March_11
March 11
Day of the year
March 11 is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 295 days remain until the end of the year.
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| March 11 in recent years |
| 2024 (Monday) |
| 2023 (Saturday) |
| 2022 (Friday) |
| 2021 (Thursday) |
| 2020 (Wednesday) |
| 2019 (Monday) |
| 2018 (Sunday) |
| 2017 (Saturday) |
| 2016 (Friday) |
| 2015 (Wednesday) |
Pre-1600
- 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.[1]
- 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.[2]
- 1343 – Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last Bishop of Prague (3 March 1343 O.S.), and, a year later, the first Archbishop of Prague.[3]
- 1387 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.[4]
1601–1900
- 1641 – Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present-day Panambí, Argentina.[5]
- 1649 – The Frondeurs and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.[6]
- 1702 – The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper, is published for the first time.[7]
- 1708 – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.[8]
- 1784 – The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end.[9]
- 1795 – The Battle of Kharda is fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad, resulting in Maratha victory.[10]
- 1845 – Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hōne Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororāreka, New Zealand.[11]
- 1848 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.[12]
- 1851 – The first performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Venice.[13]
- 1861 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.[14]
- 1864 – The Great Sheffield Flood kills 238 people in Sheffield, England.[15]
- 1872 – Construction of the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, begins; it is located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.[16]
- 1879 – Shō Tai formally abdicates his position of King of Ryūkyū, under orders from Tokyo, ending the Ryukyu Kingdom.[17]
- 1888 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400 people.[18]
1901–present
- 1917 – World War I: Mesopotamian campaign: Baghdad falls to Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Frederick Stanley Maude.[19]
- 1927 – In New York City, Samuel Roxy Rothafel opens the Roxy Theatre.[20]
- 1941 – World War II: United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.[21]
- 1945 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large-scale kamikaze attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2.[22]
- 1945 – World War II: The Empire of Vietnam, a short-lived Japanese puppet state, is established.[23]
- 1946 – Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, is captured by British troops.[24]
- 1977 – The 1977 Hanafi Siege: Around 150 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.[25]
- 1978 – Coastal Road massacre: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Fatah hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel's Operation Litani.[26]
- 1981 – Hundreds of students protest in the University of Pristina in Kosovo, then part of Yugoslavia, to give their province more political rights. The protests then became a nationwide movement.[27]
- 1982 – Fifteen people are killed when Widerøe Flight 933 crashes into the Barents Sea near Gamvik, Norway.[28]
- 1983 – Bob Hawke is appointed Prime Minister of Australia.[29]
- 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev is elected to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, making Gorbachev the USSR's de facto, and last, head of state.[30]
- 1990 – Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union.[31]
- 1990 – Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Chile since 1970.[32]
- 2003 – The International Criminal Court holds its inaugural session in The Hague.[33]
- 2004 – Madrid train bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain kill 191 people.[34]
- 2006 – Michelle Bachelet is inaugurated as the first female president of Chile.[35]
- 2009 – Winnenden school shooting: Fifteen are killed and nine are injured before recent graduate Tim Kretschmer shoots and kills himself, leading to tightened weapons restrictions in Germany.[36]
- 2010 – Economist and businessman Sebastián Piñera is sworn in as President of Chile. Aftershocks of the 2010 Pichilemu earthquakes hit central Chile during the ceremony.[37]
- 2011 – An earthquake measuring 9.0 in magnitude strikes 130 km (81 mi) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people. This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale.[38]
- 2012 – A U.S. soldier kills 16 civilians in the Panjwayi District of Afghanistan near Kandahar.[39]
- 2018 – A Bombardier Challenger 604 crashes into the Zagros Mountains near the Iranian city of Shar-e-kord, killing all 11 people on board.[40]
- 2020 – The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the COVID-19 virus epidemic a pandemic.[41]
- 2021 – US President Joe Biden signs the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan into law.[42]
- 2023 – The Burmese military kills at least 30 villagers, including 3 Buddhist monks, during the Pinlaung massacre in Shan State, Myanmar.[43]
Pre-1600
- 1278 – Mary of Woodstock, daughter of Edward I of England (d. c. 1332)[44]
- 1544 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet and educator (d. 1595)[45]
1601–1900
- 1738 – Benjamin Tupper, American general (d. 1792)[46]
- 1785 – John McLean, American jurist and politician (d. 1861)[47]
- 1806 – Louis Boulanger, French Romantic painter, lithographer and illustrator (d. 1867)[48]
- 1811 – Urbain Le Verrier, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1877)[49]
- 1815 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879)[50]
- 1818 – Marius Petipa, French-Russian dancer and choreographer (d. 1910)[51]
- 1819 – Henry Tate, English businessman and philanthropist, founded Tate & Lyle (d. 1899)[52]
- 1822 – Joseph Louis François Bertrand, French mathematician, economist, and academic (d. 1900)[53]
- 1863 – Andrew Stoddart, English cricketer and rugby player (d. 1915)[54]
- 1870 – Louis Bachelier, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1946)[55]
- 1876 – Carl Ruggles, American composer and painter (d. 1971)[56]
- 1880 – Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenicist and sociologist (d. 1943)[57]
- 1884 – Lewi Pethrus, Swedish minister and hymn-writer (d. 1974)[58]
- 1885 – Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (d. 1948)[59]
- 1887 – Raoul Walsh, American actor and director (d. 1980)[60]
- 1890 – Vannevar Bush, American engineer and academic (d. 1974)[61]
- 1893 – Wanda Gág, American author and illustrator (d. 1946)[62]
- 1897 – Henry Cowell, American pianist and composer (d. 1965)[63]
- 1898 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968)[64]
- 1899 – Frederik IX of Denmark (d. 1972)[65]
- 1899 – James H. Douglas, Jr., American lawyer, and politician, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense (d. 1988)[66]
1901–present
- 1903 – Ronald Syme, New Zealand historian and scholar (d. 1989)[67]
- 1903 – Lawrence Welk, American accordion player and bandleader (d. 1992)[68]
- 1907 – Jessie Matthews, English actress, singer, and dancer (d. 1981)[69]
- 1908 – Matti Sippala, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 1997)[70]
- 1910 – Robert Havemann, German chemist and academic (d. 1982)[71]
- 1911 – Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet, Scottish general and politician (d. 1996)[72]
- 1913 – Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke, German colonel and pilot (d. 1944)[73]
- 1915 – Vijay Hazare, Indian cricketer (d. 2004)[74]
- 1915 – J. C. R. Licklider, American computer scientist and psychologist (d. 1990)[75]
- 1916 – Harold Wilson, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)[45]
- 1920 – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2017)[76]
- 1921 – Astor Piazzolla, Argentine tango composer and bandoneon player (d. 1992)[77]
- 1922 – Cornelius Castoriadis, Greek economist and philosopher (d. 1997)[78]
- 1922 – Abdul Razak Hussein, Malaysian lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1976)[79]
- 1922 – José Luis López Vázquez, Spanish actor, costume designer, scenic designer and assistant director (d. 2009)[80]
- 1923 – Louise Brough, American tennis player (d. 2014)[81]
- 1925 – Margaret Oakley Dayhoff, American biochemist and academic (d. 1983)[82]
- 1926 – Ralph Abernathy, American minister and activist (d. 1990)[83]
- 1927 – Vince Boryla, American basketball player, coach, and executive (d. 2016)[84]
- 1927 – Freda Meissner-Blau, Austrian activist and politician (d. 2015)[85]
- 1927 – Robert Mosbacher, American businessman, and politician, United States Secretary of Commerce (d. 2010)[86]
- 1927 – Josep Maria Subirachs, Spanish sculptor and painter (d. 2014)[87]
- 1929 – Timothy Carey, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1994)[88]
- 1929 – Jackie McGlew, South African cricketer (d. 1998)[89]
- 1930 – David Gentleman, English illustrator and engraver[90]
- 1930 – Claude Jutra, Canadian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1986)[91]
- 1931 – Rupert Murdoch, Australian-American businessman and media magnate[45]
- 1932 – Leroy Jenkins, American violinist and composer (d. 2007)[92]
- 1932 – Nigel Lawson, English journalist and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 2023)[93]
- 1934 – Sam Donaldson, American journalist[94]
- 1936 – Antonin Scalia, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2016)[45]
- 1940 – Alberto Cortez, Argentinian-Spanish singer-songwriter (d. 2019)[95]
- 1943 – Arturo Merzario, Italian race car driver[96]
- 1945 – Dock Ellis, American baseball player and coach (d. 2008)[97]
- 1945 – Harvey Mandel, American guitarist[98]
- 1946 – Mark Metcalf, American actor[99]
- 1947 – Tristan Murail, French composer and educator[100]
- 1948 – Roy Barnes, American politician, 80th Governor of Georgia[101]
- 1948 – Jim McMillian, American basketball player (d. 2016)[102]
- 1950 – Bobby McFerrin, American singer-songwriter, producer, and conductor[45]
- 1950 – Jerry Zucker, American director, producer, and screenwriter[103]
- 1951 – Dominique Sanda, French model and actress[104]
- 1952 – Douglas Adams, English author and playwright (d. 2001)[105]
- 1953 – Derek Daly, Irish-American race car driver and sportscaster[106]
- 1953 – Jimmy Iovine, American record producer and businessman, co-founded Beats Electronics[107]
- 1953 – Bernie LaBarge, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist[108]
- 1954 – David Newman, American composer and conductor[109]
- 1954 – Gale Norton, American politician, 48th United States Secretary of the Interior[110]
- 1955 – Leslie Cliff, Canadian swimmer[111]
- 1955 – Nina Hagen, German singer-songwriter[112]
- 1956 – Willie Banks, American triple jumper[113]
- 1956 – Helen Rollason, English sports journalist and sportscaster (d. 1999)[114]
- 1957 – Qasem Soleimani, Former Iranian commander of the Quds Force (d. 2020)[115]
- 1958 – Anissa Jones, American child actress (d. 1976)[116]
- 1959 – Nina Hartley, American pornographic actress/director, sex educator, sex-positive feminist, and author[117]
- 1960 – Warwick Taylor, New Zealand rugby player[118]
- 1961 – Elias Koteas, Canadian actor[45]
- 1961 – Bruce Watson, Canadian-Scottish guitarist[119]
- 1962 – Matt Mead, American politician, 32nd Governor of Wyoming[120]
- 1962 – Jeffrey Nordling, American actor[99]
- 1963 – Gary Barnett, English footballer and manager[121]
- 1963 – Alex Kingston, English actress[45]
- 1963 – David LaChapelle, American photographer and director[122]
- 1964 – Peter Berg, American director, producer, screenwriter, and actor[123]
- 1964 – Raimo Helminen, Finnish ice hockey player and coach[124]
- 1964 – Vinnie Paul, American drummer, songwriter and producer (d. 2018)[125]
- 1964 – Shane Richie, English actor and singer[126]
- 1965 – Nigel Adkins, English footballer and manager[127]
- 1965 – Jesse Jackson, Jr., American lawyer and politician[128]
- 1965 – Wallace Langham, American actor[99]
- 1965 – Jenny Packham, English fashion designer[129]
- 1966 – John Thompson III, American basketball player and coach[130]
- 1967 – John Barrowman, Scottish-American actor and singer[45]
- 1967 – Sergei Bautin, Belarusian ice hockey player and coach (d. 2022)[131]
- 1967 – Brad Carson, American lawyer and politician[132]
- 1968 – Lisa Loeb, American singer-songwriter[133]
- 1969 – Terrence Howard, American actor and producer[134]
- 1969 – Soraya, Colombian-American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2006)[135]
- 1971 – Johnny Knoxville, American actor and entertainer[136]
- 1971 – Martin Ručinský, Czech ice hockey player[137]
- 1971 – Lee Sang-hoon, South Korean baseball player[138]
- 1974 – Bobby Abreu, Venezuelan baseball player[139]
- 1976 – Thomas Gravesen, Danish footballer[140]
- 1977 – Becky Hammon, American-Russian basketball player and coach[141]
- 1977 – Michal Handzuš, Slovak ice hockey player[142]
- 1978 – Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer[45]
- 1978 – Albert Luque, Spanish footballer[143]
- 1979 – Elton Brand, American basketball player[144]
- 1979 – Fred Jones, American basketball player[145]
- 1979 – Benji Madden, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[146]
- 1979 – Joel Madden, American singer-songwriter and producer[146]
- 1980 – Rich Hill, American baseball player[147]
- 1980 – Mark Rober, American YouTuber and engineer[148]
- 1980 – Dan Uggla, American baseball player[149]
- 1981 – David Anders, American actor[99]
- 1981 – Lee Evans, American football player[150]
- 1981 – LeToya Luckett, American singer-songwriter and actress[151]
- 1982 – Brian Anderson, American baseball player[152]
- 1982 – Thora Birch, American actress, producer, and director[99]
- 1983 – Lukáš Krajíček, Czech ice hockey player[153]
- 1984 – Rob Brown, American actor[99]
- 1985 – Paul Bissonnette, Canadian ice hockey player[154]
- 1985 – Daniel Vázquez Evuy, Equatoguinean footballer[155]
- 1985 – Cassandra Fairbanks, American journalist and activist[156]
- 1985 – Stelios Malezas, Greek footballer[157]
- 1985 – Greg Olsen, American football player and commentator[158]
- 1985 – Nikolai Topor-Stanley, Australian footballer[159]
- 1986 – Dario Cologna, Swiss skier[160]
- 1987 – Marc-André Gragnani, Canadian ice hockey player[161]
- 1987 – Tanel Kangert, Estonian cyclist[162]
- 1987 – Ngonidzashe Makusha, Zimbabwean sprinter and long jumper[163]
- 1988 – Pedro Báez, Dominican baseball player[164]
- 1988 – Fábio Coentrão, Portuguese footballer[165]
- 1988 – Cecil Lolo, South African footballer (d. 2015)[166]
- 1989 – Malcolm Delaney, American basketball player[167]
- 1989 – Orlando Johnson, American basketball player[168]
- 1989 – Anton Yelchin, Russian-American actor (d. 2016)[169]
- 1990 – Ayumi Morita, Japanese tennis player[170]
- 1992 – Austin Swift, American producer and actor[171]
- 1993 – Jodie Comer, English actress[45]
- 1993 – Anthony Davis, American basketball player[172]
- 1994 – Andrew Robertson, Scottish footballer[173]
- 1996 – Conor Garland, American ice hockey player[174]
- 1997 – Travis Konecny, Canadian ice hockey player[175]
- 2003 – Tristan Vukčević, Serbian-Swedish basketball player[176]
Pre-1600
- 222 – Elagabalus, Roman emperor (b. 203)[1]
- 638 – Sophronius of Jerusalem (b. 560)[177]
- 1198 – Marie of France, Countess of Champagne (b. 1145)[178]
- 1486 – Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1414)[179]
- 1575 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian theologian and reformer (b. 1520)[180]
1601–1900
- 1602 – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian organist and composer (b. 1550)[181]
- 1607 – Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer and educator (b. 1543)[182]
- 1665 – Clemente Tabone, Maltese landowner and militia member (b. c. 1575)[183]
- 1689 – Sambhaji, second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire (b. 1657) [184]
- 1722 – John Toland, Irish philosopher and theorist (b. 1670)[185]
- 1759 – John Forbes, Scottish general (b. 1707)[186]
- 1820 – Benjamin West, American-English painter and academic (b. 1738)[187]
- 1851 – Marie-Louise Coidavid, Queen of Haiti (b. 1778)[188]
- 1851 – George McDuffie, American lawyer and politician, 55th Governor of South Carolina (b. 1790)[189]
- 1863 – Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet, English general (b. 1803)[190]
- 1869 – Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher and critic (b. 1803)[191]
- 1870 – Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho (b. 1786)[192]
- 1874 – Charles Sumner, American lawyer and politician (b. 1811)[193]
- 1898 – William Rosecrans, American general and politician (b. 1819)[194]
1901–present
- 1907 – Jean Casimir-Perier, French lawyer and politician, 6th President of France (b. 1847)[195]
- 1908 – Edmondo De Amicis, Italian journalist and author (b. 1846)[196]
- 1908 – Benjamin Waugh, English minister and activist (b. 1839)[197]
- 1915 – Thomas Alexander Browne, English-Australian author (b. 1826)[198]
- 1931 – F. W. Murnau, German-American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1888)[199]
- 1937 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American businessman, co-founded Texaco (b. 1860)[200]
- 1944 – Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch-American journalist and historian (b. 1882)[201]
- 1944 – Edgar Zilsel, Austrian historian and philosopher of science, linked to the Vienna Circle (b. 1891)[202]
- 1949 – Henri Giraud, French general and politician (b. 1879)[203]
- 1952 – Pierre Renoir, French actor and director (b. 1885)[204]
- 1955 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)[205]
- 1955 – Oscar F. Mayer, German-American businessman, founded Oscar Mayer (b. 1859)[206]
- 1956 – Aleksanteri Aava, Finnish poet (b. 1883)[207]
- 1957 – Richard E. Byrd, American admiral and explorer (b. 1888)[208]
- 1959 – Lester Dent, American author (b. 1904)[209]
- 1960 – Roy Chapman Andrews, American paleontologist and explorer (b. 1884)[210]
- 1967 – Geraldine Farrar, American soprano and actress (b. 1882)[211]
- 1969 – John Wyndham, English author (b. 1903)[212]
- 1970 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American lawyer and author (b. 1889)[213]
- 1971 – Philo Farnsworth, American inventor (b. 1906)[214]
- 1971 – Whitney Young, American activist (b. 1921)[215]
- 1978 – Claude François, French entertainer (b. 1939)[216]
- 1982 – Edmund Cooper, English poet and author (b. 1926)[217]
- 1982 – Horace Gregory, American poet, translator, and academic (b. 1898)[218]
- 1986 – Sonny Terry, American singer and harmonica player (b. 1911)[219]
- 1989 – James Kee, American lawyer and politician (b. 1917)[220]
- 1989 – John J. McCloy, American lawyer and diplomat (b. 1895)[221]
- 1992 – Richard Brooks, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1912)[222]
- 1995 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress and singer (b. 1945)[223]
- 1996 – Vince Edwards, American actor and director (b. 1928)[224]
- 1999 – Herbert Jasper, Canadian psychologist, anatomist, and neurologist (b. 1906)[225]
- 1999 – Camille Laurin, Canadian psychiatrist and politician (b. 1922)[226]
- 2002 – James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)[227]
- 2006 – Bernie Geoffrion, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1931)[228]
- 2006 – Slobodan Milošević, Serbian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (b. 1941)[229]
- 2010 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1931)[230]
- 2012 – James B. Morehead, American colonel and pilot (b. 1916)[231]
- 2013 – Martin Adolf Bormann, German priest and theologian (b. 1930)[232]
- 2013 – Simón Alberto Consalvi, Venezuelan journalist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Venezuela (b. 1927)[233]
- 2014 – Dean Bailey, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1967)[234]
- 2014 – Joel Brinkley, American journalist and academic (b. 1952)[235]
- 2015 – Walter Burkert, German philologist and scholar (b. 1931)[236]
- 2015 – Jimmy Greenspoon, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player (b. 1948)[237]
- 2016 – Iolanda Balaș, Romanian high jumper (b. 1936)[238]
- 2016 – Doreen Massey, English geographer and political activist (b. 1944)[239]
- 2018 – Ken Dodd, English comedian and singer (b. 1927)[240]
- 2018 – Siegfried Rauch, German actor (b. 1932)[241]
- 2018 – Karl Lehmann, German cardinal (b. 1936)[242]
- 2018 – Mary Rosenblum, American science fiction and mystery author (b. 1952)[243]
- 2021 – Ray Campi, American singer and musician (b. 1934)[244]
- 2021 – Takis Mousafiris, Greek composer and songwriter (b. 1936)[245]
- 2022 – Rupiah Banda, President of Zambia (b. 1937)[246]
- Christian feast day:
- Day of Restoration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 (Lithuania)[252]
- Moshoeshoe Day (Lesotho)[253]
- Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. p. 639. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
- Merriam-Webster (Jan 2000). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, p. 231. ISBN 0-87779-044-2.
- Eubel, Konrad; van Gulik, Wilhelm; Ehses, Stefan; Gaucaht, Patrick; Ritzler, Remigius, eds. (1898). Hierarchia Catholica Medii Eevi, Sive Summorum Pontificum, S.R.E. Cardinalium, Ecclesiarum Antistitum. Series ab Anno 1198 Usque ad Annum 1431. Regensberg, Switzerland: Monasterii Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae. p. 429.
- Nicolle, David (2012). European Medieval Tactics. Vol. 2. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 9781849087407.
- Nickson, R. Andrew (17 June 2015). Historical Dictionary of Paraguay. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8108-7964-5.
- Curelly, Laurent (21 August 2017). An Anatomy of an English Radical Newspaper: The Moderate (1648-9). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-5275-0063-1.
- Facchinetti, Roberta; Brownlees, Nicholas; Bös, Birte; Fries, Udo (2015). News as Changing Texts: Corpora, Methodologies and Analysis (Second ed.). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4438-8554-6.
- Jones, Clyve (2012). A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland. Boydell Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-84383-717-6.
- Ellis, Robert Hawkes (1992). A Short Account of the Laccadive Islands and Minicoy. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-206-0736-1.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
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- DePriest, Jon (15 November 2018). American Crusades: The Rise and Fulfillment of the Protestant Establishment. Lexington Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4985-7985-8.
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- Loo, Tze May (14 March 2014). Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000. Lexington Books. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7391-8249-9.
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- "British capture Baghdad – 11 March 1917 | Royal Engineers Museum". Royal Engineers Museum. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- Solomon, Aubrey (10 January 2014). The Fox Film Corporation, 1915-1935: A History and Filmography. McFarland. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7864-8610-6.
- Folly, Martin; Palmer, Niall (20 April 2010). The A to Z of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II. Scarecrow Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-4616-7241-8.
- Yeo, Mike (26 December 2019). Desperate Sunset: Japan's kamikazes against Allied ships, 1944–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-4728-2943-6.
- Chieu, Vu Ngu (1986). "The Other Side of the 1945 Vietnamese Revolution: The Empire of Viet-Nam (March-August 1945)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 45 (2): 293–328. doi:10.2307/2055845. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2055845. S2CID 161998265. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- Harding, Thomas (31 August 2013). "Was my Jewish great-uncle a Nazi hunter?". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- "40 Years Later: Remembering the Hanafi Siege That Paralyzed DC". NBC4 Washington. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- Ruys, Tom; Corten, Olivier; Hofer, Alexandra (2018). The Use of Force in International Law: A Case-based Approach. Oxford University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-19-878435-7.
- Clark, Howard (2000). Civil Resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7453-1569-0.
- Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter 300 LN-BNK Gamvik". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
- "Bob Hawke: from the campaign trail to the world stage – a life in pictures". The Guardian. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- "1985: Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader". BBC News. 11 March 1985. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- "Lithuania declares independence from USSR, 1990". BBC Archive. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-134-26490-2.
- "World criminal court launched". edition.cnn.com. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
- "2004: Madrid train attacks". BBC News. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
- Rohter, Larry (12 March 2006). "Chile Inaugurates First Woman to Serve as Its President". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
- Noack, Rick. "7 other school shootings that shocked the world". Washington Post. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
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