Nexrutine
Huang Bai
Herb in Chinese medicine
Huáng bǎi (黃栢 or 黃柏, literally "yellow cypress"), huáng bó (黃柏) or huáng bò (黃檗) is one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine. Known also as Cortex Phellodendri, it is the bark of one of two species of Phellodendron tree: Phellodendron amurense or Phellodendron chinense.
Alternate names: huáng bò, yuán bò | |
Source | |
Tree bark of the Rutaceae plants Phellodendron chinense Schneid. or Phellodendron amurense | |
Medicinal activity | |
Taste | bitter, cold |
Tropism | kidney, urinary bladder, large intestine |
Efficacy | clears and dries damp heat? (清热燥湿), flushes away fire and removes steam? (泻火除蒸), binds up poison and cures sores? (解毒疗疮) |
Uses | |
Indications | Moist heat (下焦湿热症状) |
Internal use | Pills or powder |
External use | As suitable |
Recommendations | |
Counterindications | Spleen weakness |
Manufacture | |
Harvesting | Tree bark collected March to May |
Storage | Dry and ventilated place |
Processing | Salt, alcohol, charcoal? methods |
Chinese medicine chemical ingredient | |
berberine |
For Phellodendron amurense (关黄柏, i.e. "highland Phellodendron") one of the major producing areas is Taoshan District of Heilongjiang province, though other regions of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia may also be suitable.[1] These provinces are in the far northeast of China, near the Heilong Jiang river, known in Russian as the Аму́р (Amur River), and Phellodendron amurense is commonly known as the Amur cork tree.
Phellodendron chinense (川黄柏, i.e. "lowland Phellodendron") producing areas include Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangxi.[2]
Bark is collected during Qingming (Pure Brightness), the fifth solar term (April 4–20). It is sun-dried and cut into slices. The bark may be used raw or fried with salt. Typical dosage is 3–10 grams.[3] A variety of methods of water and ethanol extraction may have differing activities (see below) and methods such as "semi-bionic extraction" have been investigated to improve yields.[4] Some pharmacological activities of the bark can be standardized by analyzing the level of berberine using a monoclonal antibody,[5] thin-layer chromatography,[6][7] HPLC,[8] potentiometry,[9] or acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence.[10] There are quantitative differences between the two species of Cortex Phellodendri (P. amurense and chinense) and it has been suggested that they should be used as separate resources in the clinic.[11] An analysis of 31 commercial samples in 1993 found that the total level of five alkaloids in samples of P. wilsonii and P. amurense var. sachalinense was 4.1% (mostly berberine), while the level in P. amurense and Ph. chinense was 1.5%.[12]
The levels of four harmful trace heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and thallium) in P. chinense for export are limited by the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and the Green Trade Standard for Importing and Exporting Medicinal Plant and Preparation.[13]
The earliest known writings about this preparation are found in the Shennong ben cao jing[3]
The bark is categorized in a traditional Chinese medicine counterpart of humorism, Wu Xing, as bitter and cold, affecting the kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine meridians. Is said "to clear heat and dry dampness", and "to reduce fire and release toxins".[3]
Small molecules found in the bark include:
- berberine[14][15][16] and oxyberberine[17]
- caffeic acid ethyl ester[16]
- isovanillin[16]
- ferulic acid[16]
- (+/-)-5,5'-dimethoxylariciresinol[16]
- methyl beta-orsellinate[16]
- obacunone[17][18]
- limonin[18] and 12alpha-hydroxylimonin[17]
- nomilin[18]
- gamma-fagarine[16]
- canthin-6-one[17]
- 4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone[17]
- palmatine[14][15] and oxypalmatine[17]
- (+/-)-lyoniresinol[16]
- β-sitosterol[16]
- stigmasterine[16]
- amurenlactone A[19]
- amurenamide A[19]
- phellodensins and phellodenols[20][21]
- (2R)-sodium 3-phenyllactate[21]
- jatrorrhizine[15]
- an isocoumarin, 3-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one[22]
- Ala-Pro-Trp-Cys, a glutathione S-transferase activating peptide[23]
- 《中国药物志》 北京:科学出版社,1997,43(2) 99~103
- Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Xu, X; Wang, Y (1999). "Comparison of semi-bionic extraction and water extraction in extraction of chemical constituents from processed cortex Phellodendri". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 24 (10): 600–2, 638. PMID 12205956.
- Kim, JS; Tanaka, H; Shoyama, Y (2004). "Immunoquantitative analysis for berberine and its related compounds using monoclonal antibodies in herbal medicines". The Analyst. 129 (1): 87–91. Bibcode:2004Ana...129...87K. doi:10.1039/b311304c. PMID 14737589.
- Xu, X; Lin, Q; He, X; Fu, F; Chen, G (2010). "Determination of protoberberine alkaloids in medicinal plants based on acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence system". Luminescence. 25 (5): 403–8. doi:10.1002/bio.1169. PMID 19743526.
- Hu, YM; Su, GH; Sze, SC; Ye, W; Tong, Y (2010). "Quality assessment of Cortex Phellodendri by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry". Biomedical Chromatography. 24 (4): 438–53. doi:10.1002/bmc.1311. PMID 19711298.
- Li, CY; Lu, HJ; Lin, CH; Wu, TS (2006). "A rapid and simple determination of protoberberine alkaloids in cortex phellodendri by 1H NMR and its application for quality control of commercial traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 40 (1): 173–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.017. PMID 16061339.
- Su, X; Kong, L; Li, X; Chen, X; Guo, M; Zou, H (2005). "Screening and analysis of bioactive compounds with biofingerprinting chromatogram analysis of traditional Chinese medicines targeting DNA by microdialysis/HPLC". Journal of Chromatography A. 1076 (1–2): 118–26. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.031. PMID 15974077.
- Miyake, M; Inaba, N; Ayano, S; Ozaki, Y; Maeda, H; Ifuku, Y; Hasegawa, S (1992). "Limonoids in Phellodendron amurense (Kihada)". Yakugaku Zasshi. 112 (5): 343–7. doi:10.1248/yakushi1947.112.5_343. PMID 1403667.
- Wu, TS; Hsu, MY; Kuo, PC; Sreenivasulu, B; Damu, AG; Su, CR; Li, CY; Chang, HC (2003). "Constituents from the leaves of Phellodendron amurense var. wilsonii and their bioactivity". Journal of Natural Products. 66 (9): 1207–11. doi:10.1021/np030034v. PMID 14510598.
- 黃檗 description in Li Shizhen's 1578 materia medica, the Bencao Gangmu (Wikisource: Chinese) autotranslate
- 黄柏 entry on Hudong (Chinese) autotranslate