Nicotinamide_ribonucleotide
Nicotinamide mononucleotide
Chemical compound
Nicotinamide mononucleotide ("NMN" and "β-NMN") is a nucleotide derived from ribose, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside and niacin.[1] In humans, several enzymes use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).[1] In mice, it has been proposed that NMN is absorbed via the small intestine within 10 minutes of oral uptake and converted to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) through the Slc12a8 transporter.[2] However, this observation has been challenged,[3] and the matter remains unsettled.[4]
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Because NADH is a cofactor for processes inside mitochondria, for sirtuins and PARP, NMN has been studied in animal models as a potential neuroprotective and anti-aging agent.[5][6] The reversal of aging at the cellular level by inhibiting mitochondrial decay in presence of increased levels of NAD+ makes it popular among anti-aging products.[7] Dietary supplement companies have aggressively marketed NMN products, claiming those benefits.[8] However, no human studies to date have properly proven its anti-aging effects with proposed health benefits only suggested through research done in vitro or through animal models.[9] Single-dose administration of up to 500 mg was shown safe in men in a study at Keio University.[10] One 2021 clinical trial found that NMN improved muscular insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women,[11] while another found that it improved aerobic capacity in amateur runners.[12] A 2023 clinical trial showed that NMN improves performance on a six-minute walking test and a subjective general health assessment.[13]
NMN is vulnerable to extracellular degradation by CD38 enzyme,[14] which can be inhibited by compounds such as CD38-IN-78c.[15]