Malawi
Malawi (/məˈlɔːwi, məˈlɑːwi, ˈmæləwi/; Chewa: [maláβi] or [maláwi]; Tumbuka: Malaŵi),[9] officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast, and Mozambique to the east, south and southwest. Malawi spans over 118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 19,431,566 (as of January 2021).[10] Malawi's capital (and largest city) is Lilongwe. Its second-largest is Blantyre, its third-largest is Mzuzu and its fourth-largest is its former capital, Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name for the Chewa people who inhabit the area. The country is nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa" because of the friendliness of its people.[11]
Republic of Malawi | |
|---|---|
| Motto: "Unity and Freedom" | |
| Anthem: Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi (Chichewa) (English: "O God Bless Our Land of Malawi")[1] | |
.svg) Location of Malawi (dark green) in southeast Africa | |
| Capital and largest city | Lilongwe 13°57′S 33°42′E |
| Official languages | |
| Recognised regional languages | |
| Ethnic groups (2018 census[2]) | |
| Religion (2018 census)[3] |
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| Demonym(s) | Malawian |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
| Lazarus Chakwera | |
| Saulos Chilima | |
| Catherine Gotani Hara | |
| Rizine Mzikamanda | |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Independence from the United Kingdom | |
• Dominion | 6 July 1964 |
• Republic | 6 July 1966 |
• Current constitution | 18 May 1994 |
| Area | |
• Total | 118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi) (99th) |
• Water (%) | 20.6% |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate |  20,091,635[4] (62nd) |
• 2018 census | 17,563,749[2] |
• Density | 153.1/km2 (396.5/sq mi) (56th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $35.0 billion[5] (137th) |
• Per capita | $1,558[5] (186th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $11.5 billion[5] (149th) |
• Per capita | $523[5] (190th) |
| Gini (2016) |  44.7[6]medium |
| HDI (2021) |  0.512[7]low · 169th |
| Currency | Malawian kwacha (D) (MWK) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +265[8] |
| ISO 3166 code | MW |
| Internet TLD | .mw[8] |
* Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
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The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled around the 10th century by migrating Bantu groups.[citation needed] Centuries later, in 1891, the area was colonised by the British and became a protectorate of the United Kingdom known as Nyasaland. In 1953, it became a protectorate within the semi-independent Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The Federation was dissolved in 1963. In 1964, the protectorate was ended: Nyasaland became an independent country under Queen Elizabeth II, and was renamed Malawi. Two years later it became a republic. It gained full independence from the United Kingdom, and by 1970 had become a totalitarian one-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained in this role until 1994.[12][13][14] Today, Malawi has a democratic, multi-party republic headed by an elected president. Lazarus Chakwera of the Malawi Congress Party led the Tonse Alliance grouping of nine political parties and won the court-mandated Presidential Election rerun held on 23 June 2020 after the May 2019 Presidential Election was annulled due to massive electoral irregularities. The country's military, the Malawian Defence Force, includes an army, a navy, and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western. It maintains positive diplomatic relations with most countries, and participates in several international organisations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the African Union (AU).
Malawi is one of the world's least-developed countries. The economy is heavily based on agriculture, and it has a largely rural and rapidly growing population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet its development needs, although the amount needed (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in its efforts to build and expand the economy, to improve education, healthcare, and environmental protection, and to become financially independent despite widespread unemployment. Since 2005, Malawi has developed several policies that focus on addressing these issues, and the country's outlook appears to be improving: Key indicators of progress in the economy, education, and healthcare were seen in 2007 and 2008.
Malawi has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality. HIV/AIDS is highly prevalent, which both reduces the labour force and requires increased government expenditures. The country has a diverse population that includes native peoples, Asians, and Europeans. Several languages are spoken, and there is an array of religious beliefs. Although in the past there was a periodic regional conflict fuelled in part by ethnic divisions, by 2008 this internal conflict had considerably diminished, and the idea of identifying with one's Malawian nationality had reemerged.