Nucleariid

Nucleariida

Nucleariida

Order of amoebae

Nucleariida is a group of amoebae[1] with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae, in the absence of superficial granules, and in the way they consume food.

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Classification

Molecular studies indicate that nucleariids are closely related to fungi.[2][3] and more distantly to the lineage that gave rise to choanoflagellates and metazoa opisthokonts,[4] the group which includes animals, fungi. Some use a broad definition of Opisthokonta to include all of these organisms with flattened mitochondrial cristae.

The genera Rabdiophrys, Pinaciophora, and Pompholyxophrys, freshwater forms with hollow siliceous scales or spines, were included in Nucleariida by some.[5][6] This was disputed by Smith and Chao who placed them in the Rhizaria.[7] Their affinity with the nucleariids has been confirmed.[8] Historically, nucleariids were included among the heliozoa as the Rotosphaerida because both they and heliozoa had rounded bodies and radiating pseudopodia.

According to a 2009 paper, Fonticula, a cellular slime mold, is an opisthokont and more closely related to Nuclearia than to fungi.[9]

Characteristics

Nucleariids (Nuclearia[4] and Micronuclearia) are usually small, up to about 50 μm in size.

References

  1. [1]
    Zettler; Nerad, T.; O'Kelly, C.; Sogin, M. (May 2001). "The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48 (3): 293–297. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x. PMID 11411837. S2CID 44548329.
  2. [2]
    Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. (January 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
  3. [3]
    Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. (7 May 2008). Aramayo R (ed.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
  4. [4]
    Yoshida M, Nakayama T, Inouye I (January 2009). "Nuclearia thermophila sp. nov. (Nucleariidae), a new nucleariid species isolated from Yunoko Lake in Nikko (Japan)". European Journal of Protistology. 45 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2008.09.004. PMID 19157810.
  5. [5]
    Patterson, D. J. 1985. On the organization and affinities of the amoeba, Pompholyxophrys punicea Archer, based on ultrastructural examination of individual cells from wild material. J. Protozool. 32: 241-246
  6. [6]
    Patterson, D. J., Simpson, A. G. B. & Rogerson, A. 2002. Amoebae of uncertain affinities In Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. and Bradbury, P. (eds) An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd edition, Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. pp. 804-827
  7. [7]
    Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E. (July 2012). "Oxnerella micra sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a Tiny Naked Centrohelid, and the Diversity and Evolution of Heliozoa". Protist. 163 (4): 574–601. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.005. PMID 22317961.
  8. [8]
    Galindo LJ, Torruella G, Moreira D, Eglit Y, Simpson AGB, Völcker E, Clauß S, López-García P. Combined cultivation and single-cell approaches to the phylogenomics of nucleariid amoebae, close relatives of fungi. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2019 Nov 25;374(1786):20190094. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0094. Epub 2019 Oct 7. PMID 31587649; PMCID: PMC6792443
  9. [9]
    Matthew W. Brown, Frederick W. Spiegel and Jeffrey D. Silberman (December 2009). "Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (12): 2699–2709. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp185. PMID 19692665.
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