Bill Clinton

The Clinton administration enacted a flurry of rules limiting logging and lead paint, raising appliance energy efficiency, and tightening privacy of medical records.^[8] One of Clinton's midnight regulations imposed a more stringent drinking water standard for arsenic after years of EPA study. Although Bush suspended the new regulation upon taking office, EPA head Christine Todd Whitman eventually approved it.^[4] When President George W. Bush took office in 2001, his administration acted to block the implementation of 90 final rules that were issued in the final months of the Clinton administration but that had not yet gone into effect.^[9]

George W. Bush

The Bush administration also approved thousands of pages of dozens of new agency rules,^[10] setting a new record.^[11] Many of these regulations were promulgated in the hope of ensuring enactment before Barack Obama took office and could prevent the rules from becoming law. Bush Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten encouraged timely passage of the rules in a May 2008 memo to agencies suggesting that final versions be submitted by November 1.^[9] Finalized and proposed rules included:^[1]

• A finalized rule that effectively deregulates industrial farms
• An adopted rule that opens up public land to drilling preliminary to the development of oil shale extraction
• A proposed rule that provides for a conscience clause for workers at hospitals receiving federal money (particularly state hospitals), allowing them to refuse to perform abortions or dispense contraceptives

Several other rules were already adopted in late 2008, including one increasing truck drivers' maximum hours of service to eleven and another restricting employee time off under the Family and Medical Leave Act.^[12] The rules attracted considerable criticism.^[13]

Hours after Obama took office, his administration ordered all executive branch agencies to halt enactment of any rules proposed during the Bush administration until the incoming administration could review them.^[14] According to the environmentalist magazine Grist, these efforts were effective in only a few cases; for other environmental rules the Obama administration tried to reverse some rules through Congress and some through the same slow administrative rulemaking process while interest groups challenged other environmental regulations in the courts.^[15]

A subcommittee on administrative law in the Democratic House of Representatives held a hearing on midnight regulations the month after Obama's inauguration.^[16]

Barack Obama

The Obama administration recognized the potential for midnight regulations as early as the end of 2015. Howard Shelanski, the Administrator for the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), issued a memo to federal agencies directing them to: “To the extent feasible and consistent with your priorities, statutory obligations, and judicial deadlines, however, agencies should strive to complete their highest priority rulemakings by the summer of 2016 to avoid an end-of-year scramble that has the potential to lower the quality of regulations that OIRA receives for review and to tax the resources available for interagency review.”^[17] In the Obama administration's final Unified Agenda, there were 25 notable rules in the “midnight period” with combined regulatory cost estimates (from the “proposed rule” versions) of approximately $44.1 billion.^[18]

Starting in November 2016^[19] (the first month of the Obama “midnight period”), OIRA concluded review of 57 rule-makings – a 26 percent increase over the monthly pace from the rest of 2016.^[20] Fourteen of these measures were “economically significant” rule-makings.^[20] That represents the second-highest total in any November “midnight period” since at least 1996.^[20] Notable rulemakings from November 2016 include:

• Conservation Standards for Ceiling Fans^[21]
• Revision of Nutrition Facts for Meat and Poultry^[22]
• Passenger Equipment Safety Standards^[23]
• Renewable Fuel Standards for 2017^[20][24]

House Republicans introduced legislation that would provide a check upon Obama administration midnight rules. Representative Darrell Issa introduced H.R. 5982, or the “Midnight Rules Relief Act of 2016”, that “amends the Congressional Review Act to allow Congress to consider a joint resolution to disapprove multiple regulations that federal agencies have submitted for congressional review within the last 60 legislative days of a session of Congress during the final year of a President's term.”^[25] The bill passed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 240–179.^[26]

Senator Ron Johnson has written letters to Shelanski and multiple other agencies asking them to put a hold on regulatory activity during this “midnight period”.^[27]