Mali
Mali[lower-alpha 2] (/ˈmɑːli/ (
listen); French pronunciation: [mali]), officially the Republic of Mali,[lower-alpha 3] is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi). The population of Mali is 21.9 million.[10][11] 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017.[12] Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The sovereign state of Mali consists of ten regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the African continent.[13] It also exports salt.[14]
Republic of Mali | |
|---|---|
| Motto: "Un peuple, un but, une foi" (French) "One people, one goal, one faith" | |
| Anthem: "Le Mali" (French) | |
.svg) Location of Mali (green) | |
| Capital and largest city | Bamako 12°39′N 8°0′W |
| Official languages | French |
| Other languages | Languages of Mali |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Religion (2021)[2] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Malian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under a military junta[3] |
| Assimi Goïta (interim) | |
| Choguel Kokalla Maïga (acting) | |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Formation | |
• Establishment of the Sudanese Republic | 24 November 1958 |
| 4 April 1960 | |
• Independence from France | 20 June 1960 |
• Dissolution of the Mali Federation | 20 August 1960 |
• Declaration of the Republic of Mali | 22 September 1960 |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,240,192 km2 (478,841 sq mi) (23rd) |
• Water (%) | 1.6 |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 21,473,764[4] (60th) |
• November 2018 census | 19,329,841[5] |
• Density | 11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi) (215th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total |  $56.05 billion[6] (115th) |
• Per capita | $2,609[6] (174th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $18.4 billion[6] (123nd) |
• Per capita | $858[6] (175th) |
| Gini (2010) | 33.0[7] medium |
| HDI (2021) | 0.428[8] low · 186th |
| Currency | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
| Time zone | UTC (GMT) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right[9] |
| Calling code | +223 |
| ISO 3166 code | ML |
| Internet TLD | .ml |
Present-day Mali was once part of three extremely powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa, covering an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of the continent.[15] Mali was also one of the wealthiest countries on earth, and its emperor at its zenith, Mansa Musa, is believed to be possibly the wealthiest individual in history.[16][17][18] Besides being an economic powerhouse, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of learning with its university, one of the oldest in the world still active. The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the empire in 1468, followed by a Moroccan army which defeated the Songhai in 1591. The Moroccan colonists established a new ruling class, the Arma, who after 1631 became virtually independent of Morocco.[citation needed] In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.
In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad.[19] The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March[20] and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Operation Serval in January 2013.[21] A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict still continued. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013.
In the early 2020s Mali experienced two military takeovers by Assimi Goïta.