Multivalued function

In mathematics, a multivalued function, also called multifunction, many-valued function, set-valued function, is similar to a function, but may associate several values to each input. More precisely, a multivalued function from a domain $X$ to a codomain $Y$ associates each $x$ in $X$ to one or more values $y$ in $Y$ ; it is thus a serial binary relation.^{[citation needed]} Some authors allow a multivalued function to have no value for some inputs (in this case a multivalued function is simply a binary relation).^{[citation needed]}

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2020)

Function
$x \mapsto f (x)$
Examples of domains and codomains
$X$ → $\mathbb {B}$ , $\mathbb {B}$ → $X$ , $\mathbb {B} ^{n}$ → $X$ $X$ → $\mathbb {Z}$ , $\mathbb {Z}$ → $X$ $X$ → $\mathbb {R}$ , $\mathbb {R}$ → $X$ , $\mathbb {R} ^{n}$ → $X$ $X$ → $\mathbb {C}$ , $\mathbb {C}$ → $X$ , $\mathbb {C} ^{n}$ → $X$
Classes/properties
Constant Identity Linear Polynomial Rational Algebraic Analytic Smooth Continuous Measurable Injective Surjective Bijective
Constructions
Restriction Composition λ Inverse
Generalizations
Partial Multivalued Implicit
v t e

However, in some contexts such as in complex analysis (X = Y = C), authors prefer to mimic function theory as they extend concepts of the ordinary (single-valued) functions. In this context, an ordinary function is often called a single-valued function to avoid confusion.

The term multivalued function originated in complex analysis, from analytic continuation. It often occurs that one knows the value of a complex analytic function $f(z)$ in some neighbourhood of a point $z=a$ . This is the case for functions defined by the implicit function theorem or by a Taylor series around $z=a$ . In such a situation, one may extend the domain of the single-valued function $f(z)$ along curves in the complex plane starting at $a$ . In doing so, one finds that the value of the extended function at a point $z=b$ depends on the chosen curve from $a$ to $b$ ; since none of the new values is more natural than the others, all of them are incorporated into a multivalued function.

For example, let $f(z)={\sqrt {z}}\,$ be the usual square root function on positive real numbers. One may extend its domain to a neighbourhood of $z=1$ in the complex plane, and then further along curves starting at $z=1$ , so that the values along a given curve vary continuously from ${\sqrt {1}}=1$ . Extending to negative real numbers, one gets two opposite values for the square root—for example $\pm i$ for $-1$ —depending on whether the domain has been extended through the upper or the lower half of the complex plane. This phenomenon is very frequent, occurring for $n$ th roots, logarithms, and inverse trigonometric functions.

To define a single-valued function from a complex multivalued function, one may distinguish one of the multiple values as the principal value, producing a single-valued function on the whole plane which is discontinuous along certain boundary curves. Alternatively, dealing with the multivalued function allows having something that is everywhere continuous, at the cost of possible value changes when one follows a closed path (monodromy). These problems are resolved in the theory of Riemann surfaces: to consider a multivalued function $f(z)$ as an ordinary function without discarding any values, one multiplies the domain into a many-layered covering space, a manifold which is the Riemann surface associated to $f(z)$ .

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