Mediastinal_disease
Mediastinum
Central part of the thoracic cavity
The mediastinum (from Medieval Latin: mediastinus, lit. 'midway';[2]pl.: mediastina) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Surrounded by loose connective tissue, it is an undelineated region that contains a group of structures within the thorax, namely the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, the thymus and the lymph nodes of the central chest.
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) |
| Mediastinum | |
|---|---|
 3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax, with mediastinum marked in blue. | |
 Mediastinum. The division between superior and inferior is at the sternal angle. | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | mediastinum[1] |
| MeSH | D008482 |
| TA98 | A07.1.02.101 |
| TA2 | 3333 |
| FMA | 9826 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The mediastinum lies within the thorax and is enclosed on the right and left by pleurae. It is surrounded by the chest wall in front, the lungs to the sides and the spine at the back. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind.[3][4] It contains all the organs of the thorax except the lungs.[4][5] It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck.
The mediastinum can be divided into an upper (or superior) and lower (or inferior) part:
- The superior mediastinum starts at the superior thoracic aperture and ends at the thoracic plane.
- The inferior mediastinum from this level to the diaphragm. This lower part is subdivided into three regions, all relative to the pericardium – the anterior mediastinum being in front of the pericardium, the middle mediastinum contains the pericardium and its contents, and the posterior mediastinum being behind the pericardium.[6]
Anatomists, surgeons, and clinical radiologists compartmentalize the mediastinum differently. For instance, in the radiological scheme of Felson, there are only three compartments (anterior, middle, and posterior), and the heart is part of the middle (inferior) mediastinum.[7][page needed]
Thoracic plane
The transverse thoracic plane, thoracic plane, plane of Louis or plane of Ludwig is an important anatomical plane at the level of the sternal angle and the T4/T5 intervertebral disc.[8][9][10] It serves as an imaginary boundary that separates the superior and inferior mediastinum.[8][9][10]
A number of important anatomical structures and transitions occur at the level of the thoracic plane, including:
- The carinal bifurcation of the trachea into the left and right main bronchi.
- The left recurrent laryngeal nerve branching off the left vagus nerve and hooking under the ligamentum arteriosum between the aortic arch above and the pulmonary trunk below.
- The starting of the cardiac plexus.
- The azygos vein arching over the right main bronchus and joining into the superior vena cava.
- The thoracic duct crossing the midline from right to left behind the esophagus
- The end of the pretracheal and prevertebral fasciae.
Superior mediastinum
The superior mediastinum is bounded:
- superiorly by the thoracic inlet, the upper opening of the thorax;
- inferiorly by the transverse thoracic plane. which is an imaginary plane passing from the sternal angle anteriorly to the lower border of the body of the 4th thoracic vertebra posteriorly;
- laterally by the pleurae;
- anteriorly by the manubrium of the sternum;
- posteriorly by the first four thoracic vertebral bodies.
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Inferior mediastinum
Anterior inferior mediastinum
Is bounded:
- laterally by the pleurae;
- posteriorly by the pericardium;[4]
- anteriorly by the sternum,[4] the left transversus thoracis and the fifth, sixth, and seventh left costal cartilages.
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Middle inferior mediastinum
Bounded: pericardial sac – It contains the vital organs and is classified into the serous and fibrous pericardium.[4]
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Posterior inferior mediastinum
Is bounded:
- Anteriorly by (from above downwards): bifurcation of trachea; pulmonary vessels; fibrous pericardium and posterior sloping surface of diaphragm
- Inferiorly by the thoracic surface of the diaphragm (below);
- Superiorly by the transverse thoracic plane;
- Posteriorly by the bodies of the vertebral column from the lower border of the fifth to the twelfth thoracic vertebra (behind);[4]
- Laterally by the mediastinal pleura (on either side).
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A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum.
The mediastinum is frequently the site of involvement of various tumors:
- Anterior mediastinum: substernal thyroid goiters, lymphoma, thymoma, and teratoma.
- Middle mediastinum: lymphadenopathy, metastatic disease such as from small cell carcinoma from the lung.
- Posterior mediastinum: Neurogenic tumors, either from the nerve sheath (mostly benign) or elsewhere (mostly malignant).
Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress very quickly, this is a serious condition.
Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum, which in some cases can lead to pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumopericardium if left untreated. However, that does not always occur and sometimes those conditions are actually the cause, not the result, of pneumomediastinum. These conditions frequently accompany Boerhaave syndrome, or spontaneous esophageal rupture.
Widening
| Widened mediastinum | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Mediastinal widening |
| Widened mediastinum in a patient with achalasia | |
Widened mediastinum/mediastinal widening is where the mediastinum has a width greater than 6 cm on an upright PA chest X-ray or 8 cm on supine AP chest film.[11]
A widened mediastinum can be indicative of several pathologies:[12][13]
- aortic aneurysm[14]
- aortic dissection[15]
- aortic unfolding
- aortic rupture
- hilar lymphadenopathy
- anthrax inhalation - a widened mediastinum was found in 7 of the first 10 victims infected by anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) in 2001.[16]
- esophageal rupture - presents usually with pneumomediastinum and pleural effusion. It is diagnosed with water-soluble swallowed contrast.
- mediastinal mass
- mediastinitis
- cardiac tamponade[17]
- pericardial effusion
- thoracic vertebrae fractures in trauma patients.
- Mediastinum testis (unrelated structure in the scrotum)
- Mediastinal germ cell tumor
- Mediastinitis
- Mediastinal tumor
- List of anatomy mnemonics#Mediastinum
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1090 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- "Mediastinum dictionary definition - mediastinum defined". www.yourdictionary.com.
- Fong, K. M.; Windsor, M.; Bowman, R. V.; Duhig, E. (2006-01-01), "TUMORS, MALIGNANT | Carcinoma, Lymph Node Involvement", in Laurent, Geoffrey J.; Shapiro, Steven D. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 366–373, doi:10.1016/b0-12-370879-6/00407-5, ISBN 978-0-12-370879-3, retrieved 2020-11-17
- Ng, Wai-Kuen (2008-01-01), Bibbo, Marluce; Wilbur, David (eds.), "CHAPTER 26 - Mediastinum", Comprehensive Cytopathology (Third Edition), Edinburgh: W.B. Saunders, pp. 773–809, ISBN 978-1-4160-4208-2, retrieved 2020-11-17
- Cheng, Guang-Shing; Varghese, Thomas K.; Park, David R. (2016-01-01), Broaddus, V. Courtney; Mason, Robert J.; Ernst, Joel D.; King, Talmadge E. (eds.), "83 - Mediastinal Tumors and Cysts", Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine (Sixth Edition), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 1478–1495.e38, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-3383-5.00083-x, ISBN 978-1-4557-3383-5, retrieved 2020-11-17
- Breul, Rainer (2012), "The deeper fasciae of the neck and ventral torso", Fascia: The Tensional Network of the Human Body, Elsevier, pp. 45–52, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3425-1.00041-6, ISBN 978-0-7020-3425-1, retrieved 2020-11-17
- Goodman, Lawrence. Felson's Principles of Chest Roentgenology.
- "Thoracic Wall, Pleura, and Pericardium – Dissector Answers". Archived from the original on September 1, 2012.
- "Cell Biology and Anatomy - School of Medicine - University of South Carolina". dba.med.sc.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-09-05. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
- "UAMS Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences - Topographical Anatomy of the Thorax". anatomy.uams.edu. Archived from the original on 2004-08-17. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
- D'Souza, Donna. "Thoracic aortic injury | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org.
- Geusens; Pans, S.; Prinsloo, J.; Fourneau, I. (2005). "The widened mediastinum in trauma patients". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 12 (4): 179–184. doi:10.1097/00063110-200508000-00006. PMID 16034263.
- Richardson; Wilson, M. E.; Miller, F. B. (1990). "The widened mediastinum. Diagnostic and therapeutic priorities". Annals of Surgery. 211 (6): 731–736, discussion 736–7. doi:10.1097/00000658-199006000-00012. PMC 1358125. PMID 2357135.
- Chandra S, Laor YG (April 1975). "Lung scan and wide mediastinum". J. Nucl. Med. 16 (4): 324–5. PMID 1113190.
- von Kodolitsch Y, Nienaber C, Dieckmann C, Schwartz A, Hofmann T, Brekenfeld C, Nicolas V, Berger J, Meinertz T (2004). "Chest radiography for the diagnosis of acute aortic syndrome". Am J Med. 116 (2): 73–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.08.030. PMID 14715319.
- Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. (2001). "Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States". Emerging Infect. Dis. 7 (6): 933–44. doi:10.3201/eid0706.010604. PMC 2631903. PMID 11747719.
- Gideon P. Naudé; Fred S. Bongard; Demetrios Demetriades (2003). Trauma secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-1-56053-506-5. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
- Anatomy figure: 21:01-03 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Divisions of the mediastinum."
- Anatomy figure: 21:02-03 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "The anatomical divisions of the inferior mediastinum."
- thoraxlesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) – "Subdivisions of the Thoracic Cavity"
