Manang, also called Manangba, Manange, Manang Ke, Nyishang, Nyishangte and Nyishangba, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. Native speakers refer to the language as ŋyeshaŋ, meaning 'our language'.^[4] Manang and its most closely related languages are often written as TGTM in literature, referring to Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and Manangba, due to the high degree of similarity in the linguistic characteristics of the languages.^[5] The language is unwritten and almost solely spoken within the Manang District, leading it to be classified as threatened, with the number of speakers continuing to decline. Suspected reasons for the decline include parents not passing down the language to their children, in order to allow for what they see as more advanced communication with other groups of people, and thus gain more opportunities. Due to the proximity of the district to Tibet, as well as various globally widespread languages being introduced into the area, use of the native language is declining in favor of new languages, which are perceived to aid in the advancement of the people and region.^[6]

In the Manang Languages Project,^[2] Hildebrandt, et al. list four varieties of Manang.

• Manang
• Nar-Phu
• Gyasumdo
• Nyeshangte

The classification system of the language often varies throughout the literature, and multiple terms are often used to describe the same language family. Although the existence of the Sino-Tibetan family is agreed upon, it is here that the breakdown can vary. In this, Sino-Tibetan (or Tibeto-Burman) is broken down into Northeastern India, Western, Southeastern, and Northeastern. The Western group further breaks down into Bodic and Himalayan, each of which has its own subgroups, with Western Bodish being one of the four Bodic subgroups.^[7]

The Manange lexicon is composed largely of words that are clearly of Tibeto-Burman/Sino-Tibetan origin, as found in the glossaries published by Hildebrandt (2004), Hoshi^[10][15] and Nagano.^[8] However, due to more recent contact with Indo-European languages (primarily Nepali), some areas of the Manange lexicon have either been replaced with Indic (or English) forms, or else there is observed lexical switching between Manange and Indic forms in everyday Manange discourse.

Hildebrandt reports that of a Loanword Typology Meaning database (found in Haspelamth and Tadmor^[16]) of 1,127 word-forms, 133 show varying degrees of evidence for loanword status. This amounts to just under 12% of the lexicon, based on that database. However, Hildebrandt notes that loanwords are not used equally by all segments of the Manange-speaking population, and that there is a noticeable split between the vocabulary found in the daily use of Mananges who were born and raised in Nepali-speaking areas such as Kathmandu versus those born and raised in traditional Manange-speaking villages and towns in Manang District. Hildebrandt also notes that within-family borrowing is also likely, but is harder to determine because of extreme lexical similarity across Tibetic languages of the region.

Loanwords in Manange are primarily nouns, including semantic categories of clothing, food, and concepts that encode the modern world.

Some loan blends (blended native and loaned materials) include ⁴tʰa ¹suŋkuɾ 'pig', (²naka) ⁴pʰale 'rooster/cock', and kʰapʌɾ ⁴tʃʰe 'newspaper'.

Loaned verbs in Manange incorporate a "dummy affix" ti, and then carry the full range of aspect and modality morphology.

Manange has two classes of adjectives: verb-like adjectives and true adjectives (a smaller class), which do not host verbal morphology, but rather are morpho-syntactically distinct.^[17] There are very few observed loaned adjectives in Manange, but those that are observed are part of the true adjectives class, such as ³tsok'straight.'

Nouns are the largest and most productive word class in the language. Nouns may take a definite enclitic ko, an indefinite enclitic ri, a plural enclitic tse, and may host case markers.

22njukju=tse	‘dogs’
22kola=tse	‘children’
52ʂo=tse	‘friends’
22juŋpɜ=tse	‘rocks’

The plural enclitic may occur with both animate and inanimate nouns. However, when numerals are overtly present, plural marking is optional.^[18]

Nouns do not identify gender, or whether something is inanimate or alive. Rather, there are completely separate words to identify men from women, and girls from boys. The most common way of making nouns plural is by adding tse to the end. As with English, there are some exceptions, and the entire form of the word may change rather than having an ending attached. The structure of compound nouns varies. One interesting compound structural type is where the leftmost word gives additional meaning to the word on the right. For example, the word phémwi meaning 'coin', breaks down into phe meaning 'metal' and mwi meaning 'money'.^[4] The money is being described as metallic, making it known that the currency is in coin form rather than a paper bill.

Like other related languages, Manange displays a sizable set of post-nominal locator nouns, that may or may not be followed by the locational enclitic ri~re. These nouns encode a wide range of topological relations, and the linguistic frame of reference system encoded in these forms is primarily relative (i.e. oriented on the speaker's own viewing perspective). Some of these locator nouns are listed here:

52naŋ	‘inside’
22pɜri	‘between’
22ŋwontse	‘front’
44kaŋro	‘upward’
44litse	‘behind’
22ti	‘nearby’
22tor ~ 22ja 22tortse	‘left ~ left hand’
22kje ~22ja 22kjetse	‘right ~ right hand’
52tʃaŋ	‘north’
42lo	‘south’
44ʃer	‘east’
52nu	‘west’[19]

The status of this language is currently rated as a 6b according to the Ethnologue rating system, classifying it as threatened.^[1] While the language is able to be spoken by older generations, and continuing to be passed onto newer ones, the rate at which it is being taught is sharply declining. The Nepalese Revolution of 1990 allowed for more freedom of languages, so identifying with a native ancestral language was of great importance to many. In reality however, fewer people actually spoke the languages they claimed to, leading to exaggerated speaker numbers being listed.^[3] Despite the relatively small number of speakers, allowing the language to die out entirely will be detrimental to the world as a whole. Even the least spoken languages hold stories, traditions, and potentially useful knowledge of the world, which will be lost if the language is gone. The endangered status of Manang means that researchers should attempt to collect as much detailed documentation and audio recordings now, before the language is potentially lost.