Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan
These are lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in the Catalan language. The two main standard forms (Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian) are used as primary transcriptions norms of their respective spelling forms.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
More information Consonants and combinations of consonant letters, Spelling ...
| Consonants and combinations of consonant letters | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | ||||
| b | initially and medially (elsewhere) | /b/ | blau, roba | /p/ | Baotou | ||
| medially before a lateral | /bː/ | /b/ | poble | — | — | ||
| medially before a nasal | /mː/[lower-alpha 1] | submarins | — | — | |||
| /nː/[lower-alpha 2] | obnoxi | — | — | ||||
| medially before a voiceless cons. | /p/ | absolut | — | — | |||
| finally | cub | Ø | Ø | amb | |||
| /p/ | tomb | ||||||
| bb | /bː/ | abbàssida | /b/ | lobby | |||
| bh | /b/ | subhasta | — | — | |||
| bs | /ps/[lower-alpha 3] | abstracte | — | — | |||
| bv | /bː/[lower-alpha 4] | /bv/[lower-alpha 5] | obvietat | — | — | ||
| ç | final before vowels or a voiced cons. | /z/ | feliçment | — | — | ||
| elsewhere | /s/ | açò | — | — | |||
| c | before e, i | ciri | /t͡ʃ/ | Versace | |||
| initially and medially (elsewhere) | /k/ | casa | /t͡s/ | Cao Zhi | |||
| finally | rec | Ø | /k/ | banc | |||
| medially before a voiced cons. | /ɡ/ | ècdisi | — | — | |||
| medially before a nasal | /ŋ/[lower-alpha 6] | tècnics | — | — | |||
| cc | before e, i | /ks/ | acció | /t͡ʃ/ | Gucci | ||
| *ch[1] (old form and loanwords) | /k/ | Lluch | Alborch | ||||
| /ʃ/ | quiche | ||||||
| /x/ | Bach (Ge. surname) | ||||||
| cch (in loanwords) | Crecchio | — | — | ||||
| cht (in loanwords) | /t/ | yacht | — | — | |||
| ck (in loanwords) | /k/ | hacker | — | — | |||
| cks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | snacks | — | — | |||
| cs | dacsa | — | — | ||||
| ct | initially | /t/ | ctònic | — | — | ||
| medially | /kt/ | acte | — | — | |||
| cz | before e, i | /gz/[lower-alpha 7] | èczema | — | — | ||
| d | initially and medially | /d/ | dolç, cada | /t/ | Dalian | ||
| finally | /t/ | sord | Ø | /t/ | rotund | ||
| dd | /dː/ | adduir | — | — | |||
| dg | before e, i | /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | pidgin | /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 8] | bridge | |
| elsewhere | /dɡ/[lower-alpha 9] | Edgar | — | — | |||
| dh | /d/ | adhesiu | — | — | |||
| dj | /d͡ʒ/ | Django | — | — | |||
| /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | adjunt | — | — | |||
| dm | /dm/[lower-alpha 10] | cadmi | — | — | |||
| dn | /dn/[lower-alpha 11] | adnat | — | — | |||
| ds | /t͡s/[lower-alpha 3] | adscriure | — | — | |||
| dv | /db/[lower-alpha 12] | /dv/[lower-alpha 13] | ludvígia | — | — | ||
| f | medially before a voiced cons. | /v/ | hafni | — | — | ||
| elsewhere | /f/ | fars | — | — | |||
| ff (in loanwords) | /fː/ | affidavit | /f/ | office | |||
| fh | /f/ | sulfhídric | — | — | |||
| g | before e, i | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | gens | /ʃ/[lower-alpha 14] | collage | |
| /ɡ/ | bagel | ||||||
| initially and medially (elsewhere) | /ɡ/ | gana, àgab | /k/ | Gansu | |||
| medially before a lateral | /ɡː/ | /ɡ/ | regla | — | — | ||
| medially and finally after i (see ig) | /t͡ʃ/ | mig | /ɡ/ | amígdala | |||
| /d͡ʒ/ | migdia | ||||||
| finally | /k/ | reg | Ø | /k/ | sang | ||
| gg[2] | before e, i | /ʒː/ | /d͡ʒ/ | suggerir | — | — | |
| elsewhere | /ɡː/[lower-alpha 15] | burggravi | /ɡ/ | ziggurat | |||
| gh (in loanwords) | /ɡ/ | oghuz | — | — | |||
| ght (in loanwords) | /t/ | light | — | — | |||
| gm | /ŋm/[lower-alpha 16] | estigma | — | — | |||
| gn | initially | /n/ | gnom | — | — | ||
| medially | /ŋn/[lower-alpha 17] | cigne | /ɲ/ | cognac | |||
| gs | /ks/ | regs | — | — | |||
| /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 18] | migs | — | — | ||||
| h | Ø | hivern | /h/ | hàmster | |||
| j | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | jocs | /ʒ/ | /j/ | ja | |
| /j/ | Jotti | ||||||
| /x/ | jota (d.) | ||||||
| /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Rijkov | |||||
| k (in loanwords) | /k/ | kiwi | Ø | knock-out | |||
| kh (in loanwords) | /x/ | abkhaz | /k/ | kha | |||
| ks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | quarks | — | — | |||
| l | /l/ | laca | /l/ | Ø | altre | ||
| ł (in loanwords) | /w/ | Wojtyła | — | — | |||
| ll[1] | /ʎ/ | llac, cella, ell | /ʎ/ | /l/ | estrel(l)a | ||
| /l/ | ballet | ||||||
| /lː/ | allegro | ||||||
| ŀl[1] | /lː/ | ceŀla | — | — | |||
| lh | /l/ | alhora | /lh/ | coolhunter | |||
| /ʎ/ | Vielha | ||||||
| lj | /ʎʒ/ | /ʎd͡ʒ/ | aljub | Ljubljana | |||
| m | initially and finally | /m/ | mut, em | — | — | ||
| before f or v | /ɱ/ | nimfa, tramvia (Va.) | — | — | |||
| mm[1] | /mː/ | immens | — | — | |||
| mn | initially | /n/ | mnemòtic | — | — | ||
| medially | /mn/ | somni | — | — | |||
| Mc (in loanwords) | /mək/ | /mak/ | McCain | — | — | ||
| mh | /m/ | amhàric | — | — | |||
| n | initially and finally | /n/ | nou, ens | — | — | ||
| before f or v | /ɱ/ | ínfim, canvi (Va.) | — | — | |||
| before a labial cons. | /m/ | benparlat | — | — | |||
| before a palatal cons. | /ɲ/ | menja, àngel | — | — | |||
| before a velar cons. | /ŋ/ | vincle, fang | — | — | |||
| nn[1] | /nː/ | innat | /n/ | sonne | |||
| ng (in loanwords) | /ŋ/ | víking | — | — | |||
| nh | /n/ | anhel | /nh/ | skinhead | |||
| /ɲ/ | caipirinha | ||||||
| nj | /ɲʒ/ | /ɲd͡ʒ/ | penjar | oranje | |||
| nm | /mː/ | enmig | — | — | |||
| ny[1] | /ɲ/ | any | — | — | |||
| ñ (in loanwords) | El Niño | — | — | ||||
| p | initially and finally | /p/ | pont, cup | Ø | /p/ | camp | |
| before a voiced cons. | /b/ | capbaix | — | — | |||
| before a nasal | /mː/[lower-alpha 1] | capmàs | — | — | |||
| pp | /pː/ | proppassat | /p/ | hippy | |||
| ph (in compounds and classical terms) | /p/ | caphuitada (Va.) | /f/ | pholis | |||
| pn | initially | /n/ | pneuma | — | — | ||
| medially | /bn/[lower-alpha 19] | apnea | — | — | |||
| ps | initially | /s/ | psicòleg | — | — | ||
| medially | /ps/ | capsa | — | — | |||
| pt | initially | /t/ | ptilosi | — | — | ||
| medially | /pt/ | apte | /t/ | comptar | |||
| q (see qu) | /k/ | Qatar | /t͡ʃ/ | Qinghai | |||
| r | initially | /r/ | ratolí | — | — | ||
| medially after l, n, s | folro | — | — | ||||
| medially (elsewhere) | /ɾ/ | però | /r/ | infraroig | |||
| Ø[lower-alpha 20] | prendre | ||||||
| finally | mar | Ø | Ø | dimarts | |||
| /ɾ/ | córrer | ||||||
| rr[1] | /r/ | marró | — | — | |||
| rh | initially | rhodesià | — | — | |||
| medially | /ɾ/ | superhome | /ɾh/ | dírham | |||
| s | initially | /s/ | sac | /z/ | Saarland (Ge.) | ||
| medially next to a cons. | estimar | esma | |||||
| after a nasal | institut | trànsit | |||||
| most cases between two vowels | /z/ | rosa | /s/ | contrasenya | |||
| finally | /s/ | dins, repòs | /ʃ/ | ells | |||
| ss[1] | rossa | — | — | ||||
| sc[1] | before e, i | ascens | /ʃ/ | crescendo | |||
| elsewhere | /sk/ | escriure | /ʃk/[lower-alpha 21] | visca | |||
| -scs | /sks/[lower-alpha 22] | boscs | — | — | |||
| sch (in loanwords) | /sk/[lower-alpha 23] | scherzo | — | — | |||
| /ʃ/ | jiddisch | — | — | ||||
| sh (in compounds and loanwords) | /z/ | deshora | /ʃ/ | sushi | |||
| /ʒ/[lower-alpha 24] | flashback | ||||||
| -st | /st/ | est | /t/ | /st/ | aquest | ||
| -sts | /sts/[lower-alpha 25] | gusts | /ts/[lower-alpha 25] | /sts/[lower-alpha 25] | aquests | ||
| sx | /(s)ʃ/ | /st͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 26] | desxifrat | — | — | ||
| sz (in loanwords) | /s/ | Szolnok | — | — | |||
| /ʃ/ | Tomasz | — | — | ||||
| szcz (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 27] | Szczecin | — | — | |||
| t | initially and medially | /t/ | tamís | — | — | ||
| finally | sort | Ø | /t/ | font | |||
| tt | /tː/ | posttònic | /t/ | dittografia | |||
| tb (in loanwords) | /db/[lower-alpha 28] | futbol | — | — | |||
| tg[1] | before e, i | /d͡ʒ/ | fetge | — | — | ||
| th (in compounds and loanwords) | /t/ | tothom | /θ/ | theta | |||
| /ð/ | The Times | ||||||
| /th/ | apartheid | ||||||
| ti | /ti/ | ties | /ʃ/ | National Mall (En.) | |||
| tj[1] | /d͡ʒ/ | mitjà | — | — | |||
| tl[1] | — | /lː/ | vetl(l)a | /dl/[lower-alpha 29] | atles | ||
| tll[1] | /ʎː/ | — | /ʎː/ | /ʎ/ | bitllet | ||
| tm[1] | initially | /m/ | tmesi | — | — | ||
| medially | /mː/[lower-alpha 30] | sotmetre | /dm/[lower-alpha 10] | ritme | |||
| tn[1] | /nː/ | cotna | /dn/[lower-alpha 11] | ètnic | |||
| tch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | sketch | — | — | |||
| tsch (in loanwords) | kitsch | — | — | ||||
| ts | initially | /t͡s/[lower-alpha 31] | tsar | — | — | ||
| medially and finally | potser, bits | — | — | ||||
| tx[1] | /t͡ʃ/ | cotxe | — | — | |||
| tz[1] | /d͡z/ | dotze | /d͡z/ | /z/ | utilitzar | ||
| /t͡s/ | hertz | — | — | ||||
| tzsch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | nitzscheà | — | — | |||
| v | initially and medially | /b/[lower-alpha 32] | /v/[lower-alpha 33] | vila | /f/ | von (Ge.) | |
| finally | /p/[lower-alpha 34] | /f/[lower-alpha 35] | salv | Kíev | |||
| w (in loanwords) | /w/ | western | /b/[lower-alpha 32] | /v/[lower-alpha 33] | watt | ||
| /f/ | Bukowski | ||||||
| wh (in loanwords) | whisky | /h/ | The Who | ||||
| x | initially | /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | xiular | /ʃ/ | Xàtiva | |
| next to a voiceless cons. | /ks/ | expert | — | — | |||
| medially (elsewhere) | /ɡz/ | examen | /ks/ | fixar | |||
| medially and finally after i (see ix) | /ʃ/ | guix | mix | ||||
| /ʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | ||||
| finally | /ks/ | índex | — | — | |||
| xc | before e, i | excel·lent | — | — | |||
| elsewhere | /(k)sk/ | excavar | — | — | |||
| xh | /gz/ | exhaust | — | — | |||
| xs | /ks/ | exsudar | — | — | |||
| -xt | /(k)st/ | mixt | — | — | |||
| -xts | /(k)sts/[lower-alpha 36] | texts | — | — | |||
| y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) | /j/ | yuppie | — | — | |||
| /i/ | husky | /ai̯/ | bypass | ||||
| yy (in loanwords) | /j/ | Hudaybiyya | — | — | |||
| z | most cases | /z/ | zona | /d͡z/ | scherzo | ||
| /t͡s/ | Zemin | ||||||
| finally | /s/ | brunz | /θ/[lower-alpha 37] | López | |||
| zz (in loanwords) | /d͡z/ | mezzo | /z/ | jacuzzi | |||
| /t͡s/ | pizza | /s/ | jazz | ||||
| zh (in loanwords) | /z/ | alzhèimer | /d͡ʒ/ | Zhou | |||
| Vowels and combinations of vowel letters | |||||||
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | ||||
| a, à, â | stressed position | /a/ | /a/ | arc, àtom, pâ (Va.) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | lady |
| /ɔ/ | yacht | ||||||
| unstressed position | /ə/ | anís, mitja | /a/ | allegretto | |||
| /ə/ | /ɛ ~ ɔ/ | terra, dona | |||||
| /e/ | artista (m.) | ||||||
| Ø | mitja hora | ||||||
| /o/ | Quartet (En.) | ||||||
| unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) | Ø | barana | /e/ | software | |||
| /eə/ | /ea/ | Square | |||||
| ä (in loanwords) | /ɛ/ | Händel | — | — | |||
| aa | stressed position | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | Isaac | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /əː/ | /aː/ | aalenià | — | — | ||
| ae | stressed position (open) | /əˈɛ/ | /aˈɛ/ | aeri | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | graella | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /əe/ | /ae/ | aeròbic | /i/ | reggae | ||
| /ə/ | /e/ | Michael | |||||
| /ai̯/[lower-alpha 38] | taekwondo | ||||||
| aé | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | tacaé | — | — | ||
| ai | stressed position | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | aigua | /e/ | affaire | |
| /ei̯/ | container | ||||||
| unstressed position | /əi̯/ | airós | — | — | |||
| aï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | raïm | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /a.i/ | aïllat | — | — | ||
| aí | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | país | — | — | ||
| ao | /au/ | /ao/ | caos | — | — | ||
| /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | graons | — | — | |||
| aó | raó | — | — | ||||
| au | stressed position | /au̯/ | /au̯/ | caus | /o/ | Foucault | |
| unstressed position | /əu̯/ | haurà | Faubourg | ||||
| aü | stressed position | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | taüt | /ɔi̯/ | fräulein | |
| unstressed position | /ə.u/ | /a.u/ | aüllar | — | — | ||
| aú | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | Esaú | — | — | ||
| e, é, è | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛ/ | dens, èxit | /ɛ/ | /e/ | alè/alé, què | |
| stressed position (closed/open) | /e/ | ella, bé | |||||
| stressed position (closed) | — | — | /i/[lower-alpha 39] | reggae | |||
| unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | /e/ | ídem | ||
| /ə/ | /a/ | espill | |||||
| /i/ | naixement | ||||||
| /i/ | reality | ||||||
| Ø | fanzines | ||||||
| no el té | |||||||
| unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) | Ø | /e/ | veritat | — | — | ||
| ea | stressed position | /eˈa/ | crear | /i/ | beat | ||
| /ɛ/ | spread | ||||||
| /e(i̯)ə/ | /ea/ | idea | /ɔ/ | Sean | |||
| unstressed position | /eə/ | àrea | /ə/ | /e/ | bearnesa | ||
| eà | /eˈa/ | oceà | — | — | |||
| eau (in loanwords) | /o/ | Rousseau | — | — | |||
| ee | stressed position | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | creença | /i/ | jeep | |
| /e(i̯)ə/ | /eː/ | idees | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /eə/ | àrees | — | — | |||
| /əː/ | reeixir | — | — | ||||
| ei | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛi̯/ | oleic | /ɛi̯/ | /ei̯/ | remei | |
| stressed position (closed/open) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | reina | ||||
| unstressed position | /əi̯/ | eivissenc | — | — | |||
| stressed position (in loanwords) | /ai̯/ | eingang | — | — | |||
| eï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | obeït | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /e.i/ | veïnat | — | — | ||
| èi | /ɛi̯/ | plèiade | — | — | |||
| eo | stressed position (open) | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | beoci | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /əˈo/ | /eˈo/ | eons | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /əu/ | /eo/ | teoria | /eo/ | vídeo | ||
| eò | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | eòlic | — | — | ||
| eu | stressed position (open) | /ɛu̯/ | peu | /ɔi̯/ | Bayreuth | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /eu̯/ | /eu̯/ | seu | /e/[lower-alpha 40] | amateur | ||
| unstressed position | /əu̯/ | europea | — | — | |||
| eü | /əˈu/ | /eˈu/ | peüc | — | — | ||
| i, í, ï | stressed position | /i/ | illa, ací | /ai̯/ | copyright | ||
| /ɛ/[lower-alpha 41][lower-alpha 42] | Rodin, birdie | ||||||
| unstressed position | Ø | business | |||||
| after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈi/ | naïf | — | — | |||
| after vowels (unstressed position) | /i̯/ | creies | — | — | |||
| ia | stressed position | /i̯a/ | /i̯a/ | iaio | — | — | |
| unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | veia | — | — | |||
| ie | stressed position | /i̯e/ | /i̯e/ | veient (Cat.) | /i/ | briefing | |
| unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | feien | — | — | |||
| ii | /iː/ | xiisme | — | — | |||
| iï | /iˈi/ | xiïta | — | — | |||
| io | stressed position (open) | /i̯ɔ/ | iode | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /i̯o/ | /i̯o/ | io-io | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /i̯u/ | iogurt | — | — | |||
| iu | /i̯u/ | iuguslau | — | — | |||
| o, ó, ò | stressed position (open) | /ɔ/ | bo, allò | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /o/ | /o/ | mot, ós | /ou̯/ | pincode | ||
| /u/ | Guangdong | ||||||
| unstressed position | /u/ | ferro | /o/ | ego | |||
| /u/ | cobert | ||||||
| /u̯/ | posa-ho | ||||||
| /ə/ | /a/ | Ogariov | |||||
| oa | stressed position | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | poal | /uˈa/ | Joan | |
| /ou̯/ | coach | ||||||
| /oə/ | /oa/ | quinoa | /o/ | snowboard | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | lloador | /uə/ | /ua/ | Joaquim | ||
| oe | stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈɛ/ | /oˈe/ | coet | — | — | |
| stressed position (closed) | /uˈe/ | poeta | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /oe/ | àloe | — | — | ||
| oi (see ix) | stressed position (open) | /ɔi̯/ | boira | /u̯a/ | foie | ||
| stressed position (closed) | — | /oi̯/ | coix | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /ui̯/ | joiós | /uə/ | /ua/ | croissant | ||
| oï | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | roïns | — | — | ||
| oo | /oː/ | zoo | /u/ | zoom | |||
| /uˈo/ | /oˈo/ | microones | — | — | |||
| ou | stressed position (open) | /ɔu̯/ | bou | /au̯/ | cloud | ||
| /ɔ/ | final four | ||||||
| stressed position (closed) | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | sou (v.) | /u/ | tour | ||
| /w/ | ouija | ||||||
| unstressed position | /ɵu̯/[lower-alpha 43] | clourà | — | — | |||
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | tu, ús | /i/ | business | ||
| /y/[lower-alpha 44] | déjà vu, Müller | ||||||
| /a/ | punk | ||||||
| /iu̯/ | duty-free | ||||||
| /ɛ/[lower-alpha 42] | return | ||||||
| after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈu/ | reüll | — | — | |||
| after vowels (unstressed position) | /u̯/ | creua | — | — | |||
| ua | stressed position | /uˈa/ | suat | — | — | ||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /ua/ | cua | — | — | ||
| ue | stressed position (open) | /uˈɛ/ | /uˈɛ/ | duel | /u/ | blues | |
| /y/[lower-alpha 44] | fondue | ||||||
| stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈe/ | fuet | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uə/ | /ue/ | duen | — | — | ||
| ui | /ui̯/ | /ui̯/ (in. /u̯i/) | buit | /u̯ei̯/ | Anhui | ||
| uï | /uˈi/ | fluït | — | — | |||
| uo | stressed position (open) | /uˈɔ/ | cuot | — | — | ||
| stressed position (closed) | /uˈo/ | suor | — | — | |||
| unstressed position | /uː/ | — | suo | /uo/ | duo | ||
| uu | /uː/ | lluu | — | — | |||
| Combinations of vowel and consonant letters | |||||||
| Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Examples | |||
| Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL | ||||
| aha | /əː/ | /aː/ | bahamià | /əha/ | /aha/ | Kalahari | |
| ahà | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | sahàric | — | — | ||
| ahe | /əe/ | /ae/ | sahelians | — | — | ||
| /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | subtrahend | — | — | |||
| ahi | /əi/ | /ai/ | Tahití | — | — | ||
| /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | ahir | — | — | |||
| ahí | tahírida | — | — | ||||
| aho | /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | Mahoma | /aho/ | navaho | ||
| /əu/ | /ao/ | mahometà | — | — | |||
| ahò | /əˈɔ/ | /aˈɔ/ | mahònia | — | — | ||
| ahu | /əu/ | /au/ | infrahumans | — | — | ||
| aw (in loanwords) | /ɔ/ | Law | — | — | |||
| ay (old form and loanwords) | /ai̯/ | faraday | /ɛ/ | /e/ | Quai d'Orsay | ||
| /ei̯/ | play | — | — | ||||
| ci (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | ciao | — | — | |||
| cci (in loanwords) | carpaccio | — | — | ||||
| cqu (in loanwords) | /k/ | jacquard | — | — | |||
| dqu | before e, i | /tk/[lower-alpha 45] | adquirir | — | — | ||
| eha | /eə/ | /ea/ | rehabilitar | — | — | ||
| ehe | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | aprehendre | — | — | ||
| /əː/ | /eː/ | vehement | — | — | |||
| ehi | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | vehicle | — | — | ||
| /əi/ | /ei/ | dehiscent | — | — | |||
| ehí | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | aldehídic | — | — | ||
| eho | /əu/ | /eo/ | prehomínids | — | — | ||
| ehu | /eu/ | sobrehumà | — | — | |||
| ew (in loanwords) | /iu̯/ | newton | /u/ | crew | |||
| ey (old form and loanwords) | /ei̯/ | keynesià | /i/ | bogey | |||
| gi (in loanwords) | /d͡ʒ/ | adagio | — | — | |||
| ggi (in loanwords) | appoggiatura | — | — | ||||
| gu[1] | before a, o | /ɡw/ | guant | — | — | ||
| before a cons. | /ɡu/ | agut | — | — | |||
| before e, i | /ɡ/ | guitza | — | — | |||
| gü | /ɡw/ | pingüí | — | — | |||
| iha | /iə/ | /ia/ | polihalita | /iha/ | jihad | ||
| ihe | /iˈɛ/ | periheli | — | — | |||
| /iə/ | /ie/ | antiheroi | — | — | |||
| ihè | /iɛ/ | dihèlia | — | — | |||
| ihi | /iː/ | anihilar | — | — | |||
| ihí | /iˈi/ | polihídric | — | — | |||
| iho | /iu/ | /io/ | antihorari | — | — | ||
| ihu | /iu/ | antihumitat | /iu̯/ | marihuana | |||
| ig[1] | finally | /t͡ʃ/ | reig | — | — | ||
| /it͡ʃ/ | mig | — | — | ||||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /d͡ʒ/ | reig blanc | — | — | |||
| /id͡ʒ/ | migdia | — | — | ||||
| igs | /t͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 46] | reigs | — | — | |||
| /it͡ʃ/[lower-alpha 18] | migs | — | — | ||||
| ix[1] | finally | /ʃ/ | /i̯ʃ/ | coix | — | — | |
| /iʃ/ | guix | — | — | ||||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /ʒ/ | /i̯ʒ/ | coix i cec | — | — | ||
| /iʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | ||||
| ïx | finally | /iʃ/ | reïx | — | — | ||
| before a vowel or voiced cons. | /iʒ/ | reïx bé | — | — | |||
| le (in loanwords) | /əl/ | /el/ | paddle surf | — | — | ||
| oha | /uə/ | /oa/ | cohabitar | — | — | ||
| ohà | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | bohàiric | — | — | ||
| ohe | /uə/ | /oe/ | cohesió | — | — | ||
| ohè | /uɛ/ | /oɛ/ | bohèmia | — | — | ||
| ohi | /ui/ | /oi/ | prohibir | — | — | ||
| ohí | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | microhílids | — | — | ||
| oho | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | cohort | — | — | ||
| /uː/ | /oː/ | cohobació | — | — | |||
| ohò | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | alcohòlic | — | — | ||
| ohu | /uː/ | /ou/ | argiŀlohumífer | — | — | ||
| ow (in loanwords) | /ou̯/ | flow | — | — | |||
| /au̯/ | cowboy | — | — | ||||
| oy (old form and loanwords) | /ɔi̯/ | Roy | /u̯a/ | Troyes | |||
| qu[1] | before a, o | /kw/ | quan | — | — | ||
| before e, i | /k/ | quina | — | — | |||
| qü | /kw/ | qüestió | — | — | |||
Close
- Ortografia. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). p. 37-46.
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- Gramàtica normativa valenciana. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
- Guia d'usos lingüístics. Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana. 2002.
- Ortografia catalana. Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
- Diccionari normatiu valencià. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
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