Early years

Groom's father was elected to the House of Representatives at the inaugural 1901 federal election, but in August 1901 became the first federal MP to die in office. His son quickly agreed to stand at the resulting by-election in the seat of Darling Downs. He was publicly endorsed by Prime Minister Edmund Barton,^[4] but the government provided little assistance and none of its members campaigned on his behalf. Groom was opposed by Joshua Thomas Bell, a conservative independent whose father had similarly been a colonial MP.^[5] His policy speech in Toowoomba called for federal co-ordination of agriculture, old-age pensions, and compulsory arbitration, although "his great emphasis was on the necessity of the White Australia policy".^[6] His margin of victory was smaller than his father's had been, though still comfortable, and in celebration his supporters pulled him and his wife through the streets of Toowoomba in a wagonette.^[7] He proclaimed that "liberalism has triumphed over conservatism, and [...] you have decided that Australia shall be white".^[6]

Groom joined the radical faction of Barton's Liberal Protectionist Party and his views were closely aligned with those of Alfred Deakin.^[8] He devoted his maiden speech to the topic of immigration, supporting a total ban on non-white immigration into Australia and declaring his opposition to miscegenation.^[9] In contrast to other rural MPs, Groom was a centralist who felt the federal government should use its full constitutional powers; he "frequently stressed federal parliamentarians should deal with things from a continental rather than a state viewpoint."^[8] He lobbied for the immediate creation of a High Court, arguing that it was essential to preserve the rights of smaller states.^[10]

In 1904, Groom supported Australian Labor Party (ALP) leader Chris Watson's amendment to the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill which would extend its reach to state railway employees.^[11] However, he voted with the Deakin government against Andrew Fisher's amendment, a vote which became a confidence motion and resulted in Deakin's resignation. Groom was subsequently one of seven Protectionists who gave regular support to the short-lived Watson government.^[12] After another change of government he was part of a group of Protectionists who sat on the opposition benches under Watson as leader of the opposition.^[13] In November 1904 he introduced the first successful private member's bill, passed as the Life Assurance Companies Act 1905, to regulate life insurance policies taken out on children under the age of 10.^[14]

Government minister

In July 1905, Deakin replaced Reid as prime minister and appointed Groom as Minister for Home Affairs in the new ministry.^[15] His department had a number of responsibilities, including oversight of the Commonwealth Public Service, public works, federal elections, and the siting of the national capital.^[16] Although relatively young and inexperienced, he was one of the few Queenslanders considered suitable by Deakin and was also ideologically close to the ALP upon whose support the government depended.^[17]

One of Groom's first acts was to introduce the Census and Statistics Act 1905, establishing the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics as a complement to existing state bureaus of statistics. He correctly anticipated that the states would eventually hand over their offices to federal control, but his attempt to appoint Timothy Coghlan as the inaugural Commonwealth Statistician brought him into conflict with Joseph Carruthers, the premier of New South Wales.^[18] Groom also introduced the Meteorology Act 1906 to create the Bureau of Meteorology. Unlike the bureau of statistics, he had secured agreement from the states to cede control before introducing the legislation.^[19] His general philosophy was that "wherever the Commonwealth could satisfactorily perform a duty handled by the states it should be allowed to do so".^[20]

Groom's Lands Acquisition Act 1906 allowed for compulsory acquisition by the federal government and the granting of mining leases on federal land. In the same year he achieved agreement with the states over the valuation of properties transferred to the Commonwealth under section 69 of the constitution.^[21] Groom further clashed with Joseph Carruthers over the location of the capital, which the Watson government's Seat of Government Act 1904 had fixed as Dalgety, New South Wales. Rather than acquiescing, Carruthers instead offered three alternative sites closer to the state capital of Sydney. In December 1905, Groom introduced another bill which would have defined the limits of the capital district. During the second reading speech he accused the New South Wales state government of parochialism and obstructionism, which was poorly received. The bill was allowed to lapse and the issue was not resolved until the Seat of Government Act 1908 established Canberra as the new capital.^[22]

In October 1906, Groom became Attorney General until the defeat of the Deakin government in November 1908. Groom passed legislation to defend the Harvester Judgment and successfully introduced legislation providing Commonwealth invalid and old age pensions.^[3][1]

With the formation of the Fusion government in June 1909, Groom became Minister for External Affairs until the Fusion's defeat in the 1910 election.

He had carried legislation establishing the High Commission of Australia in London. After the 1910 election, he became a strong opponent of Labor and attacked its establishment of a government-owned Commonwealth Bank and its attempt to gain the power to control monopolies. He was Trade and Customs in the Cook Ministry from June 1913 to September 1914.^[1]

Groom was Vice-President of the Executive Council in Hughes's Nationalist government from November 1917 to March 1918 and Works and Railways from March 1918 to December 1921. He encouraged railway development and was involved in accelerating the construction of Canberra.

In December 1921 he became Attorney-General again. He was Minister for Trade and Customs and Minister for Health in May and June 1924, following Austin Chapman's resignation on grounds of ill health. Groom led the 1924 Australian delegation to the Fifth Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva and chaired a committee, which formulated a protocol to establish a system of international arbitration and later voted to support its protocol despite an instruction to abstain. Groom involved himself in attempts to deport "foreign" agitators, but due to his poor handling of these and other matters, he was obliged to resign in December 1925.^[3][1]

Speaker of the House

In return for his resignation, Groom was elected as Speaker of the House of Representatives and presided from January 1926 to 1929, when he helped oversee the move of federal Parliament from Melbourne to the newly constructed capital Canberra.^{[citation needed]}

His refusal to use his tiebreaking vote as speaker on a bill that would remove the Commonwealth from most of its involvement in conciliation and arbitration led to the collapse of the Bruce government, triggering the 1929 election. His action was motivated partly by his views on the obligations of an independent speaker, but he also disliked the bill, and he still resented his forced resignation in 1925.^{[citation needed]}

Final years

The Nationalists expelled Groom from the party, forcing him to run for reelection as an independent. In a bitter campaign, Groom was eliminated on the first count, making him the first serving Speaker to lose his own seat at an election.^[1][23]

Groom returned to his legal practice in Brisbane for two years. In 1931 election, he sought to take back his old seat. Running again as an independent, he handily defeated his successor, Arthur Morgan. In a reversal of two years earlier, he won an outright majority on the first count. After two years as an independent, he joined the United Australia Party, successor to the Nationalists, in August 1933. From 1932 to 1936 he was chairman of the Bankruptcy Legislation Committee and in earlier years he also acted on various royal commissions and select committees. He died in Canberra of cerebro-vascular disease. Groom was survived by his wife and one of their two daughters.^[3][1]