Manubaran_languages
The Manubaran languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around Mount Brown in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.
| Manubaran | |
|---|---|
| Mount Brown | |
| Geographic distribution | Mount Brown, southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea: Central Province |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Glottolog | manu1261 |
The languages are Doromu and Maria, and are 63% lexically similar.
Phonemes
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[2]
*m *n *p *t *k *ʔ *b *d *g *s [*h] *w *ɾ *j
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.
Pronouns
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[2]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *na | *[o/u]na |
| 2 | *ja | |
| 3 | *ina | |
Basic vocabulary
Usher (2020)
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Mount Brown and Proto-Doromu-Koki, as well as Proto-Gebi and Proto-Maria, by Usher (2020) are:[2]
| gloss | Proto-Mount Brown | Proto-Doromu-Koki | Proto-Gebi | Proto-Maria |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | *ada | *ada | ada | *ada |
| hair/feather(s) | *u[w]e[t/k]a | *u[w]eta | uweta | *u[w]eʔa |
| ear | *anema | *anema | anema | *anema |
| eye | *ne | *ne | ne-una | ne[ʔ]una |
| nose | *uɾuma | *uɾuma | uruma | *uɾuma |
| tooth | *gade | *gade | gadi | *gade |
| tongue | *api[j]e | *aɸi[j]e | api | *aɸi[j]e |
| blood | *daweʔa | *dawaʔa | dawa | *daweʔa |
| bone | *nena | *nena | nena | *nena |
| skin/bark | *ɾoʔo | *ɾoʔo | lo-o | *ɾoʔo |
| breast | *sisu | *sisu | sisu | *hihu |
| louse | *gu[w]e | *gu[w]e | gu-e | *gu[w]e |
| dog | *auna | *auna | auna | *auna |
| pig | *dona | *dona | dona | *dona |
| bird | *eɾena | *eɾena | eerma | *eɾena |
| egg | *unema | *unema | unema | *unema |
| tree | *jabo | *jabo | iabo | *jabo |
| man/husband | *ami[j]e | *ami[j]e | amie | *ami[j]e |
| woman/wife | *ɾema | *ɾema | lema | |
| sun | *me[i]daʔa | *me[i]daʔa | meda | *me[i]daʔa |
| moon | *ejoʔa | *ejoʔo | e-io | *ejoʔa |
| water/river | *koɾu | *koɾu | oru ≈ koro- | *ʔoɾu |
| fire | *ita | *ita | ita | *iha |
| stone | *waʔiga | waiga | *waʔiga | |
| path | *ida | *ida | ida | |
| name | *ɾoka | *ɾoka | *ɾoʔa | |
| eat/drink | *iɾi- | *iɾi- | *iɾi- | |
| one | *jokohi | *jokoi | jokio | *joʔohi |
| two | *[ɾ/j]ema | *[ɾ]ema | lema | *jema |
Ross (2014)
The following basic vocabulary words of Proto-Manubaran and lower-level reconstructions by Malcolm Ross (2014)[3][4][5] are from the Trans-New Guinea database:[6]
| gloss | Proto-Manubaran | Proto-Doromu | Proto-Maria |
|---|---|---|---|
| head | *ada | *ada | *ada |
| hair | *weʔia | *ue-ta | *ueʔa |
| ear | *ane-ma | *ane-ma | *ane-ma |
| eye | *ne(u) | *ne(-) | *ne- |
| nose | *uru-ma | *uru-ma | *uru-ma |
| tooth | *gade | *gade | *gade |
| tongue | *afie | *afie | *ahie |
| leg | *[n,y]u-ka | *yu-ka | *nu-ʔa; *one-ʔa |
| louse | *gue | *gue | *gue |
| dog | *auna | *auna | *auna |
| pig | *Dona | *dona | *tona |
| bird | *erena | *erena | *erena |
| egg | *une-ma | *une-ma | *une-ma |
| blood | *tava | *tae(k,ʔ)a | |
| bone | *nena | *nena | *nena |
| skin | *roʔ(o,a) | *ro(a) | *roʔ(o,a) |
| tree | *yabo | *yabo | *yabo |
| man | *amie | *amie | *amie |
| woman | *rema | *oue | |
| sky | *gure | *gure | *gure |
| sun | *maida(ka) | *meida(ka) | *maidaʔa |
| moon | *e(y)oʔa; *mohe- (?) | *eoʔa | |
| water | *koru | *koru | *ʔoru |
| fire | *ita | *ita | *ita |
| stone | *fore | *vaʔiga | |
| name | *roka | *roka | *roʔa-ba |
| eat | *iri- | *iri | *iri- |
| one | *yokohi | *yokoima | *yoʔohi |
| two | *(ye)(ka)ma[nu] | *re-manu | *ye-ma |
Maria reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[7]
- ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
- baba(e) ‘father’ < *mbapa
- kuyau ‘cassowary’ < *ku(y)a
- ita(isa) ‘tree’ < *inda
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Manubaran. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Maria. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Doromu. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Manubaran. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Maria. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Doromu. TransNewGuinea.org.
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Owen Stanley Range
- (ibid.) Proto–Mount Brown