Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346 (1911),^[1] was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court delineated the authority of United States federal courts to hear certain kinds of cases under the Case or Controversy Clause of the United States Constitution.

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. (December 2019)

Quick Facts Muskrat v. United States, Argued November 30, 1910 Decided January 23, 1911 ...

Muskrat v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued November 30, 1910 Decided January 23, 1911
Full case name	David Muskrat and J. Henry Dick v. United States
Citations	219 U.S. 346 (more) 31 S. Ct. 250; 55 L. Ed. 246; 1911 U.S. LEXIS 1641
Case history
Prior	Dismissed, 44 Ct. Cl. 137 (1909)
Subsequent	None
Holding
Article III of the Constitution limits the jurisdiction of the Court to actual controversies between adverse parties; there is no controversy or adversity where an interested party colludes with a disinterested party to bring the suit solely for the purpose of determining the constitutionality of a particular act of Congress. Court of Claims affirmed.
Court membership
Chief Justice Edward D. White Associate Justices John M. Harlan · Joseph McKenna Oliver W. Holmes Jr. · William R. Day Horace H. Lurton · Charles E. Hughes Willis Van Devanter · Joseph R. Lamar
Case opinion
Majority	Day, joined by unanimous
Laws applied
U.S. Const. art. III

Close

In this case, Congress passed a statute permitting certain Native Americans to bring suits against the United States to determine the constitutionality of a law allocating tribal lands, and providing that Counsel for both sides were to be paid from the United States Treasury. Several cases were brought pursuant to this statute, including suits brought by David Muskrat and J. Henry Dick opposing the partition of Indian lands, and by another pair, William Brown and Levi B. Gritts, opposing a prohibition against the sale of certain Indian lands.

The United States Supreme Court refused to allow the case to be heard, maintaining that, though the United States was named as a defendant, the case in question was not an actual controversy: rather, the statute was merely devised to test the constitutionality of a certain type of legislation, and the Court's ruling would be nothing more than an advisory opinion; therefore, it dismissed the suit for failing to present a "case or controversy", as required by Article III of the United States Constitution.

Although this decision remains as valid case law, its effective precedent has been diminished by the Supreme Court's approval of the declaratory judgment act, which permits a party to seek a declaration of rights against another party, even where no affirmative relief (e.g. damages or an injunction) is being sought. In a declaratory judgment action, if under the facts as proved, there is some possibility of a future need for relief as among the parties, a declaratory judgment may be entered.

• List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 219
• Hayburn's Case, 2 U.S. 409 (1792)