Father of the House is a title that has been traditionally bestowed, unofficially, on certain members of some legislatures, most notably the House of Commons in the United Kingdom. In some legislatures the title refers to the longest continuously serving member, while in others it refers to the oldest member. Recently, the title Mother of the House or Mother of Parliament has also been used, although the usage varies among countries; it is either the female alternative to Father of the House, being applied when the relevant member is a woman, or refers to the oldest or longest-serving woman without reference to male members.

The Father of the House is a title that is bestowed on the senior member of the House of Commons who has the longest continuous service.^[1][2] If two or more members have the same length of current uninterrupted service, then whoever was sworn in earlier, as listed in Hansard, is named as Father of the House.^[3] Traditionally, however, the qualifications used for the Father of the House are not entirely clear and may have included the oldest member, the member with the longest aggregate service, or the member who entered the House longest ago.^[2] The first recorded usage of the term dates to 1788, in an obituary of Thomas Noel.^[1] In 2017, Harriet Harman was described as "Mother of the House" by Prime Minister Theresa May, in recognition of her status as the longest-continuously serving woman MP.^[4]

The only formal duty of the Father of the House is to preside over the election of the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Father of the House may also participate in ceremonial events, and is the second member to be sworn in after the Speaker.^[1]

Among the twentieth-century Fathers, there were several very prominent figures; four former Prime Ministers became Father of the House, and a fifth, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, was simultaneously Father of the House and Prime Minister from May 1907 until soon before his death during April 1908.^[2]

The titles "Father of the House" and "Father of the Senate" are sometimes used to refer to the members of each chamber of the Parliament of Australia with the longest continuous service.^[5] The current Father of the House is Bob Katter (MP since 1993) and the current Mother of the Senate is Penny Wong (senator since 2002).

According to House of Representatives Practice, the title Father of the House is a "completely informal designation" with "no functions attached to it".^[6] The equivalent publication for the Senate, Odgers' Australian Senate Practice, describes the title Father of the Senate as "now seldom referred to or used". It also notes that "as no woman senator has ever been in this situation, it is not clear what the title would be in that circumstance".^[7]

The longest-serving member of the House of Commons who is not a cabinet minister is known as the Dean of the House, and presides over the election of the Speaker at the beginning of each Parliament. As of September 2021, the current Dean of the House is Bloc Québécois MP Louis Plamondon, who was first elected to the Commons as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1984.

In the Chamber of Deputies, if previous President of the Chamber of Deputies or his deputies are not elected, the oldest MP serves as the Acting President presiding over the constitutive session, before new president is elected.^[8]

• 1993: Robert Dostál — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 1996: Zdeněk Jičínský — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 1998: Augustin Bubník — Civic Democratic Party
• 2002: Břetislav Petr — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 2003: Zdeněk Jičínský — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 2010: Karel Schwarzenberg — TOP 09
• 2021: Bohuslav Svoboda — Civic Democratic Party

In the Senate, if previous President of the Senate or his deputies are not elected for the next term, the oldest Senator serves as the Acting President presiding over the opening session gathered every two years, before election of the new president.^[9]

• 1996: Jaroslav Musial — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 2000: Jaroslava Moserová — Civic Democratic Alliance
• 2004: Bedřich Moldan — Civic Democratic Party
• 2010: Jiří Dienstbier — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 2011: Pavel Lebeda — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 2014: František Čuba — Party of Civic Rights
• 2018: Jaroslav Malý — Czech Social Democratic Party
• 2020: Jaroslav Doubrava — Severočeši.cz
• 2022: Jan Pirk – TOP 09

Until 2009, the oldest member of the European Parliament presided over the opening of a new session and the election of the President of the European Parliament.^[10]

Starting with the Frankfurter Nationalversammlung (Frankfurt Parliament) of 1848, all German parliaments had a father of the House, usually called Alterspräsident (President by right of age). This tradition was continued into the Weimar Republic and, after being discontinued in Nazi Germany, was resumed by the present Parliament (Bundestag) in the Federal Republic, whose rules of procedure mandate that the father of the house presides over the Parliament (Bundestag) at the start of each legislative period.

In accordance with tradition, the Alterspräsident first ascertains himself that he is indeed the oldest member of the Bundestag by stating his date of birth and asking if anyone is present, who was born before this date. If no older member of the Bundestag is present he will formally declare that he indeed is the Alterspräsident and will start proceedings. (In 2017, as explained below, the position was changed to refer to the longest sitting member. Prospective Alterspräsident state the number of years served in the Bundestag and asks if anyone has served more years.)

The Alterspräsident then delivers the first programmatic speech and supervises the election of the President of the Bundestag, to whom he then immediately yields his power. The newly elected president will in turn supervise the elections of the Vice Presidents of the Bundestag.

The rules of order of the Bundestag also state that the Alterspräsident shall preside over sessions of the Bundestag at any given time during a legislative period, if the whole Presidium (i.e. the President and the Vice Presidents of the Bundestag) is altogether unable to perform its duties.

As the Alterspräsident's opening speech usually draws a certain amount of public attention, the position has recently attracted controversy, when the Party of Democratic Socialism (the successor of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany) obtained the position by including aged independents (Stefan Heym in 1994, Fred Gebhardt in 1998) in their party lists. In 2017, the Bundestag changed its rules of procedure to have the member with the longest service in the Bundestag serve as father of the house, rather than the oldest member.^[14]

In Hong Kong, there is no such term as "Father of the House". Instead, the longest-serving member was termed the Senior Unofficial Member and was the highest-ranking unofficial member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council until the title was abolished in 1995 and 1992 respectively.

After the handover of Hong Kong, the member of the Legislative Council with the highest order of precedence, determined according to the length of continuous service in the council, was tasked with presiding over the election of President of the council, until 2017.

In Hungary, the term országgyűlés korelnöke (President by the age) refers to the oldest member of the National Assembly (previously House of Representatives, the lower house). Before the open session, the senior chairperson and junior notaries review the mandates of all the elected MPs in addition to their own. He or she presides over the newly elected parliament until the appointment of the officials.

It is also worth mentioning that József Madarász who was Father of the House from 1892 to his death in 1915 at the age of 100, was also member of the Parliament from 1848 (whenever it was convened) and prior to that he was emissary of the Hungarian Diet, the predecessor of Parliament in Hungary, from 1832. Thus making him the longest serving member of Parliament in Hungary at a record of 82 years.

In the beginning of some Knessets, the oldest member assumes temporary duties of the speaker before the election of a permanent speaker, In the past it was the oldest member of Knesset, now it is the longest-serving member. The oldest member of the 24th Knesset is Benny Begin.

In Ireland, the term Father of the Dáil is an unofficial title applied to the longest-serving Teachta Dála (TD) in Dáil Éireann. The current Fathers of the Dáil are Richard Bruton and Willie O'Dea having both been first elected to the Dáil in the February 1982 general election. On a number of occasions, two or more people have shared the position of Father of the Dáil.

In Luxembourg, the longest-serving member of the Chamber of Deputies, per the Chamber's regulations, serves as President of the Chamber during the first session of a legislature, until a President is formally elected. They are assisted in this task by the two youngest members.^[15]

In Malaysia the term "Father of the House" is rarely used. Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah who was elected during 1974, has been the longest-serving MP in the Dewan Rakyat. He was the oldest-serving MP aged 87 years until former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad was reelected to the Dewan Rakyat at the age of 92, and now he is 98 years, 9 months of age. Both of them ended their long serving in the Dewan Rakyat after being defeated in 2022 Malaysian general election. As of 2022, Muhyiddin Yassin took in place as he served from 1978 to 1986 and continued from 1995 until now.

In New Zealand, the terms "Father of the House" and "Mother of the House", as unofficial titles, designate the longest-continuously serving male or female MP of the House of Representatives, respectively. The Father and Mother of the House have no official role in Parliament. The current Father of the House is Gerry Brownlee who has served continuously since 1996. The current Mother of the House is Judith Collins who has served continuously since 2002.^[16]

Following a general election, the eldest member of each of the lower (Sejm) and upper (Senate) houses of the Polish parliament is given the honorary post of Senior Marshal until the new permanent leaders of the houses, the Marshal of the Sejm and the Marshal of the Senate, are elected in a vote by their respective members. This normally takes place as the first item on the agenda at the first session, over which the Senior Marshal presides. Most recently, the title of Senior Marshal was bestowed on Marek Sawicki, member of the X Sejm, and Michał Seweryński, senator of the XI Senate. Both assumed their roles on 13 November 2023, following the formation of the new parliament as a result of the 15 October general election.

Traditionally when a new Russian parliament is formed the eldest deputy opens and manages the first session until a chairman is elected. In the history of the post-Soviet Dumas these were:

• 1993 Georgy Lukava – Liberal Democratic Party
• 1995 Grigory Galaziy – Our Home – Russia
• 1999 Yegor Ligachyov – Communist Party
• 2003 Valentin Varennikov – Rodina
• 2007 Zhores Alferov – Communist Party
• 2011 Vladimir Dolgikh – United Russia
• 2016 Zhores Alferov – Communist Party
• 2021 Vladimir Resin – United Russia

In the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, the oldest MP serves as the Acting Speaker presiding over the constitutive session, before the Speaker is elected.

• 2001: Zaharije Trnavčević — Democratic Party
• 2004: Velimir Simonović — Democratic Party of Serbia
• 2007: Borka Vučić — Socialist Party of Serbia
• 2008: Jovan Krkobabić — Party of United Pensioners of Serbia
• 2012: Zaharije Trnavčević — Rich Serbia
• 2014: Milan Korać — Party of United Pensioners of Serbia
• 2016: Dragoljub Mićunović — Democratic Party
• 2020: Smilja Tišma — Independent
• 2022: Vladeta Janković — Independent
• 2024: Stojan Radenović — Independent

Until his death on 23 March 2015, former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew was the longest-serving Member of Parliament (Tanjong Pagar) and thus the Father of the House.^[17] As of April 2015^[update], emeritus Senior Minister and former pm Goh Chok Tong later became Father of the House, as the longest-serving MP (Marine Parade).^[17] Upon Goh's retirement in 2020, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong is Father of the House having served since 1984.

In Sweden the Riksdagsordningen law states that the member of the Riksdag who has held their elected seat for the longest shall be the Ålderspresident, which translates to President by age. The Ålderspresident acts as speaker of the Riksdag after each election, before the Speaker of the Riksdag has been elected. The Ålderspresident also acts as speaker in case of hindrance on behalf of the Speaker and all three Deputy Speakers.

Members of the Riksdag who has held the position of Ålderspresident since the abolition of bicameralism:

• Tage Erlander (first elected 1932) 1971–1973
• Torsten Nilsson (first elected 1941) 1973–1976
• Henry Allard (first elected 1945) 1976–1979
• Gunnar Sträng (first elected 1946) 1979–1985
• Ingemund Bengtsson (first elected 1951) 1985–1988
• Stig Alemyr (first elected 1957) 1988–1994
• Ingvar Carlsson (first elected 1965) 1994–1996
• Börje Nilsson (first elected 1965) 1996–1998
• Jan Bergqvist (first elected 1969) 1998–2002
• Anders Björck (first elected 1969) 2002–2003
• Bo Lundgren (first elected 1976) 2003–2004
• Lennart Nilsson (first elected 1976) 2004–2006
• Per Westerberg (first elected 1979) 2006–2014
• Göran Hägglund (first elected 1991) 2014–2015
• Krister Örnfjäder (first elected 1993) 2015–2018
• Beatrice Ask (first elected 1988) 2018–2019
• Tuve Skånberg (first elected 1991) 2020–2022
• Carina Ohlsson (first elected 1998) 2022
• Karin Enström (first elected 1998) 2022
• Tomas Eneroth (first elected 1994) 2022–present

In the United States, the title "Father" of the House (although used for about a century starting in 1816)^[18] does not exist, but in the lower house, the House of Representatives the position known as Dean of the House is almost exactly the same position—that is, it is a largely ceremonial position bestowed on the member with the longest continuous service. Less similar is the position in the Senate (the upper house) known as President Pro Tempore, the holder of which has since 1945 gained the position through seniority, but who also must be a member of the party holding a majority in the Senate.

Since March 2022, with the death of Don Young, the Dean of the House has been Hal Rogers, who was elected to the House of Representatives in 1980 and began serving in 1981.

• Oldest Member (European Parliament)
• Baby of the House
• Dean of the House (Canada)
• Dean of the U.S. House of Representatives
• Father of the Dáil
• List of longest-serving members of the Australian House of Representatives
• President pro tempore of the United States Senate
• Senior Marshal (Poland)