Raqqa militia

The exact origin of Raqqa's Muntasir Billah Brigade is unclear. One of its fighters stated that he joined the group "when the revolution began",^[5] and NOW News reported that it originated in or around Raqqa city.^[13] By early 2013, the Muntasir Billah Brigade was an Islamist-leaning Free Syrian Army militia^[14] that operated as part of the Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades and fought against government forces in Raqqa Governorate, while receiving support by Qatar.^[14][15] Though relatively small at the time,^[16] the Muntasir Billah Brigade played a significant part during the Battle of Raqqa (March 2013).^[5] Having joined the "Raqqa Liberation Front's Military and Revolutionary Council",^[17] the unit first helped other rebel groups to clear the city's outskirts of Syrian Army outposts on 3 March.^[16] Three days later, Raqqa's remaining garrison handed over the eastern entrance, and then the city's center, to the Muntasir Billah Brigade and the al-Nusra Front, mostly without offering any resistance. It remains unclear how this came to pass.^[18] In any case, capturing the city was a major success for the militia,^[5] and it subsequently took part in the siege of the nearby 17th Division base which was still held by the Syrian Army.^[18]

In July 2013, the Muntasir Billah Brigade and other FSA units in Raqqa united and formed the 11th Division in an attempt to counterbalance the rising power of various Jihadist groups such as the al-Nusra Front, Ahrar al-Sham, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.^[18] As time went on, however, ISIL began to eclipse the other groups in power, so that fighters of the Muntasir Billah Brigade started to defect to the Islamic State.^[5] In September 2013, the Muntasir Billah Brigade joined the al-Nusra Front in an attempt to halt its decline.^[18][19][20] At the time, the militia claimed to consist of 15 battalions.^[3] In October, the group fought in Tabqa against government holdouts.^[21] After ISIL suppressed the al-Nusra Front in its territory, the Muntasir Billah Brigade lost its protector,^[19][20] and consequently chose to join ISIL in December 2013.^[15]

Aleppo militia

It is unclear how and to what extent Raqqa's Muntasir Billah Brigade is related to the militia of the same name that appeared in Aleppo after the former's submission to ISIL. Firas Paşa, leader of Aleppo's Muntasir Billah Brigade, stated in a 2017 interview with TRT World that his militia was founded by Turkmen and Arab natives of Aleppo city in 2013,^[4] while NOW News reported that Firas' group "has its origins in Raqqa".^[13] Regardless of its origin, the Muntasir Billah Brigade of Firas Paşa was fighting for the Syrian opposition in the Battle for Aleppo by January 2014, and consisted mostly of Turkmens at the time.^[6] In October 2015, the militia was among the rebel groups that attacked the YPG-held Sheikh Maqsood district of Aleppo, accusing the YPG of aiding the government and attacking Turkmen villages.^[23]

By early 2016, the Muntasir Billah Brigade was still rather small, counting just 350 fighters, but its leader had gained some prominence in Turkey. Paşa "regularly" appeared in Turkish television at the time, talking about the situation of the Turkmens in Syria and attempting to garner support for his group. Meanwhile, the Muntasir Billah Brigade suffered from heavy Russian airstrikes, causing Paşa to argue that "if there were no Russian planes, there would be no Assad today".^[2][24] The militia joined the "Army of Aleppo" rebel coalition in February, and subsequently took part in unsuccessfully resisting a large Russian-backed offensive by government forces as well as the Syrian Democratic Forces in the northern Aleppo countryside.^[13] The Muntasir Billah Brigade also fought in the Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016) against ISIL, this time as part of the Army of Conquest.^[25] On 20 June 2016, the militia took part in a prisoner exchange with Liwa al-Quds, a pro-government militia.^[26]

Like several other Turkmen FSA units, the Muntasir Billah Brigade moved at least part of its forces from Aleppo city to support the Turkish-led Operation Euphrates Shield in November 2016. This further weakened the last rebel resistance in the city, which was fully retaken by government forces in the following December. A senior official of the Muntasir Billah Brigade justified the retreat by arguing that the rebel defeat in Aleppo had become inevitable anyway.^[27] The group arrested three Syrian Army soldiers near al-Bab in May 2017, reportedly to prevent them from looting a village.^[28] In early 2018, the militia took part in Operation Olive Branch which resulted in the conquest of Afrin Canton from the SDF.^[29][30] After the capture of Afrin city, the Muntasir Billah Brigade distributed 300 tons of sugar among the local populace. The group claimed that the sugar had been captured from the "black market storage room of the PYD" and this proved that "the Turkish army and the Free Syrian Army, have come here [Afrin] to put an end to [the PYD's] oppression".^[31] On the other side, the pro-PYD Hawar News Agency accused the unit and allied groups of looting antiquities in the Mobata district.^[32]

By 2020, the Muntasir Billah Brigade was one of several Syrian National Army groups which still controlled Afrin and the surrounding countryside.^[9] According to the Syrians for Truth and Justice group, the Muntasir Billah Brigade was involved in an arbitrary arrest of a civilian in Rajo in March 2020, followed by demands of ransom.^[11]