Origins

The system originated in the construction during 1962–3 of the 200-mile (320 km) high-pressure methane pipeline from Canvey Island (on the Essex coast) to Leeds.^[2] Imported liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Algeria was turned into gas at the Canvey terminal and supplied to the pipeline, providing eight of the twelve area gas boards with access to natural gas.^[3] The gas was initially used to manufacture town gas, either as a feedstock in gas reforming processes or to enrich lean gases such as that produced by the Lurgi coal gasification process.

The pipeline was 18-inch (460 mm) in diameter and operated at 1,000 pounds per square inch (69 bar). The pipeline had 150 miles (240 km) of spur lines, supplying gas to area boards.^[4]

The Gas Council was responsible for this £10 million co-operative scheme and the construction details were a joint effort of the distribution engineers of the area boards.

LNG had first been imported to Canvey from Louisiana in February 1959, and piped to Romford gasworks as feedstock to a reforming plant.^[5]

UK natural gas

Natural gas was discovered on the UK continental shelf in 1965 and production started in 1967.^[6] The development of offshore natural gas fields is shown in the following table. Shore terminals were built to receive, process, blend and distribute the gas.

With the assured availability of natural gas, a government white paper on fuel policy^[7][8] in November 1967 proposed that natural gas should be immediately and more extensively exploited. The Gas Council and area boards began a ten-year programme to convert all users and appliances to operate on natural gas and consequently to discontinue the manufacture of town gas at local gasworks. In a pilot scheme, users on Canvey Island had been converted to natural gas in 1966.^[9]

Building the NTS

To exploit the availability of natural gas and to provide for more widespread distribution, construction began of a major new transmission network which became the National Transmission System.^[10]

Growth of the NTS

The NTS was extended from Leeds to Newcastle upon Tyne in early 1969.^[14] This line was extended to Coldstream in spring 1970 and then to Glenmavis, near Coatbridge, Lanarkshire.

The Wales Gas Board received natural gas supplies in 1969 through a 24-inch line from Churchover (Rugby) to Swansea via Wormington (an extension to Feeder No. 2). North Wales was also connected in 1969 via a 24-inch/18-inch pipeline from Audley Cheshire to Maelor near Wrexham (an extension to Feeder No. 4).^[14]

The South Western Gas Board received natural gas at the end of 1970 from a 24-inch/20-inch pipeline from Wormington to Exeter (Feeder No. 14).^[14]

A 30-inch/24-inch extension of Feeder No. 3 runs to the west of London via Slough to Mogador, Surrey, and was commissioned in 1970. An extension of Feeder No. 5 runs from Horndon-on-the Hill, crosses the Thames at Tilbury and runs via Shorne to connect to Mogador, completing the South London ring main which became operational in early 1972.^[14]

In addition to these distribution pipelines, in 1971 the area boards began to supply natural gas directly to major consumers. For example, a 24-inch 17 mile 'spine' pipeline was constructed to ICI Ltd at Billingham (designated as part of Feeder No. 6), and the West Midlands Gas Board laid six similar 'spine' mains into industrial districts of Birmingham and the Black Country.^[14]

Most of the NTS was built from the late 1960s to the early 1980s.^[16]

Later (post-1983) feeder mains not described above include:^[17]

The NTS now comprises over 7,600 km of welded steel gas pipelines. The Canvey to Leeds line is no longer part of the NTS.

LNG storage sites

In addition to the Canvey Island Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) import terminal, further LNG storage sites were constructed from the late 1960s.^[18] These were peak-shaving facilities used to support the NTS at times of high demand, and to ensure security of gas supplies at strategic locations. When demand was high, liquefied natural gas was pumped from storage tanks, heated in vapourisers to a gaseous state and delivered into the NTS. When demand was low, gas was withdrawn from the NTS and liquefied by cryogenic cooling to minus 162 °C to replenish the storage tanks.

High-pressure gas storage

In addition to LNG storage for peak-shaving, several sites had storage facilities for high pressure gas that could be released into, and pressurised from, the NTS. The following sites were operational by 1972.^[27]

• Isle of Grain, Kent: six 'bullets', 12 ft (3.6 m) diameter, 250 ft (76.2 m) long, capacity 8 million cubic feet (226,000 m³) of gas, operating at up to 1,000 psi (69 bar).
• Beckton gasworks, East London: eight 'bullets', 13.5 ft (4.1 m) diameter, 263 ft (80.1 m) long, capacity 5 million cubic feet (142,000 m³) of gas, pressure cycle 350-100 psi (24-6.9 bar).
• South Western Gas Board, for Bristol and Cheltenham: eleven 'bullets', 13 ft 6 in (4.1 m) diameter, 311 ft 8 in (95 m) long, total capacity 13 million cubic feet (368,000 m³), pressure cycle 450-40 psi (31-2.76 bar).
• Biggin Hill, Kent: seventeen, 42-inch (1.07 m) diameter buried pipes, 1,040 ft (317 m) long, capacity 10 million cubic feet (283,000 m³), operating up to 1,000 psi (69 bar).

Entry

Gas currently enters the NTS from a number of sources:

• Offshore oil and gas fields on the UK continental shelf. These deliver gas via five (formerly six) UK coastal gas terminals (five in England: CATS Teesside; Easington/Dimlington; Bacton; Rampside Barrow and the former Theddlethorpe terminal; and one in Scotland: St Fergus). Gas from the Liverpool Bay (Douglas) field formerly entered the NTS at Burton Point terminal in Cheshire; this terminal is now identified by National Grid as a NTS offtake to Connah's Quay power station.
• Onshore gas fields such as Saltfleetby, Lincolnshire (production was via the former Theddlethorpe terminal); and Wytch Farm, Dorset.
• Continental Europe. From Norway via the Langeled pipeline and the Easington terminal; from the Netherlands via the BBL pipeline; from Belgium via the Interconnector UK pipeline, both of the latter through Bacton gas terminal.
• Imported LNG. Gas is delivered from import terminals at the Isle of Grain and Milford Haven (South Hook and Dragon). The Canvey Island gas terminal ceased importing LNG in 1984.^[20]
• Storage facilities. These include a mixture of salt cavity storage, onshore LNG storage sites, and formerly the depleted onshore gas field at Rough (via Easington terminal). The onshore storage facilities are listed below. The NTS was formerly supplied by the following decommissioned LNG sites: Ambergate, Derbyshire (closed 1985); Dynevor Arms, Merthyr Tydfil (closed 2009); Glenmavis, Lanarkshire (closed 2012); Partington, Greater Manchester (closed 2012); and Avonmouth, Bristol (closed April 2016).^[26]

Gas specification and composition

The specification of gas transported within the NTS is typically within the following parameters (revised April 2023).^{[29][30][31][32]}

Parameters marked * are specified in the Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996.^[30]

The composition of natural gas in the NTS in 1979 was typically as shown below.^[33] The decline of supply from the UK continental shelf since 2000^[34] and the sharp increase in LNG imports during the 2021 natural gas supplier crisis have made the composition more variable, though still within the calorific value limits.

Natural gas storage

Gas storage is used to manage seasonal and short-term variations in the supply and demand of gas in the UK. Facilities include salt caverns and onshore LNG storage sites (see above). Since 1985, gas has been stored offshore in the depleted Rough gas field, which initially held nine days' supply and was the UK's largest store.^[35] This facility, owned by Centrica, was closed in 2017 due to maintenance costs^[35] but about 20% of its capacity was reopened in October 2022.^[36]

The operational onshore gas storage facilities in Britain are as follows.^[37][38][39]

The salt cavity storage facility at Hornsea, East Yorkshire comprises seven cavities at a depth of 6000' (1800 metres), which each store up to 60 million m³ (80 million cu. yd.) of gas at a maximum pressure of 240 bar (3500 psi). The releasable volume of gas is about half of the gross volume. During periods of low demand, gas is compressed into the cavities by electrically driven compressors and fed back onto the NTS at times of peak demand.^[21]

Salt cavern storage facilities at Stublach were created by drilling 20" (50 cm) diameter holes through 1000' (300 metres) of rock and 820' (250 metres) of salt. This was followed by inserting metal tubes into the holes and filling the annulus with cement to create a leak-tight seal. Water was injected into the wells to dissolve the salt and create brine which was supplied to local industry for the production of bulk chemicals, such as soda ash and chlorine. The caverns created are about 300' (90 metres) in diameter and 260' (80 metres) tall (each has a volume of 339,300 m³; 443,800 cu. yd.) and are used to hold compressed gas. Stublach is the largest gas storage facility in the UK, containing up to 450 million cubic metres (590 million cubic yards) of gas.^[39]

Compressor stations

There are 25 (mostly gas turbine driven) compressor stations and over 25 pressure regulators. Gas moves through the NTS at speeds up to 25 mph (40 km/h), depending on pressures and pipeline diameters. Compressor stations generally operate at a pressure ratio of 1:1.4 – a balance between maintaining pressure and hence flow, and the capital and running cost of the compressors. It also ensures that the temperature rise across the compressors is not high enough to require after-coolers to prevent damage to the pipeline protective coatings. On the pipelines from St Fergus, compressor stations are provided at 40 mile (65 km) intervals; each compresses the gas from about 48 bar (700 psi) at 5 °C (41°F) to 65 bar (950 psi) at 45 °C (113°F).^[40]

Compressor stations include:

• England – Wooler, Bishop Auckland, Carnforth, Nether Kellett, Warrington, Hatton, Alrewas, Wisbech, King's Lynn, Peterborough, Churchover, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Diss, Chelmsford, Aylesbury, Lockerley and Wormington.
• Scotland – Aberdeen, Avonbridge, Kirriemuir, Moffat and St Fergus.

Offtakes

Offtakes from the NTS include those supplying industrial users, local distribution networks, storage sites and export pipelines.

• To about 71 large users such power stations and industry, either on multi-business sites such as Billingham and Runcorn or to individual companies such as INEOS Teesside.
• To inland storage sites (see 'Entry') and formerly to the offshore Rough field storage site via the Easington gas terminal.
• To the Irish interconnectors; the 24-inch 85 mile (135 km) Scotland-Northern Ireland Pipeline (SNIP) to Ballylumford, Northern Ireland, and the two 24-inch UK-Ireland Interconnectors to Dublin, both via an NTS offtake at Moffat, Scotland.
• Gas can be exported to Belgium and the Netherlands via the Interconnector UK and the BBL pipelines, both via the Bacton terminal.
• To the Gas Distribution Network of Local Distribution Zones, as follows:^[41]

Gas distribution network

Companies that own part of this gas network, also known as the Local Transmission System (LTS), are known as gas transporters. Gas enters this network via the NTS through a pressure reduction station to the twelve gas distribution zones in Great Britain within eight distribution networks. The network covers 275,000 km (171,000 mi). The LTS is managed from Hinckley, Leicestershire (former headquarters of the NTS). Financial transactions between gas transporters are managed by Xoserve, based in Solihull, which was a department of National Grid before it became an independent company.

For retail distribution, Cadent owns the network in North West England, the West Midlands, the East Midlands, the East of England and North London. In the North of England, local distribution is owned by Northern Gas Networks; in the Wales and West by Wales and West Utilities; and in Southern England and Scotland by SGN.