Mohamed Moncef Marzouki (Arabic: محمد المنصف المرزوقي; Muhammad al-Munṣif al-Marzūqī, born 7 July 1945) is a Tunisian politician who served as the fifth president of Tunisia from 2011^[1][2][3] to 2014. Through his career he has been a human rights activist, physician and politician. On 12 December 2011, he was elected President of Tunisia by the Constituent Assembly.

Born in Grombalia, Tunisia, Marzouki was the son of a Qadi. His father, being a supporter of Salah Ben Youssef (Bourguiba's opponent), emigrated to Morocco in the late 1950s because of political pressures.^[4] Marzouki finished his secondary education in Tangier, where he obtained the Baccalauréat in 1961.^[4] He then went to study medicine at the University of Strasbourg in France. Returning to Tunisia in 1979, he founded the Center for Community Medicine in Sousse and the African Network for Prevention of Child Abuse, also joining Tunisian League for Human Rights.^[5] In his youth, he had travelled to India to study Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent resistance.^[6] Later, he also travelled to South Africa to study its transition from apartheid.^[7]

When the government cracked down violently on the Islamist Ennahda Movement in 1991, Marzouki confronted Tunisian President Ben Ali calling on him to adhere to the law.^[7] In 1993, Marzouki was a founding member of the National Committee for the Defense of Prisoners of Conscience, but he resigned after it was taken over by supporters of the government. He was arrested on several occasions on charges relating to the propagation of false news and working with banned Islamist groups. He subsequently founded the National Committee for Liberties. He became President^[5] of the Arab Commission for Human Rights and as of 17 January 2011^[ref] continues as a member of its executive board.^[8]

In 2001, he founded the Congress for the Republic.^[9][10] This political party was banned in 2002, but Marzouki moved to France and continued running it.^[5]

Following President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's departure from Tunisia and the Tunisian revolution, Marzouki announced his return to Tunisia and his intention to run for the presidency.^[5]

On 25 June 2015, Marzouki participated in the Freedom Flotilla III to the Gaza Strip. On 29 June, during their approach to the territorial waters of Gaza, but while still in international waters, the flotilla was intercepted by the Israeli navy and taken to the port of Ashdod, where the participants were interviewed. Marzouki was greeted by a delegation of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, but he declined to talk with them. On 30 June, he was deported to Paris and returned to Tunis on 1 July, where he was greeted by hundreds of supporters.^[21] In 2016, he was appointed by the African Union to oversee the Comorian presidential election.^[22] On 14 October 2021, the Tunisia government under Kais Saied stripped Marzouki of his diplomatic passport.^[23] In November 2021, Moncef Marzouki was the subject of an international arrest warrant issued by the Tunisian government for endangering state security.^[24] On 23 December 2021, Marzouki was sentenced to four years in prison and was found guilty of “undermining the security of the state from abroad” and of having caused “diplomatic harm”. Marzouki rejected the ruling, describing it as illegal, saying it was “issued by an illegitimate president who overturned the constitution”.^[25][26]

On 29 December 2021, Marzouki vowed to return to Tunisia and "overthrow the incumbent regime".^[27] In January 2022, Marzouki was among 19 predominantly high-ranking politicians to be referred to court for trial by the Tunisian judiciary for "electoral violations" allegedly committed during the 2019 presidential elections.^[28]

In 2022 Marzouki was sentenced to 4 years in prison in absentia for “assaulting” the security of the state.^[29] In 2024, he received another eight-year sentence in absentia for remarks that were interpreted by authorities as incitement and calling for the overthrow of the government.^[30]

From a first marriage, Moncef Marzouki has two daughters: Myriam and Nadia. In December 2011, during a private civil ceremony in Carthage Palace, he married Beatrix Rhein, a French physician.^[31]

• The Maghrebian Medicine Prize (1982)^[32]
• Foundation Scanno Literary Prize (1988)^[32]
• The Price of the Arab Congress of Medicine (1989)^[32]
• Human Rights Watch awards for Freedoms (2001)^[32]
• Gold Medal of the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2012)^[33]
• The Chatham House Prize for the year 2012 in London (with Rached Ghannouchi)^[34]
• Honorary Degree from University of Tsukuba in 2013^[35]
• Al Qods Prize for 2015 in Chicago^[36]
• Foundation Ducci Peace Award for 2016 in Rome^[37]
• One of the 100 Most Influential Arabs in the World in 2018^[38]

• Arabes, si vous parliez, ed. Lieu commun, Paris, 1987
• Laisse mon pays se réveiller : vers une quatrième civilisation, ed. Éditions pour le Maghreb arabe, Tunis, 1988
• Le mal arabe, ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2004
• Dictateurs en sursis : une voie démocratique pour le monde arabe, ed. de l'Atelier, Paris, 2009
• L'invention d'une démocratie. Les leçons de l'expérience tunisienne, ed. La Découverte, Paris, 2013
• Tunisie, du triomphe au naufrage (with Pierre Piccinin da Prata & Thibaut Werpin), ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2013