Ningde_dialect
Ningde dialect
Eastern Min Chinese dialect
The Ningde dialect (Eastern Min: 寧德話) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in urban areas of Ningde, China, which is a prefecture-level city in the northeastern coast of Fujian province.
| Ningde | |
|---|---|
| 寧德話 | |
| Native to | Ningde, Fujian |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-icb |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
The Ningde dialect has 15 initials, 78 rimes and 7 tones.
Initials
Rimes
10 monophthongs: a, ɛ, œ, ø, ɔ, o, i, u, y
18 compound vowels: ai, ei, ɔi, oi, øy, au, ɛu, eu, ou, ia, ie, iu, iɐu, ua, uo, ui, uai, uoi
15 nasal rimes: aŋ, ɛŋ, eŋ, œŋ, øŋ, ɔŋ, oŋ, iŋ, uŋ, yŋ, iaŋ, iɛŋ, uaŋ, uoŋ, yøŋ
26 checked rimes: aʔ, ɛʔ, œʔ, øʔ, ɔʔ, iʔ, iaʔ, iɛʔ, uaʔ, uoʔ, yøʔ, ak̚, ɛk̚, ek̚, œk̚, øk̚, ɔk̚, ok̚, ik̚, uk̚, yk̚, iak̚, iɛk̚, uak̚, uok̚, yøk̚
These 6 nasal rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda -ŋ, and will disappear in future: am, ɛm, em, im, iɛm, ɔn
These 5 checked rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda -k̚, and will disappear in future: ap̚, ɛp̚, ep̚, ip̚, iɛp̚
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level 陰平 |
light level 陽平 |
rising 上聲 |
dark departing 陰去 |
light departing 陽去 |
dark entering 陰入 |
light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | ˦ (44) | ˨ (22) | ˦˨ (42) | ˧˥ (35) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (5) |
Initial assimilation
The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:
| Coda of the Former Syllable | Initial Assimilation |
|---|---|
| Null coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change: |
| Nasal coda | The initial of the latter syllable may change:
|
| checked coda | The former syllable lost its checked coda at first; then, the initial assimilation of latter syllable follow the law above. |
| checked coda /-p̚/ | The Initial of latter syllable change to /p/ while the former syllable lost its checked coda /-p̚/ |
Tone sandhi
The Ningde dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the columns give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the rows give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level 44 |
light level 22 |
rising 42 |
dark departing 35 |
light departing 332 |
dark entering 2 |
light entering 5 | |
| dark level 44 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
| light level 22 |
remain unchanged | ||||||
| rising 42 |
55 | ||||||
| dark departing 35 |
55 | ||||||
| light departing 332 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
| dark entering 2 |
55 | ||||||
| light entering 5 |
44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | 44 | 21 | |
- Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Ningde City 宁德市地方志编纂委员会 (1995). Ning de shi zhi 宁德市志 ["Chorography of Ningde City"]. Vol. 31. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-01543-3.