Nemegt_Formation

Nemegt Formation
Nemegt Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian; ~70 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Nemegt, the type locality of the Nemegt Formation
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Lower, Middle and Upper units
Underlies	Alluvium
Overlies	Barun Goyot Formation
Thickness	Over 235 m (771 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Shale, sandstone
Other	Mudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	43.5°N 101.0°E
Approximate paleocoordinates	40.8°N 90.2°E
Region	Bayankhongor Aimag, Omnogov, Ovorkhangai
Country	Mongolia
Extent	Gobi Desert
	; Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia. Nemegt localities at area A.

Nemegt Formation

Geological formation in Mongolia

The Nemegt Formation (also known as Nemegtskaya Svita) is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.

Quick Facts Type, Sub-units ...

Paleobiota of the Nemegt Formation

Stratigraphic positions are based on Eberth (2018) who correlated localities to their approximate position within the formation.^[3]

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Invertebrates

More information Genus, Species ...

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Altanicypris	A. bispinifera	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Complete carapace and left valve."^[14]	An ostracod.
	A. multispina	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Nine carapaces and some detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
	A. szczechurae	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Multiple carapaces and detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Candona	C. altanulaensis	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Candona	cf. C. fabaeformis	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Several carapaces and detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Candoniella	C. altanica	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Candoniella	C. mordvilkoi	Altan Uul IV	Lower	"Three adult carapaces."^[15]	An ostracod.
Cyclocypris	C. transitoria	Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Seven adult carapaces."^[14]	An ostracod.
Cypria	C. elata	Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav		"Several carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Cypridopsis?	C. bugintsavicus	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu		"Ten adult carapaces."^[14]	An ostracod.
Cypridopsis?	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Several complete carapaces."^[14]	An ostracod.
Cypris?	C. ectypa	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Ulan Bulag		"Complete carapaces and some detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Cypridea	cf. C. punctilataeformis	Nemegt		"One adult carapace."^[15]	An ostracod.
	C. barsboldi	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
	C. cavernosa	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav		"Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
	C. rostrata	Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav		"Caparaces."^[15]	An ostracod.
	Indeterminate	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Five juvenile carapaces."^[14]	An ostracod.
Gobiella	G. prima	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Several carapaces and detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Khandia	K. stankevitchae	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Multiple carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Leiria	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Several detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Leiria	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Complete carapace."^[14]	An ostracod.
Limnocythere sp.	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Juvenile carapace."^[14]	An ostracod.
Lycopterocypris?	cf. L. profunda	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Multiple complete carapaces and left valve."^[14]	An ostracod.
Mongolianella	M. palmosa?	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Several adult carapaces."^[14]	An ostracod.
Mongolocypris	M. distributa	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu		"Multiple specimens with complete carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Nemegtia	N. biformata	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu		"Multiple complete carapaces and several detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
	N. obliquecostae	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Multiple carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
	N. reticulata	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu		"Several carapaces and detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Paracypridea?	P. mongolica	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Multiple carapaces and detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Rhinocypris sp.	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Several carapaces."^[14]	An ostracod.
Scabriculocypris	S. ingenicus?	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Naran Bulag, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu		"Multiple carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Scabriculocypris	S. rasilis?	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Several carapaces and detached valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
Timiriasevia	cf. T. miaogouensis	Altan Uul IV, Nemegt	Lower	"Seven valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
	cf. T. opinabilis	Altan Uul IV	Lower	"Adult carapace."^[15]	An ostracod.
	T. minuscula	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Multiple specimens with carapaces and valves."^[14]	An ostracod.
	T. naranbulakensis	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Four carapaces and one right valve."^[14]	An ostracod.
Ziziphocypris	Z. costata	Altan Uul IV, Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Fourteen carapaces."^[14]	An ostracod.

Dinosaurs

Ornithiscians

Theropods

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Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Harenaichthys	H. lui	Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Ulan Khushu	"Partial skull parts, isolated and articulated centra, and articulated caudal fin."^[8]	An osteoglossomorph. Includes previously reported material.^[9]^[8]
Hiodontidae indet.	Indeterminate	Ulan Khushu	"Partial vertebrae and premaxilla."^[9]	A mooneye.
Teleostei indet.	Indeterminate	Not specified.	"Vertebral centra found within a specimen of Raptorex."^[9]	A teleost.
Osteichthyes indet.	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav	"Vertebrae and scales found within a specimen of Deinocheirus''."^[10]	A bony fish.

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Araucariaceae indet.	Indeterminate	Altan Uul II, Nemegt	"Petrified wood and trunks."^[11]^[2]	An araucarian.
Monilitheca	M. minuta	Ulaan Bulag	"Two isolated megasporophylls and megaspore casts."^[12]	A sporophyll related to quillworts.
Lemnaceae indet.	Indeterminate	Tsagan Khushu, Ulaan Bulag	"Fruits."^[13]	Duckweed.
Potamogeton-like indet.	Indeterminate	Ulaan Bulag	"Shoots and leaves."^[13]	Pondweed.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Gobiapalone	G. breviplastra	Alak Shand Khuduk, Altan Uul I, Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Nemegt, Ulan Khushu		"Shell and body elements from multiple specimens."^[18]	A trionychid.
Gravemys	G. barsboldi	Bamba Khuduk, Hermiin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur, Tsagan Khushu		"Partial to complete shells."^[19]^[20]	A lindholmemydid.
Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.	Indeterminate	Hermiin Tsav II	Lower	"Shell fragment."^[21]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
	Indeterminate	Khuren Tsav		"Damaged shell."^[21]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Partial plastron."^[21]	A nanhsiungchelyid.
Mongolemys	M. elegans	Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Tsagan Khushu		"Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."^[22]^[23]	A lindholmemydid.
Mongolochelys	M. efremovi	Altan Uul II, Altan Uul III, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu		"Skull, shell and body elements from multiple specimens."^[24]^[25]	A sichuanchelyid.
Nemegtemys	N. conflata	Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt		"Partial plastron elements."^[18]	A trionychid.
"Trionyx"	"T". gilbentuensis	Gilbentu		"Fragmentary shell."^[18]	A trionychid.
"Trionyx"	"T". gobiensis	Altan Uul III, Bamba Khuduk, Nemegt, Tsagan Khushu		"Fragmentary shell and carapace fragments."^[18]	A trionychid.
Trionychidae indet.	Indeterminate	Bamba Khuduk, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ingeni Khobur		"Shell and body remains."^[18]	A trionychid. Originally identified as Amyda menneri.^[18]

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
"Dyoplosaurus"^[26]	"D". giganteus^[26]	Nemegt	Lower	A series of caudal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, osteoderms, and an undescribed partial tail club.^[27]	An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium.
Saichania^[28]	S. chulsanensis^[28]	Altan Uul IV	Lower	Partial vertebrae, tail club, and osteoderms.^[29]	An ankylosaurid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Tarchia^[28]	T. teresae^[29]	Altan Uul IV, Hermiin Tsav I	Lower	A skull, mandibles, vertebrae, tail club, and other undescribed postcranial material.^[29]	An ankylosaurid.
Tarchia^[28]	T. tumanovae^[30]	Hermiin Tsav	Lower^[3]	"Partial skeleton with complete skull."^[30]	An ankylosaurid.
Tetrapodosaurus-like indet.	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav, Shar Tsav		"Footprint casts."^[31]	Ankylosaurid tracks.
Ankylosauridae indet.	Indeterminate	Altan Uul II-III-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav I, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt		A partial dentary, caudal vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges, pedal phalanx, humeri, partial pelvis, tail clubs, cervical half-rings, osteoderms, skin impressions, and undescribed juveniles and partial skeletons.^[27]	Cranial and postcranial material representing numerous individuals of different ages.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Amblydactylus-like indet.	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II, Guriliin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil		"Footprint casts."^[31]	Three-toed hadrosaurs tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Barsboldia^[32]	B. sicinskii^[32]	Nemegt	Lower^[3]	"Partial vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs."^[32]^[33]	A hadrosaurid.
Hadropodus	Indeterminate	Nemegt		"Numerous footprints."^[34]	Hadrosaurid tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.
Saurolophus^[35]	S. angustirostris^[36]	Presence in most localities^[37]		"Multiple specimens, including articulated skulls, postcranial skeletons and mass death assemblage."^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]	A saurolophine hadrosaurid which was the most common hadrosaur in the area.^[42]
Unnamed ichnotaxon	Indeterminate	Nemegt		"Numerous footprint casts with trackways."^[43]	Hand and feet hadrosaur tracks. Attributed to Saurolophus.

Nemegt_Formation

Nemegt Formation

Description

Stratigraphy

Paleobiota of the Nemegt Formation

Amphibians

Crocodylomorphs

Fish

Flora

Invertebrates

Mammals

Pterosaurs

Turtles

Dinosaurs

Ornithiscians

Ankylosaurs

Hadrosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs

Sauropods

Theropods

Alvarezsaurs

Birds

Dromaeosaurs

Ornithomimosaurs

Oviraptorosaurs

Therizinosaurs

Troodontids

Tyrannosaurs

See also

References

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Nemegt Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian ~70 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Nemegt, the type locality of the Nemegt Formation
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Lower, Middle and Upper units
Underlies	Alluvium
Overlies	Barun Goyot Formation
Thickness	Over 235 m (771 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Shale, sandstone
Other	Mudstone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	43.5°N 101.0°E / 43.5; 101.0
Approximate paleocoordinates	40.8°N 90.2°E / 40.8; 90.2
Region	Bayankhongor Aimag, Omnogov, Ovorkhangai
Country	Mongolia
Extent	Gobi Desert
Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia. Nemegt localities at area A.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Image
Buginbaatar^[16]	B. transaltaiensis^[16]	Bügiin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Fragmentary skull."^[16]	A multituberculate.
"Gurlin Tsav skull"	Indeterminate		Middle or	Partial skull	A mysterious metatherian, possibly a sparassodont.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Homalocephale^[44]	H. calathocercos^[44]	Nemegt	Lower^[3]	"Partial skull and skeleton including hindlimbs."^[44]	A pachycephalosaurid.
Prenocephale^[44]	P. prenes^[44]	Guriliin Tsav, Nemegt	Lower^[3] Middle or Upper	"Complete skull and partial postcranium of several specimens."^[44]^[45]	A pachycephalosaurid.
	P. sp.^[45]	Tsagan Khushu, Nemegt	Lower^[3]	"complete left squamosal"; large skull
	Indeterminate	Bugiin Tsav	Middle or Upper^[3]	"incomplete frontoparietal dome and fragments of associated braincase bones"^[45]

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Brontopodus	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Large footprint and several four-toed tracks."^[46]^[34]	Sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.
Brontopodus-like indet.	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav, Yagaan Khovil		"Footprint casts."^[31]	Sauropod tracks.
Nemegtosaurus^[47]	N. mongoliensis^[47]	Nemegt	Lower	"Skulls and body remains from several specimens."^[48]^[49]^[50]	A titanosaur.
Opisthocoelicaudia^[51]	O. skarzynskii^[51]	Altan Uul IV	Lower	"Nearly complete skeleton without the skull and cervical series."^[49]	A titanosaur.
Undescribed sauropods	Indeterminate	Altan Uul I-II-II-IV, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Hermiin Tsav, Khamaryn Khural, Khuree Tsav, Nemegt, Nogon Tsav, Tsagan Khushu, Ulan Khushu		"Several fragmentary remains."^[49]	Sauropod remains that may represent already named taxa.
Unnamed ichnotaxon	Indeterminate	Nemegt		"Footprint casts with skin impressions."^[43]	Four-toed sauropod tracks. Attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Mononykus^[52]	M. olecranus^[52]	Bügiin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Fragmentary skull, vertebrae, limbs and fragmented pelvis."^[53]	An alvarezsaurid.
Mononykus^[52]	Indeterminate	Altan Uul III		"Caudal vertebrae and left hindlimb."^[54]	An alvarezsaurid.
Nemegtonykus^[54]	N. citus^[54]	Altan Uul III		"Partially complete skeleton from two specimens lacking the skull."^[54]	An alvarezsaurid.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Brodavis^[55]	B. mongoliensis^[55]	Bügiin Tsav		"Nearly complete left tarsometatarsus."^[55]	A hesperornithine.
Gurilynia^[56]	G. nessovi^[56]	Guriliin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Left coracoid and partial humerii."^[56]	An enantiornithine.
Judinornis^[57]	J. nogontsavensis^[57]	Nogon Tsav		"Dorsal vertebra."^[57]	A hesperornithine.
Laevisoolithus^[58]	L. sochavai			"Whole egg with partly broken pole"^[58]	Laid by a bird or small theropod.^[58]
Subtiliolithus^[58]	S. microtuberculatus^[58]			"Eggshell fragments"^[58]
Teviornis^[59]	T. gobiensis^[59]	Guriliin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Partial forelimbs."^[59]	An anseriform.
Unnamed ornithurans	Indeterminate	Tsagan Khushu		"A humerus and two tibiotarsi."^[60]	Ornithuran remains.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Adasaurus^[61]	A. mongoliensis^[61]	Bügiin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Partial skull and fragmentary postcrania from two specimens."^[62]	A dromaeosaurid.
Dromaeosauridae indet.	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Cervical vertebra."^[63]	A dromaeosaurid.
	Indeterminate	Hermiin Tsav	Lower	"Dorsal vertebra."^[64]	A dromaeosaurid.
	Indeterminate	Khaichin I		"Three teeth."^[65]	A dromaeosaurid.
	Indeterminate	Nemegt	Lower	"Dorsal vertebra and other elements."^[64]^[66]	A dromaeosaurid.
Indeterminate	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav		"Footprints with poor claw marks."^[67]	Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Anserimimus^[68]	A. planinychus^[68]	Bügiin Tsav	Middle or Upper^[3]	"Partial skeleton lacking the skull."^[68]^[69]	An ornithomimid.
Deinocheirus^[70]	D. mirificus^[70]	Altan Uul III-IV, Bügiin Tsav	Lower Middle or Upper^[3]	"Complete skull with virtually complete postcranial remains from three specimens."^[10]	A giant deinocheirid.
Gallimimus^[71]	G. bullatus^[71]	Presence in most localities^[72]		"Multiple specimens with nearly complete skull and postcranial elements."^[72]^[73]	An ornithomimid.
Indeterminate	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav		"Nine trackways including an articulated Gallimimus foot."^[67]	Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to ornithomimids.
Unnamed ornithomimid^[74]	Indeterminate	Tsagan Khushu		"Partial vertebral column with fore and hindlimbs."^[74]^[72]	An ornithomimid.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Avimimus^[75]	A. portentosus^[75]	Shar Tsav		"Skull roof with fragmentary body elements."^[76]	An avimimid. Also present in the Djadokhta Formation.
Avimimus^[75]	A. nemegtensis^[76]	Nemegt	Lower^[3]	"Fragmented skull with partial skeleton."^[76]	An avimimid.
Conchoraptor	C. gracilis	Guriliin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Skull and a flock of articulated individuals."^[77]	An oviraptorid. Also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Elmisaurus^[78]	E. rarus^[78]	Altan Uul II, Nemegt	Lower Middle or Upper	"Fragmentary skull and partially skeletons from several specimens."^[76]^[79]	A caenagnathid.
Elongatoolithidae indet.	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav		"Three eggs containing embryonic remains."^[80]	Oviraptorid eggs.
Gobiraptor^[81]	G. minutus^[81]	Altan Uul III		"Partial crania with complete lower jaws and fragmented postcrania."^[81]	An oviraptorid.
Indeterminate	Indeterminate	Hermiin Tsav, Shar Tsav, Yagaan Khovil		"Footprint casts."^[31]	Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Avimimus.
Nemegtomaia^[82]	N. barsboldi^[82]	Nemegt	Lower	"Multiple specimens including a nesting specimen and eggs."^[83]	An oviraptorid also present in the Barun Goyot Formation.
Nomingia^[84]	N. gobiensis^[84]	Bügiin Tsav, Nemegt	Lower Middle or Upper	"Vertebral series with partial hindlimbs and a referred pygostyle."^[76]	A caenagnathid. May be synonymous with Elmisaurus.^[79]
Oksoko^[85]	O. avarsan	Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Multiple associated skeletons."^[85]	An oviraptorid.
Rinchenia^[86]	R. mongoliensis^[86]	Altan Uul II	Middle or Upper	"Skull with nearly complete skeleton."^[76]	An oviraptorid.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Image
Therizinosaurus^[87]	T. cheloniformis^[87]	Hermiin Tsav, Nemegt	Lower^[3]	"Fore and hindlimb elements from multiple specimens."^[88]^[89]	A giant therizinosaurid.
Undescribed therizinosaurids	Indeterminate	Altan Uul, Bügiin Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Ulan Khushu		"Partial remains."^[90]	Therizinosaurid remains.

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Borogovia^[91]	B. gracilicrus^[91]	Altan Uul IV	Lower	"Partial hindlimbs."^[91]	A troodontid.
Indeterminate	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav		"Footprints with poor claw marks."^[67]	Two-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to either Adasaurus or Zanabazar.
Tochisaurus^[92]	T. nemegtensis^[92]	Nemegt	Lower	"Left metatarsus."^[92]	A troodontid.
Zanabazar^[93]	Z. junior^[94]	Bügiin Tsav	Middle or Upper	"Skull with fragmentary postcranial skeleton."^[93]	A troodontid originally identified as "Saurornithoides junior".

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Alioramus^[95]	A. remotus^[95]	Nogon Tsav		"Partially preserved skull with very sparse postcranial remains."^[95]	An alioramin.
Alioramus^[95]	A. altai^[96]	Tsagan Khushu		"Nearly complete skull with partial postcrania."^[96]	An alioramin.
Bagaraatan^[97]	B. ostromi^[97]	Nemegt	Lower^[3]	"Fragmentary lower jaw, hindlimb and caudal vertebrae."^[97]	A tyrannosauroid.
Indeterminate	Indeterminate	Bügiin Tsav, Bügiin Tsav II		"Footprint casts."^[31]	Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.
Raptorex^[98]	R. kriegsteni^[98]			"Nearly complete skeleton including the skull."^[98]	A controversial genus of tyrannosaurid that could be a juvenile Tarbosaurus.^[99]
Tarbosaurus^[100]	T. bataar^[101]	Presence in most localities^[2]		"Nearly complete skeletons from multiple specimens."^[100]^[101]^[2]	A large tyrannosaurid which was the most common large carnivore in the area.^[102]
Unnamed ichnotaxon	Indeterminate	Nemegt		"Footprint casts with skin impressions."^[43]	Three-toed theropod tracks. Attributed to Tarbosaurus.
Tyrannosauripodidae indet.	Indeterminate	Nemegt		"Five tracks."^[34]	Three-toed tyrannosaurid tracks. Attributed to either Alioramus or Tarbosaurus.