O-M175
Haplogroup O-M175
Haplogroup O. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in Asia.
This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup O (mtDNA).
Haplogroup O, also known as O-M175, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily found among populations in Southeast Asia and East Asia. It also is found in various percentages of populations of the Russian Far East, South Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Iran, Oceania, Madagascar and the Comoros. Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroup NO-M214.
Quick Facts Possible time of origin, Coalescence age ...
| Haplogroup O-M175 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 41,750 (95% CI 30,597<-> 46,041) years ago[1] 44,700 or 38,300 ybp[2] |
| Coalescence age | 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 <-> 37,631) years (Karmin 2022[1]) 35,000 or 30,000 years ago depending on mutation rate[2] |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia or East Asia |
| Ancestor | NO |
| Descendants | Primary: O1 (O-F265); O2 (O-M122) Secondary: O1a (O-M119); O1b (O-M268); O2a (O-M324); O2b (O-F742) |
| Defining mutations | M175 (+ numerous other SNPs).[3] |
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The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from East and Southeast Asia. It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) and O2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native to Southeast Asia, Taiwan, the Japanese Archipelago, the Korean Peninsula, Madagascar and some populations in southern China and Austroasiatic speakers of India. O2 is found at high levels amongst Han Chinese, Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those in Yunnan, Tibet, Burma, Northeast India, and Nepal), Manchu, Mongols (especially those who are citizens of the PRC), Koreans, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Japanese, Thais, Polynesians, Miao people, Hmong, the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan,[4] Kazakhs in the southeast of Altai Republic,[5] and Kazakhs in the Ili area of Xinjiang.[6]
Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO-M214, and first appeared according to different theories either in Southeast Asia (see Rootsi 2006, TMC 1998, Shi 2005, and Bradshaw Foundation) or East Asia (see ISOGG 2012) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015).[7][8]
Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other is Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.
This haplogroup appears in high to moderate frequencies in most populations in both East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: It is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, most of Africa, India and the Americas, where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain O subclades do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of Central Asia, South Asia, and Oceania. For example, one study found it at a rate of 67% among the Naimans, a tribe in Kazakhstan,[4] even though the rate among Kazakhs in general is only about 3.3% to 10.8%(Wells et al. 2001).[4][9] (It is notable that 75% of cases of haplogroup O-M175 observed in the Kazakh sample of Ashirbekov et al. 2017, of which 10.8% have been found to belong to haplogroup O-M175, have been contributed by the Naimans themselves; only 3.1% of the remainder of the Kazakh sample with the Naimans excluded belong to haplogroup O-M175.) It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries different subclades of O.[8][10] Karafet et al. (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample of Papuan from Pantar Island to haplogroup NO-M214;[11] considering their location in the Malay Archipelago, all or most of these individuals should belong to haplogroup O-M175.
An association with the spread of Austronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, including the East African littoral. For example, Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found in Bantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% of O-MSY2.2(xM50),[12] while both O-M50 and O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among the Malagasy people of Madagascar with a combined frequency of 34%.[13][14] O-M175 has been found in 28.1% of Solomon Islanders from Melanesia.[15] 12% of Uyghurs (Wells et al. 2001), 6.8% of Kalmyks[16] (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians (Kharkov et al. 2007), 4.1% of Uzbeks on average but Uzbeks from Bukhara 12.1%, Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% (Wells et al. 2001) and 4.0% of Buryats.[17] In the Caucasus region it has been found in the Nogais 6%[18] but 5.3% in the Karan Nogais, it is also found in the Dargins of Dargwa speakers at 2.9%.[19] In the Iranic population, it is found in Iranian (Esfahan) at 6.3% (Wells et al. 2001), 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan[20] 4.2% in the Pathans in Pakistan (Firasat 2007) but 1% in Afghanistan,[citation needed] 3.1% in Burusho (Firasat 2007).
Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in the Cape colored population.[21] 18% in Cape Coloured Muslim, 38% in Cape Indian Muslims and 10% in other Cape Other Muslim.[21] It's found 11.5% in the Réunion Creole.[22] Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found in Latin America and Caribbean as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in the Jamaicans at 3.8,[23] Cubans 1.5%[24]
Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American.[25] Another study gives 0.5% African American.[26]
Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 are O-M119(O1a), O-M268(O1b), and O-M122(O2).
Y Haplogroup O3-M122 makes up the majority of Jadoon's males, the same haplogroup carried by the majority (50-60%) of Han Chinese. 82.5% of Jadoon men carrying Q-MEH2 and O3-M122 which are both of East Asian origin. O3-M122 was absent in the Sayyid (Syed) population and appeared in low numbers among Tanolis, Gujars and Yousafzais. There appears to be founder affect in the O3-M122 among the Jadoon.[27][28][29] 76.32% of Jadoon men carry O3-M122 while 0.75% of Tanolis, 0.81% of Gujars and 2.82% of Yousafzais carry O3-M122.[30][31]
Russians in China East Asian haplogroup O made up 58% of their Y haplogroup. O3-M122 specifically made up 47% of the Russian sample.[32] The East Asian Y haplogroup O3-M122 was found in 47% of Russian males in China. In another test the East Asian paternal Y Haplogroup O made up 58% of Russian males samples in China.[33]
Haplogroup O was found in 1%-1.2% of Persians in one sample.[34][35][36] [37]
O3-M122 is the commonly shared genetic signature of Sino-Tibetan speaking ethnicities.[38]
O-M175*
A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample of Koreans and in smaller percentages of Crimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%), Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand), Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%), Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5% Surxondaryo, 1/70 = 1.4% Xorazm), and Kazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) (Wells et al. 2001). However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong to Haplogroup O-M176,[Note 1] and later studies do not support the finding of O-M175* among similar population samples (Xue 2006, Kim 2011). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong to Haplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2).
A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians from Teheran, 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97 Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.[39]
O-F265 (O1)
O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP.[1][40] O1-F265, in turn, coalesces to a common ancestor with O2-M122 approximately 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 to 37,631) YBP.[1] Thus, O1-F265 should have existed as a single haplogroup parallel to O2-M122 for a duration of approximately 762 years (or anywhere from 0 to 13,170 years considering the 95% CIs and assuming that the phylogeny is correct) before breaking up into its two extant descendant haplogroups, O1-MSY2.2 and O1b-M268.
O-M119 (O1a)
Main article: Haplogroup O-M119
![[icon]](./File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012) |
O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently in Austronesian-speaking people, with a moderate distribution in southern and eastern Chinese and Kra-dai peoples.
O-M268 (O1b)
Main article: Haplogroup O-M268
- O-K18 Naxi[41]
- O-CTS4040
- O-MF56251 Observed sporadically in China (Guangxi,[41][42] Guangdong,[42] Sichuan,[42] Zhejiang,[42] Jiangsu,[42] Beijing[42]), Thailand (Phuan,[43] Yuan,[43] Central Thai[43]), Vietnam (Nùng,[43] Tày[43])
- O-Page59/CTS10887 Found among North Han Chinese (5%), East Han Chinese (4%), South Han Chinese (3%) [44]
- O-F4070
- O-MF106398 Observed sporadically in China (Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Shandong[42])
- O-F779/F993/F3135 China,[42] Vietnam (Lahu[45]), Qatar[46]
- O-MF107014 Observed sporadically in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Heilongjiang[42])
- O-CTS5160/MF61620 China (Han,[41] mostly Guangdong or Fujian[42])
- O-F2064/F1759 China (Han from Fujian,[41] Shandong[41]), Singapore,[41] Vietnam (Sila,[45] Hanhi,[45] Kinh[45]), Korea[41]
- O-PH2797/CTS1127 China (especially Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hebei, Anhui, Beijing, Henan, and Shanghai[42])
- O-Y148532 China (Shandong, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan,[41] Beijing, Shaanxi[42]), Afghanistan (Hazara[41])
- O-Y239146/MF31164 Singapore,[41] Taiwan[41]
- O-Y47392/MF17288 China (Zhejiang[41])
- O-BY182144/Y157814 China (Shandong,[41][42] Gansu[42]), Taiwan[47]
- O-PH4822 China (Beijing,[41] Jiangsu[41])
- O-F417/M1654/CTS469 Japan (Tokyo[41])
- O-CTS9996/PF4341 Philippines[47]
- O-F4070
- O-PK4
- O-F838 Found in about 1.4% of Han Chinese[44] (and esp. in Hunan, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou[42])
- O-M95
- O-CTS350 China (Ningxia, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shaanxi, Anhui, etc.[42])
- O-M1310
- O-Y172653/Y172877 Found in China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing[42]) and Japan[42]
- O-F1803/M1348 China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, etc.[42])
- O-ACT721/ACT1038 Found sporadically in China (Zhejiang,[42] Anhui,[42] Hunan,[42] Hainan,[41] Tianjin,[42] Beijing,[42] Liaoning,[41] Heilongjiang[42])
- O-F789/M1283 Found in China (Blang,[49] Palaung,[49] Wa,[49] Dai,[41][50] Yi,[41][50] Naxi), Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore (Malay), Java, Borneo, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India (Tripura, Ho, Konda Dora, Gond)
- O-M1283* Lao Isan[51]
- O-MF600645 Gansu (Hui,[41] Dongxiang[42]), Sichuan (Chengdu[42]), Hunan (Yiyang[42])
- O-M1368 Singapore[41]
- O-M1361
- O-MF611153 Found sporadically in China (Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangxi[42])
- O-A22938 Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City[41]), China (Hong Kong,[41] Qinzhou,[42] Chongqing,[42] Lijiang[42])
- O-Y9322 China (Dai in Xishuangbanna,[41] Yunnan,[42] Chongqing,[42] Guangdong,[42] Sichuan,[42] etc.)
- O-Y9325
- O-Z39485 China (Dai, Yi)[41]
- O-Z39490
- O-Y9033/B426 Laos (Laotian[51]), Thailand (Blang,[51] Khmu,[51] Lawa,[51] Htin,[51] Padaung Karen,[51] Tai Dam,[51] Suay,[51] Khmer,[51] Mon,[51] Lao Isan,[51] Soa,[51] Shan,[51] Phutai,[51] Nyaw,[51] S'gaw Karen,[51] Thai,[51] Khon Mueang[51]), Vietnam (Mang from Mường Tè District,[45] Ede from Krông Buk District and Tuy An District,[45] Kinh from Hoàng Mai District, Gia Lâm District, and Yên Phong District,[45] Thái from Điện Biên Phủ,[45] Giarai from Ayun Pa[45])
- O-Y9325
- O-M1361
- O-F1252
- O-SK1630/F5504 China (esp. Sichuan and Guizhou, accounting for about 0.25% of the entire Chinese population[42])
- O-ACT5802
- O-MF92614
- O-F16061
- O-MF286118 Found in two Han Chinese from Guangdong[42]
- O-F19607
- O-ACT5802
- O-F2924
- O-CTS5854
- O-Z23810
- O-CTS7399
- O-Y85641 Japan (Tokyo[41]), China (esp. Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang[42])
- O-FGC19713/Y14026 Laos (Laotian in Vientiane and Luang Prabang[51]), Thailand (Tai Dam,[51] Tai Lue,[51] Nyah Kur,[51] Thai,[51] Eastern Lawa[51]), Vietnam (Thái from Bá Thước District and Tủa Chùa District,[45] Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District[45])
- O-FGC19707
- O-MF14427 China (esp. Jiangsu, Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi[42])
- O-FGC19716 China (Hong Kong,[41] Guangdong,[42] Hunan,[42] Chongqing[42])
- O-FGC19718 China (esp. Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Guangdong[42]), Philippines (Capiz[41])
- O-Z23849 China (Chongqing Han,[41] Xishuangbanna Dai,[41] Guangxi Zhuang,[41] Guangdong,[41] Shandong,[41] Tianjin[41])
- O-FGC19707
- O-CTS651/CTS10484 Thailand (Tai Khün,[51] Phuan,[51] Tai Lue,[51] Khon Mueang,[51] Eastern Lawa,[51] Lao Isan,[51] Thai[51]), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane[51]), Vietnam (Dao and Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District,[45] Tày from Krông Pắk District, Hà Quảng District, and Đình Lập District[45])
- O-CTS7399
- O-Z23781 China (Henan[41])
- O-Z23810
- O-M111/M88 Found frequently among Vietnamese,[53][54][45] Tai peoples[55][56][54][45] (Bouyei,[55] Zhuang,[57][58][56] Nùng,[45] Tày,[45] Thái people in Vietnam,[45] Lao,[59] Northeastern Thai,[57] Northern Thai,[60][59] general population of Bangkok[54]), Lachi,[45] Lô Lô,[45] Hani-Akha,[55][54][45] Bunu,[61] She people,[53] Cambodians,[57] Kuy,[49][61] Bru,[61] and Htin,[49] with a moderate distribution among Qiang,[55] Bai,[62] Yi,[56] Bamar,[63] Jingpo,[63] Lahu,[45] Tujia,[57] Han Chinese,[57][55][53][54] Miao,[53][61] Pathen,[45] Yao,[55][53][61][45] Hlai,[57][55] Taiwanese aborigines[13][53][54] (especially Bunun[60][54]), the Philippines,[53][54] Malaysia[53] (Kota Kinabalu[13]), Kalimantan (Banjarmasin[13]), Java,[54] Chamic-speaking peoples (Cham from Bình Thuận,[59] Ede,[45] Jarai[45]), and Kiribati[60]
- O-M111/M88* Northern Thailand (Htin, Lawa), Cambodia (Jarai, Brao, Kachac, Khmer, Lao, Lun), Yunnan (De'ang)[49]
- O-F2524
- O-F2524* Jiangsu[41]
- O-F2346
- O-F2890 Thailand (Khon Mueang,[51] Phuan,[51] Shan,[51] Htin,[51] Tai Dam,[51] Thai,[51] Lawa,[51] Lao Isan,[51] Mon[51]), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District,[45] Tày from Lục Yên District[45])
- O-F2890* Ho Chi Minh City[41]
- O-Z24048
- O-F2758 Vietnam (Kinh,[45] Lahu,[45] Dao, Pathen,[45] Tày,[45] Thái,[45] Ede,[45] Giarai[45]), Cambodia (Kuy, Tampuan, Khmer), Thailand (Phutai,[51] Bru,[51] Tai Khün,[51] Phuan,[51] Tai Dam,[51] Shan,[51] Khon Mueang,[51] Mon,[51] Lao Isan,[51] Tai Lue,[51] Htin,[49][51] Lawa,[49] Khmu,[51] Kaleun,[51] Nyaw,[51] Suay,[51] Thai[51]), Laos (Laotian in Luang Prabang[51]), Yunnan (Bulang, De'ang)[49]
- O-F2758* China (Miao,[41] Hunan[41])
- O-Z24083
- O-Z24083* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)
- O-Z24089
- O-SK1627/Z24091 Vietnam (Lô Lô from Mèo Vạc District,[45] La Chí and Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District,[45] Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District,[45] Tày from Chợ Đồn District and Đăk Mil District,[45] Ede from Ea Kar District,[45] Kinh from Nghĩa Hưng District[45]), Thailand (Soa,[51] Saek,[51] Phutai,[51] Suay,[51] Tai Dam,[51] S'gaw Karen,[51] Nyah Kur,[51] Khmer,[51] Lawa,[51] Lao Isan,[51] Mon,[51] Thai[51]), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane[51])
- O-Z24091* China (Hebei,[41] Xishuangbanna Dai[41]), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City[41])
- O-Y26364
- O-Y26364* Thailand (Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province[51][41])
- O-Y26370 China (Tujia[41]), Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City[41])
- O-F923
- O-SK1627/Z24091 Vietnam (Lô Lô from Mèo Vạc District,[45] La Chí and Nùng from Hoàng Su Phì District,[45] Hà Nhì from Mường Tè District,[45] Tày from Chợ Đồn District and Đăk Mil District,[45] Ede from Ea Kar District,[45] Kinh from Nghĩa Hưng District[45]), Thailand (Soa,[51] Saek,[51] Phutai,[51] Suay,[51] Tai Dam,[51] S'gaw Karen,[51] Nyah Kur,[51] Khmer,[51] Lawa,[51] Lao Isan,[51] Mon,[51] Thai[51]), Laos (Laotian in Vientiane[51])
- O-F2890 Thailand (Khon Mueang,[51] Phuan,[51] Shan,[51] Htin,[51] Tai Dam,[51] Thai,[51] Lawa,[51] Lao Isan,[51] Mon[51]), Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District,[45] Tày from Lục Yên District[45])
- O-CTS5854
- O-SK1630/F5504 China (esp. Sichuan and Guizhou, accounting for about 0.25% of the entire Chinese population[42])
- O-CTS4040
- O-M176
- O-K4: Found frequently among Koreans and with a moderate distribution among Japanese, Ryukyuans, Daurs, Evenks, Hezhe, Manchus, and Sibe. Also found sporadically (<1%) among Han Chinese, Hui, Micronesians, Mongols, Thais, Uyghurs, Vietnamese, etc.
- O-47z: Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans and with a moderate distribution among Koreans. Found sporadically (<1%) among Manchus, Mongols, Han Chinese, Hui, Tujia, Vietnamese, etc.
O-M122 (O2)
Main article: Haplogroup O-M122 (Y-DNA)
Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia (Shi 2005).
- O-M122
- O-CTS1754 East & Southeast Asia
- O-M324
- O-L465
- O-CTS727
- O-F915
- O-CTS3709
- O-JST002611/CTS2483
- O-CTS2483* China,[47] Japan,[47] Philippines[47]
- O-CTS10573 Beijing,[64] Sichuan,[64] Henan,[64] Jiangsu[64]
- O-F18
- O-CTS498 China,[41] Japan (Tokyo)[41]
- O-F449 Azerbaijan[47]
- O-F117
- O-F117* Fujian[41]
- O-F11
- O-F11* Gansu,[41] Japanese[41]
- O-F930 Beijing,[41] Armenia,[41] Inner Mongolia,[64] Hebei,[64] Shaanxi,[64] Shandong,[64] Zhejiang,[64] Hubei[64]
- O-F2685 Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong[64]
- O-BY169374
- O-F539 Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan[64]
- O-CTS12877
- O-Y29837
- O-BY36917 Japan[47]
- O-F4062 Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang[64]
- O-Y15976 China, Japan,[47] Korea, Pakistan, Vietnam
- O-FGC54474
- O-F971 Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Guangdong[64]
- O-F632
- O-F632* Beijing[41]
- O-F16340 Zhejiang[41]
- O-F133 China, Bulgaria[47]
- O-CTS727
- O-P201
- O-M188
- O-M188* Korea[47]
- O-CTS800
- O-CTS445
- O-CTS201 Korea[47]
- O-M159 China (about 0.79% of the national male population[65]), Taiwan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore[47]
- O-FTA21663/O-MF22947 China (Heilongjiang,[41][42] Inner Mongolia,[41][42] Zhejiang,[42] Shanghai,[42] Henan,[42] Hebei,[42] etc.; accounts for about 0.06% of the male population in China at present[66]), Saudi Arabia (al-Qaṣīm[41])
- O-CTS3994
- O-MF18110/FGC50590 China (esp. Guangdong, Zhejiang, Hunan, Shandong, and Guangxi[42])
- O-MF109844
- O-FGC50661 China (esp. Jiangsu and Hunan[42])
- O-MF56709
- O-FGC50643/MF15475 China (Shandong,[42] Hebei,[42] Hubei,[42] Shanxi,[41][42] Anhui,[42] Jiangsu,[42] etc.)
- O-MF56474 China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Jilin, Shandong, etc.[42])
- O-FGC50649
- O-Y169670/O-MF14256 China (esp. Jiangsu,[41][42] Shandong,[42] Zhejiang,[42] and Shanghai[42])
- O-MF50824
- O-MF14135/O-Z12303 China (currently accounts for about 0.44% of the total male population[68])
- O-MF238642
- O-MF37094 China (Zhejiang,[42] Jiangsu[42])
- O-Y169696/O-MF15693 China (Jiangsu,[41][42] Fufeng County,[42] Beijing,[42] Tangshan,[42] Feidong County,[42] Chifeng,[42] Xi County,[42] Min County,[42] Laizhou,[42] Rushan,[42] Harbin,[42] Yanji,[42] Dancheng County[42])
- O-MF18577/O-MF18626 China (currently accounts for about 0.23% of all males in China, especially in Jiangsu [1.08%], Shanghai [0.69%], Ningxia [0.39%], Shandong [0.38%], Anhui [0.33%], Heilongjiang [0.32%], Zhejiang [0.31%], and Jilin [0.26%][69]), Kazakhstan,[70] Thailand[70]
- O-MF238642
- O-FGC50558 Japan,[47] Korea[47]
- O-Y169670/O-MF14256 China (esp. Jiangsu,[41][42] Shandong,[42] Zhejiang,[42] and Shanghai[42])
- O-M159 China (about 0.79% of the national male population[65]), Taiwan, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore[47]
- O-M7 Found frequently among human remains associated with the Neolithic Daxi culture[71] and modern Hmong–Mien, Katuic, and Bahnaric peoples,[61] with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese (Xue 2006), Buyei (Xue 2006), Bai (Wen 2004), Mosuo (Wen 2004), Tibetans (Wen 2004), Qiang (Xue 2006), Oroqen (Xue 2006), Tujia (Su 2000), Thai (Su 2000), Orang Asli (Su 2000), western Indonesians (Su 2000 and Kayser 2008), Malaysians (Kayser 2008), Vietnamese (Kayser 2008), and Atayal (Su 2000).
- O-MF106687 China (Jinghu District,[42] etc.)
- O-Z25245
- O-MF9858/O-Z6157 China (approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China[72]), Thailand (Central Thai in Central Thailand[51][43])
- O-Y26422
- O-F1276
- O-F1863
- O-MF107102 China (Tongchuan District[42])
- O-MF56735 China (Haiyan County, Suzhou, Wuxi, Shanghai, etc.[42])
- O-MF36531 China (Han in Yanping District[42])
- O-Y13816
- O-MF109664 China (Kazakh in Minqin County,[43] Kazakh in Tacheng City,[42] Han in Zizhong County,[42] Han in Furong District[42])
- O-MF36502 Guangdong (Kaiping, Yangjiang, Foshan, Lianjiang, etc.[42])
- O-Y13816
- O-F1134
- O-MF35799/O-Y94171 Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand[51][43]), China (observed sporadically in Pingyang County, Yunan County, Siming District, Longyao County, Shanwei, etc.[42])
- O-F1262/O-Y173492 China[41][70] (accounts for about 0.15% of the male population in China at present and is relatively concentrated in Zhejiang, Taiwan, Anhui, Jiangxi, etc.;[73] also observed in individuals from Zhenjiang,[43] Hejian,[43] and Langfang[43])
- O-FT303223/O-MF106843/O-F15314/O-F20756 China[70] (Changsha,[42] Chancheng District,[42] Wanzhou District,[42] Chaoyang District,[42] Dongying,[42] Chifeng,[42] Liaoyuan,[42] Harbin,[42] Han in Zhengzhou,[43] Dai in Xishuangbanna[41]), Thailand[70] (Khon Mueang in Northern Thailand,[51][43] Black Tai in Loei Province[51][43])
- O-Z25288/O-Z25293 Vietnam[70] (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City,[41][43] Hanoi,[43] Nam Dinh,[43] and Lao Cai,[43] Giarai in Gia Lai,[43] Tày in Thai Nguyen[43])
- O-CTS6489
- O-MF106428/O-Y94472/O-FTB23660 Thailand[70] (Phayao,[41] Phutai, Lao Isan, Tai Lue, Phuan, Shan, Khon Mueang/Tai Yuan, Khmer, Mon[43]), Vietnam[70] (Tày in Lào Cai[43]), China (Dai in Xishuangbanna,[41] Achang in Yunnan;[43] accounts for about 0.05% of all males in China at present, mainly distributed in Guangxi and Guangdong[74])
- O-F1275 Guangxi (Dushan 4-1 ca. 7024 - 6643 BCE[70])
- O-MF15199/O-FTA25885
- O-F20472
- O-FTB23785 Thailand,[70] Vietnam[70]
- O-F17410/O-F18833/O-MF122643/O-BY177553 Thailand (Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand[51][43])
- O-MF106415/O-MF111486/O-BY122399 Thailand[70] (Shan in Mae Hong Son Province[75][43]), China (observed sporadically in individuals from Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong[42])
- O-Y127482/O-F15988 Thailand (Nyahkur and Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand[51][43])
- O-MF6534/O-MF58872/O-BY27925/O-Y23477 Thailand[70] (Central Thai in Central Thailand, Phuan in Central Thailand, Khon Mueang in North Thailand,[51][43] White Hmong in Chiang Rai Province[75][43]), Singapore,[41][43] China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong[43][42])
- O-CTS6579
- O-CTS123/O-F22573/O-MF48275 China (Hunan Han;[41] accounts for about 0.13% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan and other south-central provinces and cities[76])
- O-F14832/O-F15788/O-Y208219 China[70] (accounts for about 0.22% of the male population in China at present, mainly distributed in the northern region[77]), Thailand[70] (Mon in Western Thailand,[51][43] Tai Lue in Northern Thailand[51][43])
- O-F20472
- O-Z25411
- O-ACT1126/O-Y140772/O-F1289 China (relatively concentrated in northern China at present, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population;[78] also found in Fujian[41]), Thailand[70] (Lisu[43])
- O-Z25398
- O-F22005/O-Z25400 Thailand[70] (Black Hmong in North Thailand[41][75]), Vietnam[70] (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City[41]), China (currently distributed mainly in Guangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong and other places, accounting for about 0.10% of the national male population[79])
- O-F1100/O-Y37861 Hunan[41]
- O-MF17697 Laos,[70] Thailand,[70] China (Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan, Hong Kong, Chongqing, Henan, Liaoning[42])
- O-F1234/O-Y37855
- O-Y185160/O-MF36985 Hebei,[41] Beijing,[41] Sichuan, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Jiangxi (currently accounts for approximately 0.13% of the Chinese male population[80])
- O-FGC71370
- O-MF193618 Sichuan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian (currently accounts for about 0.08% of the male population in China, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces and cities[81]), Philippines[70]
- O-F14904/N5 Ningxia,[41] Hmong (Northern Thailand[75]), She,[41] Iu Mien (Phayao Province[75]), Quebec[41]. Huang et al. (2022) found that this is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among many Hmongic-speaking ethnic groups (including Guangxi Miao, Hunan Miao, Hunan Pa-hng, and Thailand Hmong), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao.[82]
- O-MF15199/O-FTA25885
- O-F1863
- O-CTS201 Korea[47]
- O-P164
- O-F996/F3237
- O-A16433 Heilongjiang[41]
- O-MF56976 Anhui[41]
- O-Y125645
- O-F871
- O-F706 Philippines, China, Cambodia,[47] Thailand (Bru in Sakon Nakhon Province[51])
- O-F1010 Thailand (Eastern Lawa, Blang, Palaung, Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province[51])
- O-AM01750/AM01861/B451 Singapore (Malay),[7] Indonesia (Bajo),[7] Philippines (Batak)[7]
- O-F2472
- O-F706 Philippines, China, Cambodia,[47] Thailand (Bru in Sakon Nakhon Province[51])
- O-A16433 Heilongjiang[41]
- O-M134: Found frequently among speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages, among members of the Kazakh Naiman tribe with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
- O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland[47]
- O-F1725
- O-Y12/F314
- O-Y12* Beijing (Han)[41]
- O-CTS2643/CTS11192
- O-CTS53
- O-F876
- O-F275
- O-F634
- O-CTS3776/F2887
- O-M117/PAGE23
- O-MF1380/CTS4960 China, Korea, Japan,[47] Indonesia[47]
- O-M133/M1706 Shandong[41]
- O-M1706* Japan (Tokyo)[41]
- O-YP4864
- O-CTS7634
- O-M1726
- O-A9459
- O-F6800
- O-F14249
- O-F438 Japan (Tokyo)[41]
- O-CTS1642
- O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland[47]
- O-F996/F3237
- O-M188
- O-L465
O-M324 (O2a)
Main article: haplogroup O-M324
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017) |
O-F742 (O2b)
Main article: haplogroup O-F742
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017) |
Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speak Austric languages. The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from Edmondson 2007 and Shi 2005. This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis" by George van Driem (van Driem 2011). It does not appear to account for O-M176, which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.
| (M175) |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phylogenetic history
Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
More information YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand), (α) ...
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-M175 | 26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
| O-M119 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
| O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a |
| O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
| O-P31 | 26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 |
| O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 |
| O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a |
| O-SRY465 | 20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b |
| O-47z | 5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 |
| O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 |
| O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a |
| O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b |
| O-M159 | 13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a |
| O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b |
| O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 |
| O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 |
| O-M117 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a |
| O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 |
Close
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic trees
ISOGG 2017 tree (ver. 12.244).[86]
- O (M175)
- O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
- O1a (M119)
- O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
- O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
- O1a1a1 (F446)
- O1a1a1a (F140)
- O1a1a1a1 (F78)
- O1a1a1a1a (F81)
- O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
- O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
- O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
- O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
- O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
- O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
- O1a1a1a1a (F81)
- O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
- O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
- O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
- O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
- O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
- O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
- O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
- O1a1a1a1 (F78)
- O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
- O1a1a1b1 (M101)
- O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
- O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
- O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
- O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
- O1a1a1a (F140)
- O1a1a2 (CTS52)
- O1a1a2a (CTS701)
- O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
- O1a1a2a (CTS701)
- O1a1a1 (F446)
- O1a1b (CTS5726)
- O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
- O1a2 (M110)
- O1a2a (F3288)
- O1a2a1 (B392)
- O1a2a1a (B393)
- O1a2a1 (B392)
- O1a2a (F3288)
- O1a3 (Page109)
- O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
- O1b (M268)
- O1b1 (F2320)
- O1b1a (M1470)
- O1b1a1 (PK4)
- O1b1a1a (M95)
- O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
- O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
- O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
- O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
- O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
- O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
- O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
- O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
- O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
- O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
- O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
- O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
- O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
- O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
- O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
- O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
- O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
- O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
- O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
- O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
- O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
- O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
- O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
- O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
- O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
- O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
- O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
- O1b1a1b (F838)
- O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
- O1b1a1a (M95)
- O1b1a2 (Page59)
- O1b1a2a (F993)
- O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
- O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
- O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
- O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
- O1b1a2b1 (F840)
- O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
- O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
- O1b1a2b1 (F840)
- O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
- O1b1a2a (F993)
- O1b1a1 (PK4)
- O1b1a (M1470)
- O1b2 (P49, M176)
- O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
- O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
- O1b2a1a (F1204)
- O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
- O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
- O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
- O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
- O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
- O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
- O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
- O1b2a1a2a (L682)
- O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
- O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
- O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
- O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
- O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
- O1b2a1a2b (F940)
- O1b2a1a2a (L682)
- O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
- O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
- O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
- O1b2a1b (CTS562)
- O1b2a1a (F1204)
- O1b2a2 (Page90)
- O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
- O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
- O1b1 (F2320)
- O1a (M119)
- O2 (M122)
- O2a (M324)
- O2a1 (L127.1)
- O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
- O2a1a1 (F2159)
- O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
- O2a1a1a1 (F852)
- O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
- O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
- O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
- O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
- O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
- O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
- O2a1a1a1b (F854)
- O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
- O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
- O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
- O2a1a1a1 (F852)
- O2a1a1b (F915)
- O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
- O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
- O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
- O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
- O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
- O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
- O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
- O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
- O2a1a1 (F2159)
- O2a1b (M164)
- O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)
- O2a1c1 (F18)
- O2a1c1a (F117)
- O2a1c1a1 (F13)
- O2a1c1a1a (F11)
- O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
- O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)
- O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
- O2a1c1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
- O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)
- O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
- O2a1c1a1a2 (F38)
- O2a1c1a1a3 (F12)
- O2a1c1a1a4 (F930)
- O2a1c1a1a4a (F2685)
- O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
- O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
- O2a1c1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
- O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486)
- O2a1c1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
- O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976)
- O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)
- O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
- O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
- O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941)
- O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)
- O2a1c1a1a7 (F723)
- O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107)
- O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691)
- O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)
- O2a1c1a1b (PH203)
- O2a1c1a1a (F11)
- O2a1c1a1 (F13)
- O2a1c1b (F449)
- O2a1c1b1 (F238)
- O2a1c1b1a (F134)
- O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273)
- O2a1c1b1a2 (F724)
- O2a1c1b1a (F134)
- O2a1c1b2 (F1266)
- O2a1c1b1 (F238)
- O2a1c1c (CTS498)
- O2a1c1a (F117)
- O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
- O2a1c1 (F18)
- O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
- O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
- O2a2a (M188)
- O2a2a1 (F2588)
- O2a2a1a (CTS445)
- O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
- O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
- O2a2a1a2 (M7)
- O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
- O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
- O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
- O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
- O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
- O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
- O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
- O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
- O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
- O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
- O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
- O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
- O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
- O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
- O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
- O2a2a1b (F1837)
- O2a2a1a (CTS445)
- O2a2a2 (F879)
- O2a2a2a (F1226)
- O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
- O2a2a2a (F1226)
- O2a2a1 (F2588)
- O2a2b (P164)
- O2a2b1 (M134)
- O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
- O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
- O2a2b1a1a (M133)
- O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
- O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
- O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
- O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
- O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
- O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
- O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
- O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
- O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
- O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
- O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
- O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
- O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
- O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
- O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
- O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
- O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
- O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
- O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
- O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
- O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
- O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
- O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
- O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
- O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
- O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
- O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
- O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
- O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
- O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
- O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
- O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
- O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
- O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
- O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
- O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
- O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
- O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
- O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
- O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
- O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
- O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
- O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
- O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
- O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
- O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
- O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
- O2a2b1a1a (M133)
- O2a2b1a2 (F114)
- O2a2b1a2a (F79)
- O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
- O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
- O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
- O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
- O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
- O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
- O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
- O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
- O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
- O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
- O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
- O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
- O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)
- O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)
- O2a2b1a2b (F743)
- O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
- O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
- O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
- O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
- O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
- O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
- O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
- O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
- O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
- O2a2b1a2a (F79)
- O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
- O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
- O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
- O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
- O2a2b2a1 (N7)
- O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
- O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
- O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
- O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
- O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
- O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
- O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
- O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
- O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
- O2a2b2a2a (F717)
- O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
- O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
- O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
- O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
- O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
- O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
- O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
- O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
- O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
- O2a2b2a2a (F717)
- O2a2b2a1 (N7)
- O2a2b2b (A16433)
- O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
- O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
- O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
- O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
- O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
- O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
- O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
- O2a2b1 (M134)
- O2a2a (M188)
- O2a3 (M300)
- O2a4 (M333)
- O2a1 (L127.1)
- O2b (F742)
- O2b1 (F1150)
- O2b1a (F837)
- O2b1a1 (F1025)
- O2b1a (F837)
- O2b2 (F1055)
- O2b2a (F3021)
- O2b1 (F1150)
- O2a (M324)
- O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
Genetics
Y-DNA O subclades
Y-DNA backbone tree
- Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045
- Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; Narechania, Apurva; Kashin, Seva; Chen, Yuan; Banerjee, Ruby; Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L; Cerezo, Maria; Shao, Haojing; Gymrek, Melissa; Malhotra, Ankit; Louzada, Sandra; Desalle, Rob; Ritchie, Graham R S; Cerveira, Eliza; Fitzgerald, Tomas W; Garrison, Erik; Marcketta, Anthony; Mittelman, David; Romanovitch, Mallory; Zhang, Chengsheng; Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun; Abecasis, Gonçalo R; McCarroll, Steven A; Flicek, Paul; Underhill, Peter A; Coin, Lachlan; Zerbino, Daniel R; Yang, Fengtang; Lee, Charles; Clarke, Laura; Auton, Adam; Erlich, Yaniv; Handsaker, Robert E; Bustamante, Carlos D; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Tyler-Smith, C (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036.
- ISOGG 2017
- Ashirbekov, E. E.; Botbaev, D. M.; Belkozhaev, A. M.; Abayldaev, A. O.; Neupokoeva, A. S.; Mukhataev, J. E.; Alzhanuly, B.; Sharafutdinova, D. A.; Mukushkina, D. D.; Rakhymgozhin, M. B.; Khanseitova, A. K.; Limborska, S. A.; Aytkhozhina, N. A. (2017). "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions" (PDF). Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 6 (316): 85–95.
- Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG (March 2011). "Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17548. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617548D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. PMC 3055870. PMID 21412412.
- 陆艳 [Lu Yan] (2011). 中国西部人群的遗传混合 [Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China] (Thesis).
- Karmin, Monika; et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088.
- Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun; Jin, Wen-Fei; Li, Shi-Lin; An, Yu; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (29 August 2014). "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e105691. arXiv:1310.3897. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5691Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691. PMC 4149484. PMID 25170956.
- Maxat Zhabagin, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Pavel Tarlykov, Inkar Tazhigulova, Zukhra Junissova, Dauren Yerezhepov, Rakhmetolla Akilzhanov, Elena Zholdybayeva, Lan-Hai Wei, Ainur Akilzhanova, Oleg Balanovsky, and Elena Balanovska, "The medieval Mongolian roots of Y-chromosomal lineages from South Kazakhstan." BMC Genetics 2020, 21(Suppl 1):87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-020-00897-5
- Shou, Wei-Hua; Qiao, En-Fa; Wei, Chuan-Yu; Dong, Yong-Li; Tan, Si-Jie; Shi, Hong; Tang, Wen-Ru; Xiao, Chun-Jie (May 2010). "Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians". Journal of Human Genetics. 55 (5): 314–322. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30. PMID 20414255. S2CID 23002493.
- Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Hammer, Michael F. (March 2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
- Msaidie S, Ducourneau A, Boetsch G, Longepied G, Papa K, Allibert C, et al. (January 2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146.
- Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P (May 2005). "The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
- Tofanelli S, Bertoncini S, Castrì L, Luiselli D, Calafell F, Donati G, Paoli G (September 2009). "On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–24. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp120. PMID 19535740.
- Cox MP, Mirazón Lahr M (January 2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340.
- Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Denisova G, Khoyt S, Woźniak M, Grzybowski T, Zakharov I (December 2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (12): 804–11. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108. PMID 24132124.
- Marchani EE, Watkins WS, Bulayeva K, Harpending HC, Jorde LB (July 2008). "Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan". BMC Genetics. 9: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. PMC 2488347. PMID 18637195.
- Balanovsky, Oleg; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg; Frolova, Svetlana; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel; Schurr, Theodore; Haak, Wolfgang; Kuznetsova, Marina; Radzhabov, Magomed; Balaganskaya, Olga; Romanov, Alexey; Zakharova, Tatiana; Soria Hernanz, David F.; Zalloua, Pierre; Koshel, Sergey; Ruhlen, Merritt; Renfrew, Colin; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Balanovska, Elena; Genographic, Consortium. (1 October 2011). "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (10): 2905–2920. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMC 3355373. PMID 21571925.
- Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (28 March 2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
- Quintana-Murci L, Harmant C, Quach H, Balanovsky O, Zaporozhchenko V, Bormans C, et al. (April 2010). "Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (4): 611–20. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014. PMC 2850426. PMID 20346436.
- Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Plaza, Stéphanie; Bosch, Elena; Calafell, Francesc; Jourdan, Eric; Césari, Maya; Lefranc, Gérard; Comas, David (May 2008). "Admixture and sexual bias in the population settlement of La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 136 (1): 100–107. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20783. PMID 18186507.
- Simms TM, Wright MR, Hernandez M, Perez OA, Ramirez EC, Martinez E, Herrera RJ (August 2012). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 148 (4): 618–31. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22090. PMID 22576450.
- Mendizabal I, Sandoval K, Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Salas A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Comas D (July 2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 213. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..213M. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
- Hammer, Michael F.; Chamberlain, Veronica F.; Kearney, Veronica F.; Stover, Daryn; Zhang, Gina; Karafet, Tatiana; Walsh, Bruce; Redd, Alan J. (December 2006). "Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013. PMID 16337103.
- Stefflova, Klara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Pai, Athma A.; Walker, Amy H.; Zeigler-Johnson, Charnita M.; Gueye, Serigne M.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Rebbeck, Timothy R. (25 November 2009). "Evaluation of Group Genetic Ancestry of Populations from Philadelphia and Dakar in the Context of Sex-Biased Admixture in the Americas". PLOS ONE. 4 (11): e7842. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7842S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007842. PMC 2776971. PMID 19946364.
- Tariq, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Farooq, Umar; Schurr, Theodore G. (2022). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Scientific Reports. 12 (1027): 1027. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1027T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3. PMC 8770644. PMID 35046511.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup O of Y-DNA.
- Bradshaw Foundation. "Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World".
- ISOGG (2012). "Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012".
- TMC (1998). "Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory". Archived from the original on 10 October 2009.
- Spread of Haplogroup O, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
- Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O (DNAHaplogroups.org)
- Migration patterns of early Humans and the full size map
- China DNA at Family Tree DNA
