The Netherlands competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. In partial support of the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in protest over the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan, the Dutch athletes boycotted the Opening Ceremony, and the Olympic Flag was used in place of Netherlands' national flag at medal ceremonies. 75 competitors, 57 men and 18 women, took part in 56 events in 10 sports.^[1]

The first appearance by Dutch archers in the Olympics resulted in top eight finishes for both competitors.

Men's 100 metres

• Mario Westbroek

• Heat — 10.91 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 metres

• Henk Brouwer

• Heat — 21.96 (→ did not advance)

Men's 10,000 metres

• Gerard Tebroke

• Heat — 29:05.0 (→ did not advance)

Men's Marathon

• Gerard Nijboer

• Final — 2:11:20 (→ Silver Medal)

• Cor Vriend

• Final — 2:26:41 (→ 41st place)

Men's 4x400 metres Relay

• Henk Brouwer, Mario Westbroek, Marcel Klarenbeek, and Harry Schulting

• Heat — 3:06.0 (→ did not advance)

Men's 400 m Hurdles

• Harry Schulting

• Heat — 50.01
• Semifinals — 50.61 (→ did not advance)

Women's 100 metres

• Els Vader

• Heat — 11.61
• Quarterfinals — did not finish (→ did not advance)

Women's Pentathlon

• Sylvia Barlag — 4333 points (→ 10th place)
  1. 100 metres — 14.20s
  2. Shot Put — 11.82m
  3. High Jump — 1.80m
  4. Long Jump — 6.05m
  5. 800 metres — 2:16.40

Seven cyclists represented the Netherlands in 1980.

Individual road race

• Adri van der Poel
• Jacques Hanegraaf
• Peter Winnen
• Jacques van Meer

Team time trial

• Guus Bierings
• Jacques Hanegraaf
• Theo Hogervorst
• Adri van der Poel

Sprint

• Lau Veldt

Men's 100 m Freestyle

• Cees Vervoorn

• Heats — 52,57
• Semi-Finals — 52,73 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 m Freestyle

• Peter Drost

• Heats — 1.55,41 (→ did not advance)

• Cees Jan Winkel

• Heats — 1.56,48(→ did not advance)

Men's 100 m Butterfly

• Cees Vervoorn

• Heats — 55,76
• Semi-Finals — 55,02
• Final — 55,25 (→ 4th place)

Men's 200 m Butterfly

• Cees Vervoorn

• Heats — 2.02,21
• Final — 2.02,52 (→ 6th place)

Men's 100 m Breaststroke

• Albert Boonstra

• Heats — 1.06,47 (→ did not advance)

Men's 200 m Breaststroke

• Albert Boonstra

• Heats — 2.27,21 (→ did not advance)

Men's 100 m Backstroke

• Fred Eefting

• Heats — 58,59
• Semi-Finals — 57,91
• Final — 57,95 (→ 6th place)

Men's 200 m Backstroke

• Fred Eefting

• Heats — 2.04,78
• Final — 2.03,92 (→ 5th place)

Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay

• Cees Vervoorn, Peter Drost, Cees Jan Winkel, and Fred Eefting

• Heats — 7.42,85 (→ did not advance)

Men's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay

• Fred Eefting, Albert Boonstra, Cees Vervoorn, and Cees Jan Winkel

• Heats — 3.52,33
• Final — 3.51,81 (→ 7th place)

Women's 100 m Freestyle

• Conny van Bentum

• Heats — 57,51
• Final — 57,63 (→ 5th place)

• Monique Drost

• Heats — DSQ

Women's 200 m Freestyle

• Reggie de Jong

• Heats — 2.02,66
• Final — 2.02,76 (→ 5th place)

• Annelies Maas

• Heats — 2.04,07 (→ did not advance)

Women's 400 m Freestyle

• Reggie de Jong

• Heats — 4.15,07
• Final — 4.15,98 (→ 7th place)

• Annelies Maas

• Heats — 4.13,12
• Final — 4.15,79 (→ 6th place)

Women's 800 m Freestyle

• Reggie de Jong

• Heats — 8.54,49 (→ did not advance)

Women's 100 m Butterfly

• Wilma van Velsen

• Heats — 1.03,31 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200 m Butterfly

• Wilma van Velsen

• Heats — 2.21,81 (→ did not advance)

Women's 100 m Backstroke

• Monique Bosga

• Heats — 1.04,36
• Final — 1.04,47 (→ 7th place)

• Jolanda de Rover

• Heats — 1.04,79 (→ did not advance)

Women's 200 m Backstroke

• Monique Bosga

• Heats — 2.19,21 (→ did not advance)

• Jolanda de Rover

• Heats — 2.17,12 (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay

• Conny van Bentum, Wilma van Velsen, Reggie de Jong, and Annelies Maas

• Heats — 3.51,30
• Final — 3.49,51 (→ Bronze Medal)