Figueroa was brutally raped by a man on her way home from school. When the medical examination revealed that Fancy was pregnant, the police accused Fancy of fabricating the rape to cover up her pregnancy. Fancy insisted that she was raped but was disbelieved. The police promised to search for the culprit if she gave them a written admission of her guilt but instead used her statement to charge her with filing a false report. Fancy pled guilty and was sentenced to community service. Six years later, DNA testing revealed that the DNA of convicted rapist Vincent Elias matched the DNA in Fancy's rape kit. Elias later pled guilty to raping Fancy and was sentenced to 22 years in prison. Fancy stated, "For six years, nobody believed me. I lost my family. I lost my freedom. I lost a little of my sanity."[228] | ||||||
| Jul 8, 1997 | Norfolk Four: Derek Tice, Danial Williams, Joseph J. Dick Jr., and Eric C. Wilson | Rape, murder | Norfolk, Virginia | Varied, 8.5 years to life | Varied | Yes |
| Michelle Moore-Bosko was raped and murdered in her apartment. Police initially focused on a neighbor of Moore-Bosko, Danial Williams, coercing a confession with threats of receiving the death penalty if he did not plead guilty. When his DNA did not match the DNA found at the scene, police coerced confessions from Joseph J. Dick Jr., Eric C. Wilson, and Derek Tice, operating under the new theory that it was a gang rape and murder, even though none of the evidence at the scene pointed to this.[229] After Dick, Tice, and Wilson's DNA failed to match the DNA found at the crime scene, three additional men were charged, though charges were dropped against these three after Tice refused to testify against them.[229]
Police later obtained a letter written by Omar Ballard, where he indicated that he had murdered Michelle Moore-Bosko.[229] Ballard's DNA matched the DNA at the scene, and he admitted to the crime, stating that he had acted alone.[229] However, the authorities refused to drop charges against the other four. Wilson pled not guilty and was acquitted of murder but was convicted of rape, and was sentenced to eight and a half years in prison.[229][230] Williams sought to withdraw his guilty plea, but his motion was denied and he was given a life sentence.[230] Dick pled guilty and was given a life sentence.[230] Tice pled not guilty and was convicted of capital murder and rape, and was sentenced to two consecutive life terms.[229][230] Although evidence from the scene indicated that there was only one assailant, by the time the cases came to trial, police and prosecutors were advancing the notion that there were eight participants in the rape and murder.[229] Wilson was released from prison in 2005.[230] In 2009, Virginia governor Tim Kaine granted Dick, Tice, and Williams "conditional pardons", which reduced their sentences to time served, but they were placed on parole and were required to register as sex offenders.[230] Derek Tice won a full exoneration in 2011.[230] In 2016, U.S. District Judge John Gibney vacated the convictions of Joseph Dick and Danial Williams, with the judge declaring that both men were innocent of the crime.[230] In 2017, Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe granted Joseph Dick, Derek Tice, Danial Williams, and Eric Wilson full pardons.[230] | ||||||
| Jul 1997 | Susan Mellen | First-degree murder | San Pedro, California | Life in prison without parole | 17 years | Yes |
| In July 1997, 3 gang members named Lester Monllor, Chad Landrum and Santo "Payaso" Alvarez beat 30-year-old Richard Daly to death with a claw hammer in a lot owned by Allene Mellen. Multiple police informants identified the three men as the culprits. However, a few weeks after the murder, a woman named June Patti called the police and falsely implicated Susan Mellen, the daughter of the lot owner. Despite being told that Patti was not a credible witness, the police promptly arrested Susan while she was at a McDonald's with her young daughter and charged her with first-degree murder. At trial, Susan's lawyer, an elderly family law attorney who had just experienced a stroke and was on probation for inadequate defense, failed to challenge Patti's false testimony or call key witnesses. Susan was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without parole. Landrum was also sentenced to life in prison, while Monllor was acquitted. Alvarez was never charged. Years later, Alvarez began to reveal that Susan was innocent and that she "took my place." Landrum and other witnesses further confirmed that Susan was not involved. Susan's lawyers also discovered that Patti's credibility issues were never disclosed to Susan's defense lawyer. In September 2014, in light of these revelations, the court vacated Susan's murder conviction and Susan was released. Susan was later declared factually innocent.[231] | ||||||
| Oct 13, 1997 | Julie Rea Harper | Murder | Lawrenceville, Illinois | 65 years | 4 years | Yes |
| In the early morning hours of October 13, 1997, 10-year-old Joel Kirkpatrick was stabbed to death in his bedroom. His mother, Julie Rea Harper, had visitation with him that weekend and testified that she was awakened by screams and rushed into her son's room, where she fought off the intruder. Despite the fact that Harper sustained substantial injuries, and the absence of any physical evidence linking her to the crime, the police immediately discounted her testimony and focused on her as the prime suspect. In 2000, Harper was charged with capital murder by special prosecutor Edwin Parkinson. When Harper requested two capital-qualified attorneys to defend her, in compliance with state law, Parkinson announced that he no longer intended to seek the death penalty, forcing Harper to rely on a public defender. During the trial, prosecutors asserted that Harper was angry about her loss in her custody battle with her ex-husband and used her pursuit of a post-graduate degree to vilify her as a career-obsessed woman with no time for a child. They also elicited false testimony from her ex-husband that she had once considered having an abortion (Harper was 17 at the time of Joel's birth) in order to demonstrate that she was capable of murder. In March 2002, Harper was convicted and sentenced to 65 years in prison.
In 2004, Tommy Lynn Sells, a serial killer who murdered several children, confessed that he had broken into a home, stabbed a little boy to death and scuffled with a woman around the same time and place that Kirkpatrick was murdered. Sells' confession was remarkably similar to Harper's account of the crime. It was also discovered that the prosecution withheld exculpatory evidence and relied on false testimony from several deputies during the trial. In response, the Illinois Appellate Court reversed Harper's conviction and ordered a new trial. Harper was re-arrested immediately upon walking out of jail. In her retrial, the defense presented extensive forensic evidence substantiating Harper's account and established that her injuries could not have been self-inflicted. In July 2006, a jury found Harper not guilty of killing her son. Despite this, the day after her trial, Lawrence County State attorney Patrick Hahn praised Parkinson as "a man of the highest integrity."[232] | ||||||
| November 12, 1997 | James Chad-Lewis Clay[233][234][235] | Child sex abuse | Detroit, Michigan | 25–50 years | 1 year, 7 months | Yes |
| On November 12, 1997, a 15-year-old girl was sexually assaulted in an alley near Hayes Street and Harper Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. She said she was dragged into the alley at gunpoint and a cloth was put over her head and was raped. She had not seen her attacker before. The girl was taken to a hospital where a rape kit was prepared. The crime went unsolved. It was not until 2009, when the Detroit Police Department obtained a federal grant, that the kit and more than 10,000 others were submitted for DNA testing, a process that took several years.
In 2017, a DNA profile developed from the rape kit was linked to James Chad-Lewis Clay because his DNA profile was in the FBI's DNA database due to a prior conviction for possession of a stolen vehicle. Detroit police showed the rape victim, who was in her 30s, a photographic lineup that included a photograph of Clay as an adult. She was unable to identify Clay. When police questioned Clay, he denied attacking the woman. When he was shown a recent photograph of the woman taken in 2015–18 years after the attack—he denied knowing her. "I never seen her," Clay said. "I do not know her. I never saw her a day in my life." When he was informed that his DNA had been identified in the rape kit, he became angry. "That's impossible," he declared. "This is crazy... I never dated her. I don't know her." On August 4, 2017, he was charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct. Not long after, the woman learned that Clay's full name was James Chad-Lewis Clay. She told police that she had a boyfriend in high school who she knew as Chad, and that they had been sexually involved at the time. She told police that she met him through a friend named Dion who was five feet, two inches tall, had green eyes, and played on the high school basketball team. She said that she and Chad would often skip school and stay at Chad's aunt's house. She said also she had a scar on her arm. When police questioned Clay about the woman's statements, he said he lived with his mother and denied having sex with a girl with the woman's first name or a girl with a scar on her arm. He denied knowing anyone named Dion. And he said nothing about staying at his aunt's house—a fact he later attributed to being in shock because of the accusation. During a court hearing prior to trial, Clay suddenly recalled the woman and that they had a sexual relationship 20 years earlier. However, during trial in November 2017 in Wayne County Circuit Court, the woman said she did not recall Clay or having consensual sex with him. The prosecution presented the evidence that Clay's DNA was found in the rape kit. There was additional DNA present that was not identified due to the size of the sample. On November 12, 2017, based solely on the DNA evidence, the jury convicted Clay of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. He was sentenced to 25 to 50 years in prison. While his case was on appeal, Clay's mother reached out to Steven Crane, of ACS Investigations, a private investigation firm in West Bloomfield, Michigan, to re-investigate the case. At the time, Crane was working on an investigation for Clay's cellmate, who suggested Clay contact Crane. In 2019, Crane obtained a photograph of Clay when he was a teenager and showed it to the victim. She identified the photograph as that of a boyfriend named Chad with whom she had a consensual sexual relationship. When Crane showed her a photograph of Clay as an adult, she said that was the man who raped her, based on seeing him in court. Informed that the photos were of the same person, the woman subsequently provided a statement saying, "The James Clay that is in prison for my rape was my boyfriend in high school who went by the name Chad." Crane also located Dyeon McIntyre, who had green eyes and confirmed that he knew the victim and "Chad." He said he played basketball during high school, although on playgrounds. Shown a photograph of Clay as an adult, he identified it as "Chad." When Crane provided the results of his investigation to Clay's appellate attorney, Melvin Houston, he declined to accept it or review it, according to Crane. As a result, Crane reached out to the Michigan State Appellate Defenders Office and subsequently an investigator from that office was assigned to work with Houston. When Crane couldn't get anyone to indicate that they were moving forward on a review of the case, he passed his information to reporter Elisha Anderson at the Detroit Free Press newspaper, and she began reinvestigating the case. On July 19, 2019, Anderson published a detailed account of the case that included interviews with the woman in which she confirmed what she told Crane as well as an interview with McIntyre. Clay's aunt told Anderson that she had a home near where the victim lived and that "Chad was in and out of my house all the time." A day earlier, the Wayne County prosecutor's office and Houston had filed a joint motion with the Michigan Court of Appeals seeking to release Clay. A spokeswoman for the prosecutor's office said, "When we were informed by the Free Press of the identity issue in the case (the prosecutor's office) immediately began an investigation. It should be completed in the near future." "Based upon our findings so far, we have determined that it is in the best interests of justice to move the court to have Mr. Clay immediately released on a personal recognizance bond until the investigation concludes." On July 23, 2019, Clay was released from prison. On August 31, 2019, Wayne County Circuit Court Judge Wanda Evans dismissed the case. | ||||||
| Jun 7, 1998 | Clarence Elkins | Murder, rape | Barberton, Ohio | Life in prison | 6.5 years | Yes |
| Judith Johnson was beaten, raped and murdered while her 6-year-old granddaughter, Brooke, was staying at her house. Brooke was also beaten and raped, but survived. She told police that the killer "looked like Uncle Clarence". He was convicted on the basis of this identification. She later explained that she meant the killer resembled him, rather than being a positive identification and she felt pressured to testify against him at trial by the prosecutor. DNA testing performed after conviction from semen found on the victims excluded Elkins, but his appeal was denied. Elkins' wife, who is Judith's daughter, solved the case through her research. She identified Earl Mann, Johnson's neighbor, as a likely suspect. Elkins, who was in prison with Mann at the time, collected a cigarette butt from Mann. It was a match.[236] | ||||||
| 1998 | Luis Vargas | Sexual assault, kidnapping | Los Angeles, California | 55 years | 16 years | Yes |
| [237] | ||||||
| May 1999 | Brandy Briggs | Child abuse | Harris County, Texas | 17 years | 6 years | Yes |
| In May 1999, Brandy Briggs called 911 to report that her 2-month-old baby Daniel Lemons was unresponsive. Daniel was rushed to the hospital and died in Brandy's arms. The medical examiner declared the cause of death to be Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) caused by Brandi violently shaking the baby. Brandy was subsequently arrested and charged with first-degree felony injury to a child. After being coaxed into taking a plea deal by her attorney, who told her that she would receive probation, Brandy was sentenced to 17 years in prison. However, two pediatricians hired by Brandy's appellate lawyers found that the cause of death was actually a urinary tract infection. A new medical examiner also discovered that doctors inserted the breathing tube into the baby's stomach instead of his lung, depriving him of oxygen for 40 minutes and causing asphyxia. In 2005, an appeals court vacated Brandy's conviction, and in 2006, the prosecution dismissed the case.[238] | ||||||
| July 1999 | Tulia 47 | Delivery of a controlled substance | Tulia, Texas | Up to 99 years | Up to 6 years | Yes |
| Undercover Officer Tom Colman conducted a sting operation that led to forty-seven[lower-alpha 1] citizens accused of dealing cocaine, equating to ten to twenty percent of the African American population being incarcerated.[241][239] Despite being tried, convicted, and sentenced to decades in prison, a group of attorneys led by Amarillo civil rights attorney Jeff Blackburn and Vanita Gupta from the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, ultimately succeeded in having the defendants released. In 2003 Texas Governor Rick Perry granted full pardons to thirty-five of the Tulia defendants.[241] In 2005, Coleman was convicted of perjury and sentenced to 10 years' probation and a $7,500 fine.[240] | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feb 2000 | Jane Dorotik | Murder | San Diego, California | 25 years to life | 20 years | Yes |
| In February 2000, Jane Dorotik's husband, Robert, went out for a jog while she worked on their horse ranch. The next day, Robert was found bludgeoned to death on the side of the road. Despite the fact that four witnesses saw Robert out jogging, and one reported seeing him slumped over in a car between two men, police immediately focused on Jane as the suspect. Just two days after the discovery of Robert's body, Jane was arrested and charged with first degree murder. The prosecution claimed that blood and DNA evidence demonstrated that Jane bludgeoned Robert to death in their bedroom, carried him down the stairs, put him in the truck and dumped him on the side of the road. They cited her motive as an unwillingness to pay alimony in the event of a divorce, despite the fact that Jane and Robert had no plans of divorcing. In August 2001, Jane was convicted and sentenced to 25 years to life in prison.
In 2015, a judge granted Jane's request for DNA testing. The testing later found foreign male DNA underneath Robert's fingertips and on the murder weapon, excluding Jane as a suspect. Her lawyers additionally discovered that the so-called blood evidence in the bedroom was never actually tested and that two of the lab workers involved in the case had a history of testing errors. In 2020, in light of the new evidence, Jane's murder conviction was overturned, and in 2022, prosecutors dismissed the case.[242] | ||||||
| Jun 15, 2000 | Paul Shane Garrett | Murder | Nashville, Tennessee | 15 years in prison | 10 years | Yes |
| Garrett was arrested for killing Velma Tharpe, a sex worker found dead in northern Nashville. Much of his 2003 conviction relied on unrecorded confessions, but Garrett stated that they were coerced and that he had told officers almost fifty times that he was not the killer. After being released in 2011, his conviction was vacated in 2021, and Garrett sued the city, receiving a $1.2 million settlement. A different suspected was arrested for the murder, who DNA evidence tied to the scene.[243][244] | ||||||
| Sep 28, 2000 | David Camm | Murder | Georgetown, Indiana | Life in prison | 13 years | Yes |
| David Camm was convicted twice for the murders of his wife Kim and two children, Brad and Jill. The key evidence against Camm was testimony regarding blood spatter patterns on his tee shirt. It was later discovered that one of the key prosecution witnesses, a blood spatter analyst whose findings had triggered the arrest, had falsified his credentials. He had testified at trial that he was a college professor in the process of getting his PhD. It was later uncovered that he had no affiliation to the university, had no training in blood spatter or crime scene analysis, and had never worked a single case prior to the Camm family murders. In 2013, he testified for the defense, explaining that he worked as an office assistant for a crime scene analyst and had been sent to the crime scene to take photos when he began voicing his opinions on the evidence. He claims the prosecutor, Stan Faith, fabricated the credentials for the trial.
A new suspect emerged when the defense compelled the prosecution to run DNA evidence found on a sweatshirt on the floor of the crime scene through CODIS a second time. It was discovered that the DNA was never run through CODIS despite the fact that Faith had assured Camm's defense team that it had been run and it returned no matches. The sweatshirt contained the DNA, prison nickname, and department of corrections number of Charles Boney, a convicted felon with a history of stalking and attacking women. He was on parole at the time for the attempted kidnapping of several college students from their apartment. Investigators had looked for Camm's DNA on the sweatshirt, but failed to investigate any other leads. A DNA analyst who worked on the case filed a complaint alleging that the prosecutor attempted to get her to testify that the foreign DNA sample was Camm's DNA. A fingerprint analyst who found Boney's prints testified to a similar interaction. The prosecutor was later discovered to be Boney's defense attorney as well as a personal family friend, and they admitted discussing the case prior to Boney becoming a suspect. Faith asserts this is coincidental and he did not know Boney was involved.[245] | ||||||
| Jul 8, 2001 | Kirstin Lobato | Murder | Las Vegas, Nevada | 40–100 years in prison | 16 years | Yes |
| In May 2001, Lobato, then 18, was staying at a residential motel in Las Vegas when she was allegedly attacked by a black man who "smelled like alcohol and dirty diapers." She was able to escape after she pulled out a knife and slashed the man's groin. Lobato was addicted to meth and had not slept for three days at the time of the attack, so she did not report the event to police, but she did tell friends. One of the friends who heard Lobato's story told a teacher who notified police. In July, a homeless man named Duran Bailey was found murdered on the other side of town. His penis had been severed. Although Lobato told friends about her attack prior to Bailey's murder and she had an alibi for the time of the murder, police suspected Lobato to be his killer. Police confronted her about the attack and she tearfully told them details. At the end of the interview, she was informed that she killed the man who attacked her and she was charged with murder. This "confession" would serve as key evidence against her. It wasn't until after her arrest that she discovered that the man whose murder she was charged with wasn't the man who attacked her. In 2017, her defense team convinced the appellate court that had the jury heard the strong entomological evidence pinpointing of Bailey's time of death coupled with her alibi witnesses placing her in Panaca, Nevada, they would have acquitted. Lobato's conviction was overturned. The district attorney took the further step of asking a judge to dismiss the case with prejudice, a move that bars her from ever being prosecuted for the crime.[246][247][248] | ||||||
| Nov 1, 2001 | Ryan Ferguson | Murder | Columbia, Missouri | 40 years | 9 years, 8 months | Yes |
| Ferguson, who was 17 at the time of the murder of Kent Heitholt, was convicted on the basis of a friend's confession to police claiming he and Ferguson killed Heitholt for drinking money. His friend, Charles Erickson, had mental health issues and substance abuse issues at the time and initially claimed to have no memory of the evening. Ferguson's conviction was overturned on November 5, 2013, after it was uncovered that the prosecution withheld exculpatory evidence and the witnesses who testified against him recanted their testimony. Erickson remains incarcerated, but Ferguson has vowed to work to get him released. | ||||||
| 2002 | Melinda Bronson | Child sexual abuse | Queens, New York | Probation, lifetime on sex offender registry | 9 years on registry | Yes |
| After being placed into the custody of his alcoholic father, 11-year-old A.R. accused his mother, Melinda Bronson, of fondling him. Melinda was charged with sexual abuse and endangering the welfare of a child, and in February 2002, sentenced to probation and required to register as a sex offender. She was consequently unable to obtain any work as a teacher. After his father died in 2007, A.R., now an adult, revealed that his father constantly disparaged his mother in front of him and coerced him into falsely accusing her of sexual abuse. In light of his revelations, a court reversed Melinda's conviction, and the prosecution dismissed the case.[249] | ||||||
| 2002 | Brian Banks | Rape* | Long Beach, California | 6 years | 5 years | Yes |
| Brian Banks was a student at Long Beach Polytechnic High School when a fellow student, Wanetta Gibson, accused him of rape. He accepted a plea deal to avoid a lengthy sentence and ended up serving almost the entire sentence. The accuser was later recorded admitting that the sexual contact was consensual and that she made up the allegation so her mother wouldn't find out she was sexually active. Gibson's family had received a $1.5 million settlement from the school following Banks' guilty plea for failing to keep Wanetta safe. | ||||||
| April 17, 2003 | Frances Choy | Murder, arson | Brockton, Massachusetts | Life in prison | 17 years | Yes |
| In 2003, a fire at a home in Massachusetts killed Anne and Jimmy Choy, the parents of 17-year-old Frances Choy. Frances and Kenneth Choy, her 16-year-old nephew, were charged with setting the fire. Notes describing plans to set the house on fire were found near Kenneth's bed, but he claimed Frances had forced him to write them. He was found not guilty and left for Hong Kong before Frances' third trial began. Prosecutors alleged Frances Choy's sweatpants had traces of gasoline on them, but an analytical chemist hired by her legal team found that there was no gasoline residue on them. She was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. In 2020, a judge vacated her conviction after Choy's lawyers found evidence that Kenneth had been the one who set the fire. The judge also ruled that emails written by prosecutors had shown "racial animus against Frances and her family." Choy and her family were Chinese American.[250] | ||||||
| Oct 2003 | Julie Baumer | Child abuse | Macomb, Michigan | 10–15 years | 5 years | Yes |
| In October 2003, Julie Baumer took her ill 6-week-old nephew to the hospital. After doctors discovered a skull fracture, Julie was charged with first-degree murder. At her trial, one doctor identified the cause of death as blunt force trauma, while the other cited Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) caused by Julie violently shaking the baby. Julie was convicted of first-degree child abuse and sentenced to 10–15 years in prison. In 2009, Julie was granted a new trial due to ineffective legal counsel. At her second trial, defense experts testified that the baby was actually suffering from Venuous Sinus Thrombosis. The jury acquitted Julie of all charges.[251] | ||||||
| Mar 2004 | Melonie Ware | Murder | DeKalb County, Georgia | Life without parole | 4 years | Yes |
| In March 2004, babysitter Melonie Ware called 911 to report that 9-month-old Jaden Paige was unresponsive. The infant was rushed to the hospital and died shortly thereafter. The police subjected Melonie to a lengthy interrogation, and that same night, charged her with murder. At her trial, medical examiner Gerald Gowitt attributed the death to Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) caused by Melonie violently shaking Jaden. In November 2005, Melonie was convicted of felony murder and sentenced to life in prison. In 2006, an appeals court vacated Melonie's conviction due to ineffective legal counsel and granted her a new trial. At Melonie's second trial, defense experts showed that Jaden actually died from sickle cell anemia and explained that his injuries were due to the disease and the hospital's failed resuscitation attempts. The jury acquitted Melonie of the charges.[252] | ||||||
| Aug 2004 | Richard and Megan Winfrey | Murder | San Jacinto County, Texas | Life in prison | 2–5 years | Yes |
| In August 2004, high school custodian Murray Burr was found stabbed to death in his trailer. Police set their sights on Richard Winfrey Sr. and his two children, 16-year-old Megan and 17-year-old Richard Jr., after a neighbor said that they frequently visited Burr's trailer. Absent any physical evidence, police brought in self-trained dog handler Keith Pikett, who claimed that his bloodhounds could identify suspects through scent lineups. In one such lineup, Pickett claimed that his dogs identified all three Winfreys as suspects, who were subsequently arrested and charged with first-degree murder. At Megan's trial, prosecutors alleged that she shaved her pubic hair to destroy evidence, and some of her teachers even testified against her. Megan was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison, while Richard Sr. was sentenced to 75 years and Richard Jr. was acquitted. In 2010, The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals declared the dog scent evidence to be insufficient and acquitted Richard Sr. The appeals court acquitted Megan in 2013.[253] | ||||||
| Dec 24, 2004 | Sheldon Thomas | Murder | New York City, New York | 25 years to life in prison | 19 years | Yes |
| Police arrested three people for the shooting death of 14-year-old Anderson Bercy. When detectives showed an eyewitness a photo of Sheldon Thomas, they used a picture of a different man with the same name. The witness identified Thomas, not knowing it was a different person than the Sheldon Thomas they believed it was. Thomas was convicted, while the other two defendants had their charges dismissed. In 2023 Thomas' conviction was overturned and his indictment vacated.[254] | ||||||
| Apr 2005 | Richard Gagnon | Murder | Conway, South Carolina | Life in prison | 8 years | No |
| Convicted of murder in the deaths of Diane and Charles Parker Sr., both found shot to death April 12, 2005. In 2009 DNA evidence showed Bruce Antwain Hill was guilty. | ||||||
| 2005 | Lamar Johnson | Murder | Baltimore, Maryland | Life in prison | 13 years | Yes |
| Lamar Johnson was potentially wrongly identified as the suspect in the murder of Carlos Sawyer following a 911 tip that the assailant had a particular nickname: "Boo Boo."[255] This tip came hours after the fatal attack. Police followed the lead and found Lamar Johnson, who at the time was incorrectly identified by this nickname. At the end of the trial in 2005, Johnson was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. There was no physical evidence that connected Johnson nor a clear motive for the crime provided by the prosecution. Eyewitnesses testified that Johnson "looked like" the gunman.[256] In 2008, Lamar Johnson began filing with the court of appeals to overturn his conviction. The Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project (MAIP), a subset of the Innocence Network, picked up Johnson's case and began re-investigating.[257] This process found new eyewitnesses that had originally not been interviewed or seen as important. The MAIP team also re-tested physical evidence used in the original case and visited the crime scene multiple times.[257] On September 19, 2017, Lamar Johnson's case was reviewed in a writ of actual innocence hearing.[258] | ||||||
| May 2005 | Nicole Harris | Murder | Chicago, Illinois | 30 years | 8 years | Yes |
| In May 2005, 23-year-old Nicole Harris and her husband, Sta-Von Dancy, called 911 to report that their 4-year-old son Jaquari Dancy accidentally suffocated himself with an elastic band from his bedsheet. The boy was later pronounced dead, and the medical examiner ruled the death accidental. However, police zeroed in on Nicole as the culprit and subjected her to a lengthy and aggressive 27-hour interrogation, after which she confessed to strangling the boy. At her trial, Nicole testified that her confession was coerced but was ultimately found guilty and sentenced to 30 years in prison. In 2012, an appeals court reversed Harris' conviction, primarily due to the judge improperly barring the testimony of Jaquari's brother, who said that Jaquari liked to play Spider-Man by wrapping the band around his neck and jumping off the bed. In February 2013, Nicole was released, and in June, prosecutors dismissed the case.[259] | ||||||
| Jan 2006 | Tammy Smith | Child abuse | Humboldt, Iowa | 10 years | 4 years | Yes |
| In January 2006, 32-year-old Tammy Smith discovered that her 4-year-old son Gabriel had broken his arm and took him to the hospital. Gabriel was developmentally disabled and unable to talk, but Tammy believed that he stuck his arm in the washing machine, which was in poor condition and did not stop when opened. However, police believed that Tammy deliberately broke his arm and charged her with child endangerment causing serious injury. In June 2007, Tammy was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison. After her appeal was denied, Tammy filed a motion for a new trial due to ineffective legal counsel, claiming that her attorney failed to pursue the washing machine theory out of fear that the broken washing machine would constitute evidence of neglect. In addition, Gabriel, now a 9-year-old with improved verbal skills, testified that he did in fact break his arm in the washing machine. The judge denied the motion, but an appeals court reversed the lower court's decision and ordered a new trial, and in September 2011, prosecutors dismissed the case.[260] | ||||||
| Apr 2007 | Susan King | Manslaughter | Spencer County, Kentucky | 10 years | 6 years | Yes |
| In April 2007, Susan King was charged with the unsolved murder of her ex-boyfriend, Kyle Breeden, who was found shot to death in the Kentucky River several years prior. Despite the fact that Susan was a 97-pound amputee, state police officer Todd Harwood believed that she carried his 200-pound body to the Kentucky River, hoisted it over the railing and threw him into the river. In September 2008, King entered an Alford plea to second-degree manslaughter and was sentenced to 10 years in prison. But in May 2012, a man named Richard Jarrell confessed to murdering Breeden after the latter stole money from him, in exchange for leniency for his brother who was facing federal drug charges. Despite Jarrell's confession, a court denied Susan's motion to vacate her guilty plea. However, in July 2014, an appeals court reversed the lower court's decision, and in October, the prosecution dismissed the case.[261] | ||||||
| Nov 8, 2007 | Raymond McCann | Perjury | Constantine, Michigan | 22 months to 22 years | 1 year, 8 months | Yes |
| Ray McCann, a former reserve police officer, had been implicated in the abduction, rape and murder of Jodi Parrack, an 11-year-old girl and fifth-grade student at Riverside Elementary School. Following Jodi's disappearance, an intensive search was launched to find her, and McCann suggested searching in a local cemetery, where Parrack was found. McCann insisted that his suggestion was based on his intuition and experience as a law enforcement official, and his deductions about the probable locations where a kidnapper might have deposited her after a violent crime. However, officials were surprised at the accuracy of McCann's directions and began to suspect that he might have been responsible himself. They later claimed inconsistencies from McCann's police interrogations, and an apparent contradiction in McCann's own claim that he had walked near a creamery while searching for Jodi, an image that was not captured by local CCTV cameras. But McCann later stated that the interrogations were aggressive and incorporated known deceptions, including claims of forensic evidence in the form of matching DNA, a practice allowed by the United States Supreme Court in its ruling in Frazier v. Cupp, and that the camera angle could not have detected whether he was present at the location near the creamery. McCann was nonetheless charged with 5 counts of perjury, and fearing his ability to defend against them, he pleaded no contest to one of them. The key break in the case came in 2015 when the actual perpetrator of the crime, Daniel K. Furlong, was arrested following an attempt on another local girl. He confessed to the abduction, sexual assault and murder of Jodi Parrack. McCann then pressed his case for dismissal of his charges and overturning of his perjury conviction, and he was fully exonerated by a subsequent court upon review.[262][263][264][265] | ||||||
| Aug 21, 2008 | Stephanie Spurgeon | Manslaughter | Palm Harbor, Florida | 20 years | 8.5 years | Yes |
| In August 2008, 37-year-old Stephanie Spurgeon, a long-time home daycare provider, received a new 1-year-old child, Maria Harris. After Maria was picked up from daycare, she fell ill and later died from a brain hemorrhage. Despite the fact that Maria had no external injuries, doctors claimed the hemorrhage was caused by abuse. Stephanie was promptly arrested and charged with first-degree murder. At the trial, prosecutors attempted to explain away the absence of visible injuries by claiming that Stephanie threw the child against a mattress. Stephanie was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 20 years in prison. In 2018, Stephanie was granted an evidentiary hearing, in which her defense attorneys presented medical evidence that Maria was suffering from undiagnosed diabetes. Tests showed that Maria's blood glucose was more than four times the normal level and that she had developed a blood clot in her brain. Additionally, an expert testified that her brain injuries could not have been caused by falling onto a mattress. In light of the evidence presented, the judge overturned Stephanie's conviction and granted her a new trial. Prosecutors later dismissed the charges.[266] | ||||||
| Sep 21, 2008 | Adrian P. Thomas | Murder* | Troy, New York | 25 years to life in prison | 6 years | Yes |
| Four-month-old Matthew Thomas was rushed to the hospital by his father, Adrian Thomas, after finding him unresponsive. During the interrogation, investigators told him that it had been proven the child died from blunt force trauma and that they knew someone in the household had done it. They threatened to arrest his wife if he did not confess. He was convicted on the basis of his confession. It was later determined that the cause of death was sepsis.[267] | ||||||
| Jan 2009 | Melissa Calusinski | Murder | Lincolnshire, Illinois | 31 years | Present | No |
| State attorneys contended that Calusinski forcibly threw 16-month-old Benjamin Kingan to the ground—aided by a disputed confession. New findings from Lake County Coroner Thomas Rudd, show that Benjamin had an abnormal head shape and had suffered a prior brain injury months before the child died. | ||||||
Close
More information Date of crime, Defendant(s) ...
| Date of crime | Defendant(s) | Crime | Location | Sentence | Time served | Legally exonerated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Deron Parks[268] | Child sex abuse | Vancouver, Washington | Life in prison | 8 years, 8 months | Yes |
| 2010 | Patrick McAllister[269] | Sexual assault | Brinnon, Washington | 20 years, 10 months | 5 years, 6 months | Yes |
| 2010 | Aisha McClinton[270] | Weapon possession or sale | Joliet, Illinois | 5 months | 5 months | Yes |
| Aisha McClinton was arrested March 14, 2010, outside the Stateville Correctional Center in Joliet, Illinois. She was visiting an inmate and initially refused to allow guards to search her car. When she ultimately consented, officers found a small amount of marijuana. During a second search, officers found a 9-millimeter gun in the waistband of McClinton's pants. She was charged with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon, taking a firearm into a penal institution, and taking cannabis into a penal institution. The latter two charges were dropped, and McClinton was convicted on April 14, 2011, after a bench trial in Will County Circuit Court of the aggravated weapons charge. Judge Sarah Jones sentenced McClinton to three years on probation and 156 days in jail. In 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court declared the charge of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon to be unconstitutional, vacating all convictions under that statute. McClinton's conviction was vacated on February 19, 2014. She filed for a certificate of innocence in early 2016. It was denied on June 15, 2016, by Judge Jones, who said McClinton was not entitled to the certificate because she had not established factual innocence. McClinton appealed. Her attorneys argued that McClinton had no need to prove factual innocence, because the statute under which McClinton was convicted had been declared unconstitutional, giving her a valid pathway to receiving a certificate of innocence under Illinois law. The Third District of the Illinois Court of Appeals ruled in McClinton's favor on May 10, 2018, stating that Jones had abused her discretion and ordering the trial court to grant McClinton her certificate of innocence. She received it on Nov. 27, 2018. | ||||||
| 2010 | Eric Anderson | Robbery, assault, illegal use of a weapon | Detroit, Michigan | 15 to 22 years | 8 years and 6 months | Yes |
| 2011 | Otis Boone | Robbery | Brooklyn, New York | 25 years | 7 years | Yes |
| 2011 | Livingston Broomes | Sexual assault | Brooklyn, New York | 4 years | 2 years | Yes |
| 2011 | Jennifer Weathington | Murder, assault, illegal use of a weapon | Dallas, Georgia | Life in prison | 5 years, 6 months | Yes |
| 2011 | Elgerie Cash | Murder, assault, illegal use of a weapon | Dallas, Georgia | Life in prison | 5 years, 6 months | Yes |
| 2011 | Matthew Ngov | Murder | Los Angeles, California | 57 years to life | 5 years, 9 months | Yes |
| Jul 2011 | Heidi Haischer | Fraud | Las Vegas, Nevada | 1 year, 3 months | 1 year, 3 months | Yes |
| In July 2011, Heidi Haischer was indicted for allegedly perpetrating a mortgage fraud scheme. Kelly Nunes, Heidi's boyfriend, had concocted the scheme and filled out the documents but forced Heidi to sign them, refusing to take her to the doctor to treat her severe leg injury until she complied. However, the judge blocked evidence of Nunes' abusive and threatening behavior, and in November 2012, Heidi was convicted of conspiracy and wire fraud and sentenced to 15 months in prison. But in March 2015, an appeals court ruled that the evidence was wrongfully barred and vacated Heidi's conviction. At her second trial, the jury acquitted Heidi of all charges.[271] | ||||||
| Aug 2011 | Lydia Salce | Attempted murder of her husband | Saratoga, New York | 16 years | 3 months | Yes |
| In August 2011, Michael McKee returned home intoxicated from a night out with his motorcycle club and quickly became violent towards his wife, Lydia Salce, hurling a jar at her, grabbing her hair, yanking her head back, holding a knife to her throat and punching her repeatedly. During the beating, Michael accidentally dropped the knife, prompting Lydia to pick it up and stab him in self-defense. Michael, however, asserted that Lydia initiated the assault and he had acted in self-defense. The police sided with Michael and charged Lydia with attempted murder and first-degree assault, and in July 2012, Lydia was convicted and sentenced to 16 years in prison. In January 2015, an appeals court granted Lydia a new trial, ruling that the judge improperly barred a defense expert from testifying, and in May 2015, Lydia was acquitted of the charges.[272] | ||||||
| December 22, 2011 | Giovante Douglas and Cartier Hunter | Murder | Oakland, California | Life in prison | 10 years | Yes |
| In December 2011 Charles Butler Jr. was fatally shot in Oakland. A homeless woman testified that she witnessed Douglas and Hunter killing Butler, and despite no physical or forensic evidence, the two men were convicted in 2016. In 2021 the witness recanted her testimony and said she was paid $30,000 to testify that she saw the murder. An Oakland homicide detective who worked the case was later charged with several felonies in relation with the trial.[273] | ||||||
| December 27, 2011 | Russ Faria | Murder | Troy, Missouri | Life in prison | 3 years | Yes |
| Faria discovered his wife Betsy Faria dead from knife wounds and called 911, believing she had committed suicide. After an autopsy found 55 stab wounds, Russ Faria was charged with Betsy's murder. Although four people said Faria had been with them at a regular game night when Betsy was killed, which was backed by cellphone data, the prosecutor accused them of conspiring with Faria. Faria was convicted, largely based on the testimony of Betsy's friend Pamela Hupp. In 2016, Hupp was charged with and later convicted of killing Louis Gumpenberger as part of a plot to make it seem as if Faria sent a hitman after her. She was charged with killing Betsy Faria in 2021. The case was depicted in the TV series The Thing About Pam.[274][275] | ||||||
| Sep 2012 | Jasmine Eskew | Felony assault of a child | Great Falls, Montana | 5 years | 3 years | Yes |
| In September 2012, 21-year-old Jasmine Eskew called 911 to report that her daughter, Brooklynn, was unresponsive. Her boyfriend, Greg Robey, had been taking care of Brooklynn and was seen leaving the scene as paramedics arrived. However, police zeroed in on Jasmine as the prime suspect and took her to the station for a 4-hour interrogation. They promised a sobbing Jasmine that she could see her daughter if she answered their questions correctly and proceeded to accuse her of violently shaking her daughter and demand that she demonstrate her actions on a doll. Jasmine repeatedly denied hurting Brooklynn, but after four hours, she relented and confessed. Jasmine was then arrested and charged with deliberate homicide and felony assault on a minor. The defense argued that Jasmine's confession was coerced and that Robey had in fact struck Brooklynn, noting that his ring matched the hole in Brooklynn's skull. They also attempted to present an expert on false confessions but were denied. In April 2014, Jasmine was convicted of felony assault of a child and sentenced to five years in prison. In February 2017, the Montana Supreme Court reversed Jasmine's conviction and granted her a new trial, holding that the judge improperly blocked testimony from the defense expert, while improperly admitting Jasmine's coerced confession. The next month, prosecutors dismissed the case.[276] | ||||||
| 2012 | Michael Winston | Attempted murder, robbery, assault, kidnapping | Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 26 years | 5 years | Yes |
| 2013 | James Frazier[277] | Murder, other violent felony, conspiracy | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Life without parole | 5 years, 8 months | Yes |
| Shortly before 8:30 p.m. on May 14, 2012, 21-old Rodney Ramseur and his 21-year-old girlfriend, Latia Jones, were gunned down as they sat on the front porch of the Ramseur home on West Sparks Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Witnesses said a man approached the house and asked if Ramseur was there. When Ramseur came to the railing, the man opened fire, striking Jones three times and hitting Ramseur as well. He tried to run away, but having already been hit eight times, he fell to the ground. The gunman then walked over and fired another shot into the back of Ramseur's head. The shooter was described as a young black man in a gray hooded sweatshirt and dark blue jeans who fled on foot. Police also said they were seeking an older-model gray Ford Taurus with a black hood that may have brought the gunman to the scene. Police quickly theorized that Ramseur had been targeted because six days earlier, he had testified for the prosecution in a murder involving a childhood friend. The murder suspect, Garland Doughty, later pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter. On June 19, 2012, Philadelphia police detective Philip Nordo, later saying he acted on a tip from an informant named "Nubile", took in 19-year-old James Frazier for questioning. Frazier later said that Nordo sought to cultivate Frazier as a source and to engage in sexual activity. Frazier said that Nordo threatened and intimidated him, including threatening to sexually assault him. These threats resulted in a false confession, Frazier claimed. According to the statement, Tevon Robison, a friend of Doughty—against whom Ramseur had testified—learned of Ramseur's testimony. On the evening of the shooting, Robison was at a restaurant with Frazier and Frazier's half-brother, Taunzelle Garner. During their conversation, Robison said Ramseur was a "rat" and that he wanted to kill him. In the confession, Frazier said he and Garner drove Robison to Ramseur's house looking for him. When they did not see him, Robison made a telephone call and asked, "Is he out there now?" He ended the call and got out of the car, telling Frazier to wait for him. Robison then walked to Ramseur's house and began shooting. After the shooting stopped, Robison ran back to the car, saying, "Let's go Let's go." Frazier initially was charged with two counts of first-degree murder as well aggravated assault and weapons violations. On September 9, 2013, following a preliminary hearing, he went to trial in Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas on two counts of third-degree murder, aggravated assault, and illegal possession of a firearm. No physical or forensic evidence linked Frazier to the crime—the prosecution's case against him consisted of his confession. Although detectives obtained search warrants for the telephone records of "Nubile," Frazier, Garner, and Robison, there were no records of any calls among any of them. On September 13, 2013, he was convicted of two counts of third-degree murder, conspiracy, and retaliation. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole. Robison and Garner were never prosecuted in the case. Frazier appealed and in July 2015, the Pennsylvania Superior Court upheld the convictions. In June 2016, Gerald Camp was convicted in Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas of illegal possession of firearm and possession of a firearm with an obliterated serial number. The conviction was based on the testimony of Detective Nordo, who said an informant named Rhaheem Friend had provided the tip that Camp was in possession of the weapon. In early 2017, while Camp was awaiting sentencing, his defense attorney subpoenaed the records of prison phone calls of Friend. An examination of the calls showed that Friend and Nordo were communicating frequently. Nordo promised he would intervene in another criminal case against Friend. Nordo and Friend also made comments suggesting they had a sexual relationship. Prison records also showed that Nordo had deposited at least $400 into Friend's prison commissary account. After Camp's lawyer presented this evidence to the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office, the prosecution re-investigated the case and agreed to seek to vacate Camp's conviction on April 11, 2017. In November 2017, Detective Nordo was suspended with intent to dismiss after an investigation showed he paid a witness in another case. A Philadelphia police spokesman said Nordo was the subject of a criminal investigation and that federal authorities were involved as well. On December 6, 2018, following an investigation by the Philadelphia County District Attorney's Office Conviction Integrity Unit, the prosecution asked that the murder conviction of Jamaal Simmons be vacated and the charges were dismissed. In January 2019, the Philadelphia Inquirer and Philadelphia Daily News reported that several weeks before the dismissal, the primary witness against Simmons told the prosecution, including Patricia Cummings, the head of the Conviction Integrity Unit, that after being held in the homicide unit for a day, Nordo had pressured him to falsely implicate Simmons. In February 2019, Nordo was indicted on charges of sexually assaulting witnesses and suspects, including once in an interrogation room. On March 5, 2019, Common Pleas Court Judge J. Scott O'Keefe vacated Frazier's convictions. On April 4, 2019, Conviction Integrity Unit chief Patricia Cummings dismissed the charges and Frazier was released. On April 18, 2019, Frazier filed a federal civil rights lawsuit against the city of Philadelphia and Nordo. The lawsuit said that "as early as 2005," the department "was aware of credible complaints that…Nordo, in his role as a Philadelphia police detective, groomed suspects for future sexual relationships. In grooming these suspects…Nordo promised leniency or reward money, used threats and coercion, and engaged in sexual assault." The lawsuit claimed that Nordo "used his position to cause witnesses to sign false or inaccurate interview statements and confessions." In May 2019, Cummings dismissed the 2016 murder conviction of Sherman McCoy, who falsely confessed during an interrogation by Nordo. | ||||||
| 2013 | Clarens Desrouleaux | Theft | Miami, Florida | 5 years | 4 years | Yes |
| Clarens Desrouleaux was arrested on January 23, 2013, and charged with three burglaries that had happened about two weeks earlier in Biscayne Park, Florida, a suburb of Miami. Police had said they focused on him after he was found to have forged and cashed a check stolen from one of the houses. There was no evidence linking him to the other two houses, but officers falsified an arrest affidavit and arrested Desrouleaux, a 35-year-old native of Haiti who had permanent resident status in the United States. He was interrogated, and the officers said he confessed to the three burglaries. The confession was neither written down nor recorded, but the officers would give sworn depositions confirming Desrouleaux's confession. Desrouleaux had previous convictions for drug-dealing and other non-violent crimes. If convicted at trial, he faced being sentenced as a habitual felon and serving 30 years in prison. Instead of taking that risk, he pled guilty on May 23, 2013, to three counts of burglary and three counts of grand theft. He was sentenced to five years in prison. He served four years and was released in 2017, then quickly deported to Haiti. In 2014, Biscayne Park began investigating its police force, after the town manager received a series of anonymous letters complaining about the tactics of Police Chief Raimundo Atesiano. The investigation revealed that the chief told his officers to make false arrests in order to improve the department's closure rate. A few months after Desrouleaux's arrest, Atesiano had boasted to the town council that there were no unsolved property crimes in Biscayne Park. Atesiano and three other police officers were indicted in 2018 and charged with violating the civil rights of Desrouleaux and two other men who had also been falsely arrested. Unlike Desrouleaux, the other two men had their charges dropped before trial. After pleading guilty in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida, each officer received a prison sentence. Atesiano received the longest sentence, three years in prison. "Will somebody please explain to me how Mr. Desrouleaux gets five years, but the guy who framed him for those crimes that he never committed gets less of a sentence?" asked Carlos Martinez, Miami-Dade County's public defender. Desrouleaux's charges were dismissed by the Miami-Dade State Attorney's office on August 10, 2018. On September 18, 2018, Desrouleaux filed suit in U.S. District Court in Miami against Biscayne Park, Atesiano, and the two officers involved with his arrest. Since being deported, he has been unable to return to the United States. | ||||||
| 2013 | Jesus Sanchez[278] | Murder | Wheeling, Illinois | 45 years | 4 years | Yes |
| 2013 | Sherman McCoy[279] | Murder, gun possession or sale, and conspiracy | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Life without parole | 2 years, 8 months | Yes |
| 2013 | Greg Kelley | Child sex abuse | Leander, Texas | 25 years | 6 years | Yes |
| Kelley was the subject of the Outcry, a 2020 Showtime documentary mini-series covering the case. | ||||||
| May 18, 2013 | Shamel Capers | Murder | Queens, New York | 15 years to life | 8 years | Yes |
| 14-year-old D'aja Robinson was killed by a stray bullet from a gang dispute while leaving a party in Jamaica, Queens by bus. Capers was convicted largely by a witness who said he saw Capers fire at the bus, but the witness later told his mother while imprisoned at Rikers Island that he had never actually seen Capers shoot at the bus. In November 2022 Capers' conviction was overturned.[280] | ||||||
| Apr 2014 | Courtney Hayden | Murder | Corpus Christi, Texas | 40 years | 1 year | Yes |
| In April 2014, 24-year-old Courtney Hayden shot 33-year-old Anthony Macias in self-defense after he broke into her home and attempted to rob her. Courtney was already suspected of helping Macias orchestrate a recent robbery, prompting police to believe that she killed him in an argument over the proceeds. Courtney was subsequently charged with first-degree murder and aggravated robbery. She pled guilty to aggravated robbery and was sentenced to 10 years in prison. During her murder trial, medical examiner Dr. Adel Shaker testified that Macias was shot from a distance of three feet, which prosecutors claimed disputed Courtney's self-defense claim. Courtney was convicted and sentenced to 40 years in prison. In 2017, a judge vacated Courtney's murder and aggravated robbery convictions after it was revealed that Shaker initially concluded that Macias was shot at close-range, corroborating Courtney's self-defense claim, but changed his opinion under pressure from the prosecutors. In 2018, Courtney pled guilty to aggravated robbery and was sentenced to 12 years in prison.[281] | ||||||
| 2014 | Maurice Hopkins[282] | Sexual assault | Pine Bluff, Arkansas | 12 years, 6 months | 3 years | Yes |
| Sep 2014 | Arthur Morris and Jeanie Becerra | Assault | Topeka, Kansas | Not sentenced | Yes | |
| In September 2014, police responded to a 911 call from the home of 34-year-old Arthur Morris and 21-year-old Jeanie Becerra, who denied making a call. Police officer Jeremy Carlisle-Simons proceeded to wrestle Morris to the ground and begin beating him severely. But Carlisle-Simons claimed that Morris and Becerra assaulted him, and both were arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer, disobeying a police order, interfering with law enforcement and disorderly conduct. Based solely on the testimony of the officers, the judge convicted Becerra and Morris of all charges. The very next day, the prosecutor watched body camera footage of the incident, revealing that Carlisle-Simons lied about the assault, prompting him to vacate and dismiss the charges against Morris and Becerra.[283] | ||||||
| 2016 | Tazell Cash[284] | Robbery, other violent felony | Detroit, Michigan | 10–20 years | 2 years | Yes |
| May 2017 | Alex Heineman | Sexual assault | Hudson, Wisconsin | Unknown | 2 years, 2 months | Partially (Original conviction vacated) |
| In May 2017, 16-year-old Alex Heineman was accused of sexually assaulting a 15-year-old girl after both attended an event at the local YMCA. Heineman denied that he assaulted the girl and she refused an exam. The Hudson Police Department charged Heineman with second-degree sexual assault and Heineman pled guilty to third-degree sexual assault on the advice of his public defender. As Heineman was a juvenile at the time, he was required to stay at Eau Claire Academy. Due to incidents there involving an attempted suicide and a fight, Heineman was transferred to the controversial Lincoln Hills School, a juvenile prison. Within a month of entering Lincoln Hills, he was transferred to the Mendota Mental Health Institute after multiple suicide attempts and later ended up in the Eau Claire County Jail. Heineman was later charged with escaping from the Jail due to not returning from work release and instead was found in Virginia, Minnesota. In July, a mentor to the 15-year-old girl (now 17) reported to the Hudson Police Department that the girl confessed to her that she had lied to police about being assaulted after Heineman was charged. The following month, Heineman's sexual assault conviction was vacated and Heineman was removed from the sex offender registry. In February 2020, WQOW took down a story on Heineman after he threatened to sue the news corporation. WQOW had published an article on their website calling him a sex offender without updating it upon his removal from the registry. The story was removed. In April 2020, it was reported that Heineman was still convicted of violating the sex offender registry due to fleeing to Virginia, Minnesota. The Assistant District Attorney in charge of the case stated that they felt the conviction was valid and appropriate due to Heineman not returning to the jail and failure to update the registry while convicted of third-degree sexual assault.[285] | ||||||
| 2017 | Michael Hickingbottom | Assault | Miami, Indiana | 6 years | 1 years, 9 months | Yes |
| 2017 | Joshua Horner[286] | Child sex abuse | Redmond, Oregon | 50 years | 1 year, 5 months | Yes |
| 2017 | Brenda Jones | Arson | Friendship, Wisconsin | 9 months, 7 years probation | Not sentenced | Yes |
| In February 2017, a fire destroyed the home of 49-year-old Brenda Jones. Brenda's home had extensive electrical problems, and she had spent the night with her sister after the electrician failed to show. The insurance company declared that the fire was electrical in nature. But after the fire, Jones' former roommate, Alan Onopa, approached Brenda, grabbed her by the throat and threatened to tell the police that she burned the house down unless she gave him a piece of the insurance money. Brenda refused and reported the assault to the police. Alan then went to the police and accused Brenda of arson, presenting audio tapes in which a female voice said she "lit a match" and burned the house down. Based on Alan's report, Brenda was arrested and charged with arson.
At the trial, the police denied knowledge of the assault. Brenda testified that the voice on the tape was not hers, while her defense attorney highlighted Alan's extensive criminal background and argued that Alan had fabricated the tape to get back at Brenda for refusing to pay him. Brenda was convicted of arson and sentenced to nine months in jail and seven years of probation. However, before sentencing, Brenda was granted a new trial on the grounds of ineffective public counsel and the failure to disclose the assault report against Alan. The prosecution subsequently dismissed the charges against her.[287] | ||||||
| February 14, 2018 | Aaron Culbertson | Aggravated robbery | Canton, Ohio | 8 years in prison | 4 years in prison | Yes |
| 16-year-old Culbertson was charged with aggravated robbery. Evidence showed that two other individuals committed the robbery. In December 2022 the state dismissed the charge, and Culbertson was released.[288] | ||||||
Close
- Capital punishment debate in the United States
- Capital punishment in the United States
- Innocent prisoner's dilemma
- List of exonerated death row inmates
- List of miscarriage of justice cases
- List of United States death row inmates
- List of women on death row in the United States
- Overturned convictions in the United States
- Race in the United States criminal justice system
- Wrongful executions in the United States
- Although the book titled Tulia: Race, Cocaine, and Corruption in a Small Texas Town by Nate Blakeslee quotes the number of arrested as forty-seven (with names given),[239] there are other books that quote the number at forty-six (Without names).[240]
- "The National Registry of Exonerations - Exoneration Registry". www.law.umich.edu.
- Garrett, Brandon L. (January 13, 2020). "Wrongful Convictions". Annual Review of Criminology. 3 (1): 245–259. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024739. ISSN 2572-4568.
- "Daley & Halligan". Historic Northampton. City of Northampton. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
- "Daley & Halligan - Historic Northampton Museum and Education Center". historic-northampton.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011.
- Warden, Rob. "First Wrongful Conviction - Jesse Boorn and Stephen Boorn". Bluhm Legal Clinic - Center on Wrongful Convicions. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- McKay, Scott. "Judge's old notes shed light on last execution in R.I." Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Providence Journal. May 25, 2008.
- Hoffman, Charles G. and Tess Hoffmann (1998). Brotherly Love: Murder and the Politics of Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century Rhode Island. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-163-5.
- Erika Niedowski, "RI governor pardons Irish man hanged in 1845" Archived July 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 2011-06-29.
- Davila, Florangela (December 5, 2004). "Seeking justice for the chief: 150 years later, Leschi will get a retrial". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
- Carpenter, Cecelia Svinth (1977). They Walked Before: The Indians of Washington State. Tacoma, Washington: Washington State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission. p. 29. ISBN 0-917048-04-0.
- "Governor Stevens' Famous Pardon of Himself". Washington Historical Quarterly. 25 (3). 1934. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- Davies, Jennifer (October 6, 2013). Wrongly Convicted : Miscarriages of Justice. RW Press.
- "1887 Hanging Remains Nebraska's Most Controversial Execution". NET Nebraska. February 7, 2013. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
- HADC - Reasons for pardoning Fielden, Neebe and Schwab Archived November 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine at www.chicagohs.org
- "Epilogue: A forgotten mystery of death and destruction". Lincoln Journal-Star. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
- "Original story from 1894: Death by fire". Lincoln Journal-Star. February 22, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
- "Historical train crash marker dedicated southwest of Lincoln". Lincoln Journal-Star. August 9, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
- Myers, John M. (1997). The Westerners: A Roundup of Pioneer Reminiscences. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8236-0.
- "More Idaho Treasues Just Waiting To Be Found". Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- Caleb Powers is convicted Second Sentence to Life Imprisonment Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXIX, Number 26, 27 October 1901
- Lief, Michael S. (September 11, 2007). The Devil's Advocates: Greatest Closing Arguments in Criminal Law. Scribner. ISBN 978-0743246699.
- Adcox, Seanna (October 15, 2009). "Radio host Tom Joyner clears his family's name". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
- Spillius, Alex (October 18, 2009). "South Carolina pardons black brothers convicted of 1913 killing". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
- Wilkes Jr., Donald E. (March 1, 2000). "Politics, Prejudice, and Perjury". Flagpole Magazine. p. 9. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017.
- Ravitz, Jessica (November 2, 2009). "Murder case, Leo Frank lynching live on". CNN. Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
- "Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti: 'I am never be guilty, never!', pre execution statements - 1927". Speakola. February 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- "Report to the Governor in the Matter of Sacco and Vanzetti", July 13, 1977, in Upton Sinclair, Boston: A Documentary Novel (Cambridge, MA: Robert Bentley, Inc., 1978), 757-90, quote 757
- "Report to the Governor" (1977), 761
- "Report to the Governor" (1977), 761-9
- "Report to the Governor" (1977), 768-73
- "Proclamation by the Governor" (1977), 797-9; also included in Young and Kaiser, 3-4, and Tropp, 182-4.
- "Massachusetts Admits Sacco-Vanzetti Injustice" Archived November 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, July 19, 1977, accessed June 2, 2010
- iCue: "Governor Dukakis Discusses Impending Exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti", interview transcript, August 23, 1977 Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 2, 2010
- The New York Times: "Editorial: The Case That Will Not Die", May 22, 1977 Archived November 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 2, 2010, an OpEd article on the occasion of the publication of Katherine Anne Porter's The Never-Ending Wrong, urging Dukakis "to concede that Massachusetts justice did not acquit itself well in this case and to acknowledge the enduring doubts about it."
- The New York Times: "Sacco-Vanzetti Vote Reversed" Archived February 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, August 16, 1977, accessed June 2, 2010
- Rick Collins, "Forgotten victims: Descendants say both were hard-working family men" Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Patriot Ledger, June 2, 2010, accessed July 31, 2008
- ODMP.org, William D. Lundy
- "ILLINOIS: The Reward". Time Magazine. August 27, 1945. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- "Hold ten, hunt one in slaying of policeman," Chicago Tribune, December 11, 1932, p. 17.
- "McPhaul; investigative reporting won accolades," obituary in Chicago Tribune, Aug. 8, 1983, p. 12: "But the biggest story he worked on was the Joseph Majczek case ... In 1944 McPhaul, then at the Chicago Times, a predecessor of the Sun-Times, collaborated with reporter James McGuire after an ad was placed in the paper by Majczek's mother."
- "Perjury led to Joseph Majczek's wrongful conviction for the murder of a Chicago policeman in 1933". NorthWesterLaw. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- "Joe Arridy, Disabled Man Executed in 1939, Granted Posthumous Pardon by Colorado Governor". The Huffington Post. January 7, 2011. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014.
- McVeigh, Karen (March 22, 2014). "George Stinney was executed at 14. Can his family now clear his name?". The Observer. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
- Collins, Jeffrey (January 18, 2010). "SC crusaders look to right Jim Crow justice wrongs". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. AP. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016.
- Jones, Mark R. (2007). "Chapter Five: Too Young to Die: The Execution of George Stinney, Jr. (1944)". South Carolina Killers: Crimes of Passion. The History Press. pp. 38–42. ISBN 978-1-59629-395-3. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
- Faber, Eli (June 25, 2021). The Child in the Electric Chair: The Execution of George Junius Stinney Jr. and the Making of a Tragedy in the American South. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-64336-195-6.
- "George Stinney, 14-year-old convicted of '44 murder, exonerated". WIS TV. December 17, 2014. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
- "SC bill named for George Stinney would pay $10M to families of those wrongly executed". postandcourier.com. January 2022.
- Guest Commentary: Lela Bond Phillips, "The Lena Baker Story: Execution in a small town", The Black Commentator, May 2003, accessed June 24, 2016
- Younge, Gary (August 17, 2005). "Pardon for maid executed in 1945". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- "Lena Baker Case". History and Archaeology >> Progressive Era to World War II, 1900-1945. The New Georgia Encyclopedia. December 9, 2005. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- "Irish-born man officially declared innocent in oldest US cold case". Irish Times. April 13, 2017. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017.
- McIntosh, Scott (February 14, 2023). "The incredible life and wrongful conviction of the late Boise bootblack James Dean Walker". Aol. The Idaho Statesman. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
- "Exoneration grants Khalil Islam's family some sense of grace". December 30, 2021.
- Johnson, Constance (May 6, 1989). "State Won't Retry Richardson Murder Case". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
- Herald Staff (December 13, 1988). "Delayed Justice". The Miami Herald.
- Why Did It Take 47 Years to Prove Anthony Mazza was Innocent? Samuel Gross and Ken Otterbourg, 30 June 2021
- Kevin Strickland Walks Free After One Of America's Longest Wrongful Incarcerations Katharina Buchholz, 25 May 2021
- Anthony Mazza Longest Incarcerations, 13 June 2021
- Jennings, Doug. "Never Fight a Shark in Water' highlights man exonerated of murder". Daily Utah Chronicle, February 9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-11
- Innocence Project New Orleans Staff Directory Archived November 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2011-02-15
- Weber, Bruce (December 7, 2013). "Delbert Tibbs, Who Left Death Row and Fought Against It, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013.
- "News/Talk 1290 CJBK London :: International News Story - Article". CJBK. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
- "Ex-death row inmates urge Quinn to sign ban". WJBC. February 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
- "Quinn signs bill repealing Illinois death pe11nalty". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
- The Associated Press (September 29, 2011). "Elderly Inmate Claims to Have Committed Nearly a Dozen Murders". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- Skinner, Curtis (March 20, 2015). "Ohio man cleared of murder after 39 years in jail to get $1 million: newspaper". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
- Fuoco, Michael A. (August 13, 2015). "After 34 years in prison Indiana County man freed thanks to DNA evidence". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- Martin, Douglas (June 25, 2011). "Randall Adams, 61, Dies --freed with the help of film". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012.
- Duran, Amber (May 7, 2013). "Wrongly imprisoned: Dewey Bozella tells MSU of his time in Sing Sing prison". The Standard.
- "Dewey Bozella". The national registry of exonerations. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
- Rose, David (June 19, 1999). "Death of justice in Alabama". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
- L. A. (Spring 1999). "Trio of Angels, Three students help free four death row inmates". Northwestern University Magazine. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
- Holt, Douglas (November 15, 2002). "Ford Heights 4 Figure Pardoned". Chicago Tribune.
- "National Registry of Exonerations: Joseph Sledge". Michigan Law School. January 23, 2015. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- Nelson, Laura J.; Tchekmedyian, Alene (November 24, 2017). "How evidence once thought destroyed helped free a man after 39 years behind bars for murder he didn't commit". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
- Kevin Strickland has been out of prison for a month. Here's how he's rebuilding his life kansascity.com, Luke Nozicka
- Kevin Strickland exonerated in triple murder case after more than 40 years in prison cbsnews.com, Zoe Christen Jones, 24 November 2021
- After spending 43 years in prison for a triple murder he says he didn't commit, a Missouri man is finally free cnn.com, Alisha Ebrahimji, 25 November 2021
- Kevin Strickland exonerated after 42 years in Missouri prison BBC.com, 23 November 2021
- "Exoneree, Center on Wrongful Convictions: Northwestern Pritzker School of Law". www.law.northwestern.edu.
- Kenneth Waters law.umich.edu, 18 March 2020
- "witnesstoinnocence". witnesstoinnocence. Archived from the original on October 20, 2016.
- Jones, Maggie (September 19, 2004). "Who Was Abused?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
There are several ways to view the small white house on Center Street in Bakersfield, California. From one perspective it's just another low-slung home in a working-class neighborhood, with a front yard, brown carpeting, a TV in the living room.
- "Mean Justice - Dirty Secrets". truthinjustice.org. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
- "Modahl v. County of Kern". aele.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
- Garance Burke (November 14, 2009). "Crusading Calif. D.A. retires, leaves painful wake". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 21, 2010.
- "John Stoll to Receive $5M Settlement in 20 Year Wrongful Conviction Case Featured in the Documentary "Witch Hunt" : Wrongful Conviction Lawsuit Defense Blog". Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
- "Michelle Remembers: Fiction, not Fact". Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- Chalem, Laurence D. (September 5, 2009). Essential Diabetes Leadership (2 ed.). BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 978-1439245668.
- Segura, Liliana (January 17, 2015). "Ten Years after Last Execution, California's Death Row Continues to Grow". The Intercept. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- Morrison, Pat (July 16, 2011). "Patt Morrison Asks: Donald Heller, death-penalty advocate no more". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
- Reinhardt, Stephen (May 1999). "The Anatomy of an Execution: Fairness vs. "Process"" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 74 (2): 313–353. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
- Halstead, Marilyn (January 16, 2019). "Man posthumously exonerated in 1981 Mount Vernon stabbing serial killer Krajcir confessed to". Southern Illinoisan.
- Patterson, Thom (March 14, 2014). "Astronaut's mom helps overturn murder conviction". CNN.
- "Julius Ruffin". Archived from the original on October 10, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
- "Prosecutors free inmate in pivotal Illinois death penalty case". Chicago Tribune. October 30, 2014. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014.
- Grisham, John (2007). The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice and Injustice in a Small Town. Bantam Dell. ISBN 9780440243830. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
- Offender Lookup Detail: Glen D. Gore Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on January 26, 2009.
- The Other Trial Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Bubbaworld. Retrieved on January 26, 2009
- Pratt, Mark (May 3, 2023). "Wrongfully convicted Massachusetts man gets $13M settlement". AP News. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
- Glod, Maria (March 28, 2007). "Former Death-Row Inmate Would Get $1.9 Million". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- Gelineau, Kristen (October 16, 2005). "Saved from the grave". NBC News. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- "Johnny Briscoe". Centurian Ministries. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- "Willie Earl Green". The National Registry of Exonerations. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
- Davis, Ken (March 1996). The Wrong Man. Avon Books. ISBN 0380778157.
- Clements, Gary; Novod, Aaron. "Louisiana's Longest-Serving Death Row Prisoner Ordered Freed After 30 Years Glenn Ford, An Innocent Man, To Be Released Imminently" (PDF). Death Penalty Info. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- "Mary Ann Elizondo". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "L.A. man wrongly imprisoned for decades is declared innocent after DNA evidence points to a different suspect". NBC News. March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- Madeodev (September 5, 2007). "Anthony Capozzi". Innocence Project. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
- "Leroy Orange". The National Registry of Exonerations. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- "Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial" (PDF). National Institute of Justice. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- "Kirk Bloodsworth: From Death Row to Free Man". WYPR Radio Station. June 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- "Kirk Bloodsworth". The Innocence Project. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
- Cuccinelli tries to help convicted felon Haynesworth clear his name Archived September 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- "North Carolina Jury Awards Death-Row Exonerees Henry McCollum and Leon Brown $75M for Their Wrongful Capital Convictions". Death Penalty Information Center. May 17, 2021. Archived from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
- Dunker, Chris (November 25, 2013). "Beatrice Six ask jude to limit suggestions they were guilty". Lincoln Journal Star. Beatrice Daily Sun. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013.
- Phillip, Abbey (April 3, 2015) Alabama inmate free after three decades on death row. How the case against him unraveled. Archived November 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post, Retrieved April 9, 2015
- Fortin, Jacey (July 23, 2021). "After Two Decades and a DNA Test, Charges Are Dropped in Georgia Killings". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
- "Margaret Earle". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Avery Settles Lawsuit for $400,000". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. Associated Press. February 15, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- "Steven Avery". National Registry of exonerations. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
- Cruz, Lenika (December 18, 2015). "Making a Murderer: An American Horror Story". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
- Eaton-Robb, Pat (July 21, 2023). "Judge finds forensic scientist Henry Lee liable for fabricating evidence in a murder case". AP News. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- Lavandera, Ed (February 5, 2009). "Family seeks to clear man who died in prison". CNN. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
- Goodwin, Wade (February 5, 2009). "Family Of Man Cleared By DNA Still Seeks Justice". NPR. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
- "Judge Clears Dead Texas Man of Rape Conviction". KOVR. February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.[permanent dead link]
- "Texan who died in prison cleared of rape conviction". CNN. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
- Kreytak, Steven (February 7, 2009). "Judge clears name of late convict in rape". Austin American Statesman. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- "Retarded Man Set Free After 8 Years in Prison". nytimes.com. October 1, 1995. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017.
- Colloff, Pamela (December 2012). "The Innocent Man, Part Two". Texas Monthly. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- Stutzman, Brad. "Anderson gets 10 days in jail, disbarment pending" "Anderson gets 10 days in jail, disbarment pending | www.statesman.com". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2016. 2013-11-8
- Lindell, Chuck. "Ken Anderson to serve 10 days in jail" "Ken Anderson to serve 10 days in jail | www.statesman.com". Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016. 2013-11-08.
- Texas State Directory Press, Inc. "The Honorable Kelly G. Moore - Texas State Directory Online". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016., 2013-11-08.
- "Press Release regarding Oregon and Ohio". FindLaw.com. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
- Oregon Mandates Testing for Court Interpreters, The Oregonian, December 26, 1995, at B4.
- Kelbie, Paul (December 23, 2007). "Briton looks to life after death row". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- Drew, James (January 26, 2005). "Kenny Richey Conviction Reversed". Toledo Blade.
- Rutherford, Tony. Former News Anchor Recalls 'Mall Rapist' Saga Archived September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. HuntingtonNews.net, 2010-10-25.
- Court Invalidates a Decade of Blood Test Results in Criminal Cases Archived January 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, 1993-11-12.
- Berry, Sheila. "WV Supreme Court Investigative Report". truthinjustice.org. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015.
- William J. Tilstone, Kathleen A. Savage, and Leigh A. Clark: Forensic Science: An Encyclopedia of History, Methods, and Techniques, p. 34
- Herald-Dispatch, The (October 22, 2010). "Who was Fred Zain?". herald-dispatch.com.
- "Glen Woodall". Innocence Project. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
- Hall, Jeffrey (July 6, 1989). "State of West Virginia v. Glen Dale Woodall. No. 18662. Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia". Justia US Law.
- Hughes, Trevor (January 3, 2008). "Critical information left out in Masters' original trial". The Coloradoan.[permanent dead link]
- McLaughlin, Eliott C. (January 18, 2008). "DNA points to new killer in '99 case". CNN. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
- Chodak, Adam (January 22, 2008). "Masters walks free after 9 years in prison". KUSA-TV. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
- "Susie Mowbray". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Willie Grimes". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- "Innocent North Carolina Man Exonerated After 14 Years On Death Row". ACLU. May 2, 2008. Archived from the original on August 29, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
- "Virginia LeFever". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Forensic Files, "Forever Hold Your Peace"
- "Burden of Innocence: Richard Danziger". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- Ceci, SJ; Bruck M. (1996). Jeopardy in the courtroom. American Psychological Association. pp. 9–11. ISBN 1-55798-282-1.
- "Day-Care Owner Is Convicted of Child Molesting". The New York Times. April 23, 1992. Archived from the original on March 10, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
- "Jeffrey Scott Hornoff - National Registry of Exonerations". University of Michigan Law School. June 2012. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
- "Patricia Stallings". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Fuchs, Chris (August 11, 2016). "Han Tak Lee, Man Wrongfully Imprisoned for 24 Years, Finds New Home, Family". NBC News. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- Santos, Fernanda (November 25, 2007). "Vindicated by DNA, but a lost man on the outside". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015.
- Santos, Fernanda (September 21, 2006). "DNA Evidence Frees a Man Imprisoned for Half His Life". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017.
- White, Ed (February 24, 2023). "Judge releases man in 1990 slayings of 2 Michigan hunters". Associated Press. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
- Leonard, Jack (March 17, 2011). "Man goes free after murder conviction is overturned". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
- "Roy Brown - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
- Possley, Maurice (December 30, 2020). "John Bunn". National Registry of Exonerations. University of Michigan Law School. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- "'Dixmoor 5' Sue Over Wrongful Rape, Murder Convictions". CBS Chicago. October 17, 2012. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
- "Background on Dixmoor and Englewood cases". Innocence Project. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
- Janssen, Kim (October 17, 2012). "Dixmoor Five, wrongly convicted of murder, sue police". Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014.
- Mills, Steve (June 25, 2014). "$40M for five wrongly convicted of Dixmoor rape, murder". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014.
- Grann, David (September 7, 2009). "Trial by Fire: Did Texas execute an innocent man?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011.
- Beyler, Craig L. (August 17, 2009). "Analysis of the Fire Investigation Methods and Procedures Used in the Criminal Arson Cases Against Ernest Ray Willis and Cameron Todd Willingham". Hughes Associates, Inc. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- Anderson Cooper (October 3, 2009). "CNN's Anderson Cooper 360: "Is Texas Governor Rick Perry Trying to Cover Up Execution of Innocent Man on His Watch"". "Texas Moratorium Network" (camerontoddwillingham.com). Archived from the original on October 9, 2011.
- Smith, Matt (October 2, 2009). "Shake-up in Texas execution probe draws criticism, questions". CNN. Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
- Turner, Allan (July 24, 2010). "Flawed science" helped lead to Texas man's execution, but inquiry finds no negligence in probe that led to man's execution". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
- Kernion, Jette (March 16, 2011). "SXSW 2011: The Awards (So Far)" Archived August 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Slackerwood.com
- Sharpe, Joshua. "A lie sent Ga. Soldiers to prison for 25 years. Will lawmakers help them?". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- "Ex-soldiers get bail in murder case after 25 years in prison". Associated Press. December 20, 2017.
- Wadwekar, Yash (October 12, 2023). "Maleek Jones, who spent 31 years in prison for a murder he did not commit, released last month". Yale Daily News. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- "Mary Weaver". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Gary Gauger". The national registry of exonerations. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
- "Lynn DeJac". National Registry of Exonerations. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- "Accused killer wrote to boy's family, wrongly convicted man". USA General. September 30, 2016. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
- "Dontae Sharpe was exonerated after 24 years in prison. That was not the end of his ordeal". The Guardian. November 25, 2021.
- "Judge dismisses murder charges after convictions overturned". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "A man wrongly convicted in the 1994 fatal shooting of a baby sues the city of New Haven and police". AP News. July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
- "Kenneth Wyniemko". Innocence Project. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- "Michelle Murphy". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Martinez, Gina (February 15, 2023). "Missouri judge vacates Lamar Johnson's murder conviction". CBS News. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
- Salter, Jim (February 14, 2023). "Missouri judge cites 'actual innocence' in overturning conviction of man imprisoned nearly 30 years". PBS. Associated Press. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
- "Shareef Cousin". The National Registry of Exonerations. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
- Balko, Radley (January 8, 2013). "The Untouchables: America's Misbehaving Prosecutors, and the System That Protects Them". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016.
- Joseph Neff (1998). "Convicted killer takes stand". Raleigh News & Observer. [dead link]
- "Alan Gell". The national Registry of Exonerations. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
- "Rosalynd Collier-Hammond". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Piccoli, Sean; Shanahan, Ed (July 15, 2022). "3 Imprisoned for Fiery 1995 Subway Murder Are Exonerated". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
- Guerra, Kristine (January 19, 2016). "Officials falsified evidence to convict mother in son's death, suit says". Indy Star.
- Kinchen, Rosie (January 2, 2022). "CeCe Moore: meet the self-taught sleuth cracking crimes for the FBI". The Times. p. 33. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- "Richard Alexander" Archived August 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. The Innocence Project. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
- Cultice, C. "Who Dunnit?: DNA Testing Exporter Helps Make the Case (or Not)" Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. United States Government, Export Portal Archived December 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
- Newton, M. (2004.) The Encyclopedia of High-Tech Crime and Crime-Fighting. Checkmark Books, an imprint of Facts on File, Inc.
- Tucker, Emma (December 11, 2022). "After 25 years of wrongful imprisonment, 2 Georgia men set free after newly uncovered evidence exonerates them of murder charges". CNN. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
- Gregory, Sean (January 18, 2023). "WNBA Star Maya Moore Kept Quiet About Her Romance With Jonathan Irons. Now They're Sharing Their Story". Time Magazine. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- "Jonathan Irons". University of Michigan. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- "Fancy Figueroa". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Knepper, Cathy D. (2011). Jersey Justice: The Story of the Trenton Six. Rutgers University Press. pp. 210–212. ISBN 978-0-8135-5127-2.
- "Danial Williams", National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
- "Susan Mellen". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
- "James Chad-Lewis Clay - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
- Farzan, Antonia Noori (July 24, 2019). "A decades-old rape test sent him to prison. Then his high school girlfriend saw an old photograph". Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
- "Detroit rape victim: Wrong man may be in prison for my assault". www.freep.com. July 18, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- "Exoneration Case Detail - Clarence Elkins". The national registry of exonerations. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
- "Brandy Briggs". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Blakeslee, Nate (2005). Tulia: Race, Cocaine, and Corruption in a Small Texas Town (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 410–117. ISBN 978-1-58648-219-0. Retrieved October 9, 2023 – via Google Books.
- Balko, Radley (June 2021). The Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces. New York, New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-212-9. Retrieved October 9, 2023 – via Archive.org.
- Johnson, Kevin R. (2007). "Taking the 'Garbage' out in Tulia, Texas: The Taboo on Black-White Romance and Racial Profiling in the 'War on Drugs'". Wisconsin Law Review. 2007 (2): 284. ISSN 0043-650X. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
- "Jane Dorotik - Loyola Marymount University". Loyola Law School. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
- Cavendish, Steve (February 8, 2023). "Judge slams Metro Police and DA; Metro settles wrongful conviction case for a record $1.2 million". News Channel 5. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
- Shoup, Craig; Stephenson, Cassandra (February 8, 2023). "Wrongfully convicted: Man in 2000 homicide case gets $1.2 million settlement". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 15, 2023.
- "Exoneration case detail - David Camm". The national registry of exonerations. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
- Ferrara, David (December 29, 2017). "Judge tosses case against Kirstin Lobato, orders her freed". Las Vegas Review Journal. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017.
- Smith, Jordan (March 12, 2015). "How a rumor sent a teen to prison for murder in Vegas". The intercept. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017.
- Smith, Jordan (December 29, 2017). "17 YEARS AFTER BEING CONVICTED OF A GRISLY MURDER IN VEGAS, KIRSTIN LOBATO SEES HER CHARGES DISMISSED". The Intercept. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017.
- "Melinda Bronson". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Levenson, Michael (October 4, 2020). "Judge Overturns Murder Conviction, Citing 'Racial Animus' in Prosecutors' Emails". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
- "Julie Baumer". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Melonie Ware". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Megan Winfrey". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Morales, Mark (March 10, 2023). "A man wrongfully imprisoned for over 18 years despite a botched identification has been freed". CNN. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
- "Lamar Johnson - National Registry of Exonerations". law.umich.edu.
- "Lamar Johnson". Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project.
- "The Baltimore City State's Attorney's Office". The Baltimore City State's Attorney's Office.
- Khan, Saliqa A. (September 20, 2017). "DNA evidence exonerates man convicted on murder charge in 2005". WBAL.
- "Nicole Harris". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Tammy Smith". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Susan King". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Donnelly, Francis X. (November 14, 2017). "Exonerated man seeks to repair image in Michigan". The Detroit News.
- Isom, Andrea (February 23, 2017). "Jodi Parrack murder solved 8 years after suspicion cast on ex-cop". True Crime Daily.
- Birdsall, Angie (February 29, 2016). "Event honors Parrack's memory". Sturgis Journal.
- "Perjury conviction thrown out in connection with 2007 Constantine murder". WNDU. February 23, 2017. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017.
- "Stephanie Spurgeon". The Innocence Project of Florida. December 23, 2021.
- "Adrian Thomas". The National Registry of exonerations. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
- "Deron Parks - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu.
- "Patrick McAllister - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu.
- "{First Name} {Last Name} - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu.
- "Heidi Haischer". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Lydia Salce". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- Larson, Amy (June 8, 2023). "2 men wrongfully convicted of Oakland murder file lawsuit". KRON 4. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- Hayes, Chris (March 8, 2022). "Here's how Faria prosecutors got their wrongful conviction". FOX 2 Now. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
- Truesdell, Jeff (August 13, 2021). "Man Framed for Wife's Murder Hopes for Conviction of New Suspect: 'Finally Getting the Person That Did This'". People Magazine. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
- "Jasmine Eskew". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "James Frazier - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu.
- "Sherman McCoy - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu.
- Kilgannon, Corey (November 17, 2022). "He Was Wrongly Imprisoned at 16. Eight Years Later, He Walks Free". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
- "Courtney Hayden". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Maurice Hopkins - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu.
- "Jeanie Becerra". National Registry of Exonerations. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
- "Tazell Cash - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu.
- Bennett, Paige (December 14, 2022). "Stark County man released from prison four years after wrongful conviction". The Repository. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
- Jed S. Rakoff, "Jailed by Bad Science", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 20 (19 December 2019), pp. 79–80, 85. According to Judge Rakoff (p. 85), "forensic techniques that in their origin were simply viewed as aids to police investigations have taken on an importance in the criminal justice system that they frequently cannot support. Their results are portrayed... as possessing a degree of validity and reliability that they simply do not have." Rakoff commends (p. 85) the U.S. National Academy of Sciences recommendation to "creat[e] an independent National Institute of Forensic Science to do the basic testing and promulgate the basic standards that would make forensic science much more genuinely scientific."
- The National Registry of Exonerations
- Exoneration profiles at Innocence Project
