Trichonephila clavata, also known as the Joro spider (ジョロウグモ（女郎蜘蛛、上臈蜘蛛, Jorō-gumo), is a member of the Trichonephila genus. The spider can be found throughout Japan (except Hokkaidō), Korea, Taiwan, China. Due to its large size and the bright, unique colors of the female Trichonephila, the spider is well-favored in Japan.^{[citation needed]}

Quick Facts Trichonephila clavata, Conservation status ...

Trichonephila clavata
Female
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Nephilidae
Genus:	Trichonephila
Species:	T. clavata
Binomial name
Trichonephila clavata (L. Koch, 1878)[2]
Synonyms[2]
Nephila clavata L. Koch, 1878 Nephila limbata Thorell, 1898 Nephila obnubila Simon, 1906 Nephila clavatoides Schenkel, 1953 Nephila clavata cavalierei Schenkel, 1963 Argiope maja Bösenberg & Strand, 1906

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Scientists confirmed the first known occurrence of T. clavata in North America in 2014,^[3] and as of October 2022, T. clavata's range spans at least 120,000 km² (46,000 sq mi), occurring across Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee, with additional reports in Alabama, Maryland, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. Its pattern of spread suggests it is primarily driven by natural dispersal mechanisms, such as ballooning, though human-mediated transport cannot be discounted.^{[4][3][5][6][7]}

In 2019, this species was moved from the genus Nephila to Trichonephila. T. clavata's congener Trichonephila plumipes is commonly found in Australia. It also was moved from Nephila to Trichonephila, along with 10 other species.^[8]

Trichonephila clavata pass winter as eggs and scatter as tiny juveniles in the spring. The adult female's body size is 17–25 millimetres (0.67–0.98 in) while the male's is 7–10 millimetres (0.28–0.39 in).

The web of females may reach several meters in length. In sunlight, the yellow threads appear to be a rich gold color. The structure of the web seen in cross-section is unusual for an orb web; it has three layers: the central orb, plus two irregular layers in front and behind the orb.

The adult female individual has stripes of yellow and dark blue, with red toward the rear of the abdomen. In autumn, smaller males may be seen in the webs of the females for copulating. After mating, the female spins an egg sack on a tree, laying 400 to 1500 eggs in one sack. Her lifecycle ends by late autumn or early winter with the death of the spider. The next generation emerges in spring.

Although the spider is not aggressive, they will bite to protect themselves. The bite is considered painful, but not life-threatening.^[9]

Jorōgumo is a legendary creature in Japanese folklore. A Jorōgumo is a spider who can change her appearance into that of a beautiful woman. She's said to breathe fire and to be able to control other spiders.^[10] She seeks men to seduce, whom she then binds in her silk and devours.

The spider is an introduced species in northeast Georgia and northwest / upstate South Carolina in North America. They were first spotted in Hoschton, Georgia, in 2013. Since then, they have been spotted in numerous locations in northeast Georgia, including the Athens, Georgia, area, and also in Greenville, South Carolina. It is believed that the species will become naturalized. They are expected to colonize much of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States due to their relative imperviousness to the cold.^[11][12]

As of 2022, because of the relative lack of information about its ecology, their impact on their new ecosystem is unknown. They have been observed catching the brown marmorated stink bug (Halymorpha halys), an invasive species that native spiders have not been known to eat, and it has also been hoped that they may consume mosquitoes and flies, although flies, mosquitoes, and many other flying insects are consumed by native species of all sorts. Some hope that the impact of the species will be positive due to their harmless nature and consumption of primarily invasive or nuisance insects.^[12][13]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nephila clavata.

• Female in Ibaraki, Japan
• Female spider with two males in Tokyo, Japan
• Female spider found at Bukhansan National Park, Seoul, South Korea.

• Female at a military base in Aibano, Japan
• Female with a male in the background on Enoshima, Japan
• Female eating a ladybug in South Korea
• Web on electric power cable in Tanabe, Wakayama
• Female in Rikugien
• Juvenile female in Duluth, Georgia
• Joro spider found in Oconee County, South Carolina in October 2023

• Joro toxin
• Tegenaria parietina